HRM 360 Exam 1 Ch. 1-2

___________ is the differences in position or opinion among group members reflecting disagreement or opposition—dissimilarity in an attitude or value, for example, especially with regard to group goals or processes.

Separation

Human Resource Management

Set of organizational activities directed at attracting, developing, and maintaining an effective workforce.

What is Cost Leadership?

Striving to be the lowest cost provider in the market. (walmart) Emphasizes "operational excellence": Maximizing efficiency of manufacturing process

Organizational behavior

Study of human behavior in organizational settings. Focuses on understanding the individual, how they behave, act and interact with other people

___________ is the observable differences in people, including race, age, ethnicity, physical abilities, physical characteristics, and gender.

Surface-level diversity

What are the 5 different types of Diversity?

Surface-level, Deep-level, Separation, Variety, and Disparity

True or False: By 2050, the population will have a 49% increase

TRUE

True or False: Non-Hispanic Whites are expected to decrease

TRUE

What is r (correlation)?

The strength of the relationship between 2 variables

What are the 4 phases of the scientific method?

Theory, Hypothesis, Data collection, Verification

What are Temp and Contingency workers?

They work for an organization but not on a permanent or full-time basis as independent contractors

When one group of an organization's workforce has a contractual arrangement with the organization objectively different from another group performing the same jobs.

Tiered Workforce

What happens during the Verification stage of the scientific method?

Using empirical data, observation, test or experiment to confirm the truth or rational justification of a hypothesis.

____________ is the differences in a certain type or category, including group members' expertise, knowledge, or functional background.

Variety diversity

What is Offshoring?

When work is moved overseas. This outsources workers to another country.

What are some examples of Organizational Citizenship?

Willingness to train new hires, work late/overtime, Good attendance, Represents the organization well, Personal values consistent with the organization

What is Hypothesis in the scientific method?

A written prediction specifying expected relationships between certain variables

What are some examples of counterproductive/dysfunctional behaviors?

Absenteeism, Turnover, Theft, Sabotage, Harassment, Bulling, Rudeness

Define Competitive Advantage

Anything that gives a firm an edge over rivals in attracting customers and defending itself against competition

____________ is the differences in the concentration of valuable social assets or resources—dissimilarity in rank, pay, decision making authority, or status, for example.

Disparity

____________ focuses on the makeup of your workforce — demographics such as gender, race/ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, and etc.

Diversity

_____________ is the variety of observable and unobservable similarities and differences among people?

Diversity

What are "Knowledge workers" and what is an example?

Employees that add value because of what they know. Example: Computer scientists, product designers

True or False: Proportion of Blacks, Asians and Hispanics will increase

FALSE; decrease*

True or False: The trend right now is that the population is projected to. become younger

FALSE; older*

True or False: Talent shortages are forecast to lower globally

FALSE; rise globally*

Define Strategy

Firm's theory about how to gain competitive advantage

What is Specialization?

Focusing on a narrow market segment or niche and pursuing either a differentiation or cost leadership strategy within that market segment. (Chuck E Cheese) Emphasizes "customer loyalty": Delivering unique and customizable products

__________ is the internationalization of business activities and the shift toward an integrated global economy.

Globalization

What are the 5 environmental factors that impact an organization?

Globalization, Diversity, Technology, Ethics and Corporate Governance, and Employment Relationships

Why do we study OB?

Helps predict and explain how people and groups interpret events, react and behave in organizations

Is the unemployment rate high or low?

High

___________ is the measure of culture that enables diversity to thrive

Inclusion

Identify the independent and dependent variable and the type of relationship in this example: "Higher autonomy relates to higher performance."

Independent: Autonomy Dependent: Job Performance Positive Relationship

Identify the independent and dependent variable and the type of relationship in this example: "Conscientiousness leads to higher job performance."

Independent: Conscientiousness Dependent: Job performance Positive Relationship

What are the different dimensions in Hofsted's cultural model?

Individualism Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity Long-term values Short-term values

What are the 3 components of the Kinicki and Fugate Model?

Input, Processes and Outcomes

What is the dependent variable in the data collection process of the scientific method?

It is the variable predicted to be affected by something

What is the independent variable in the data collection process of the scientific method?

It is the variable that is predicted to affect something else

What does the Kinicki and Fugate model examine?

Organizational behavior from the perspective of the organization, group, and individual levels.

What is the practice of hiring other firms to do work previously performed by the organization itself?

Outsourcing

What are the 4 types of assets that make an organization?

Physical, Financial, Intellectual, and Human

What are the basic managerial functions when dealing with the 4 assets? (physical, financial, intellectual, human assets)

Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. PLANNING: Determining the organizations desired future position and how to get there ORGANIZING: designing jobs, grouping jobs into units, and establishing patterns LEADING: motivating members of the organization to work together CONTROLLING: monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization

What are 4 behaviors that make Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management useful to a business strategy?

Productivity, Performance, Commitment and Organizational Citizenship

What is a person's set of expectations regarding what he or she will contribute to an organization and what the organization, in return, will provide to the individual.

Psychological Contract

How do some cultures differ in cross-cultural differences and similarities?

- Cultural and national boundaries may not coincide - Behavior in organizational settings varies across cultures - Cultural diversity can be an important source of synergy in enhancing effectiveness

What are some barriers to inclusion?

- The "like me" bias (people prefer to associate with others that seem similar to them) - Stereotypes (belief that ind. or group has some characteristics) - Prejudice (outright intolerance for other groups) - Perceived threat of loss (protecting one's prospects by impeding diversity efforts due to a direct threat to their career) - Ethnocentrism (Belief that one's one language/culture is superior to others) - Unequal access to organizational networks (Women and minorities are usually excluded from networks)

How can organizations manage diversity?

- Top management support - Reciprocal Mentoring - Older adults benefiting from self paced environments

What numbers does correlation range between?

-1 and +1 -1 is a perfect negative relationship +1 is a perfect positive relationship 0 means no relationship

What age is the protection of ageism?

40 years old

What is Theory in the scientific method?

Collection of verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how and why 2 or more variables are related. Theories describe the relationships that are proposed to exist among certain variables, when and under what conditions

What are 3 types of business strategies?

Cost Leadership, Differentiation, Specialization

____________ is the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures.

Cultural Competence

____________ is the set of shared values, often taken for granted, that help people in a group, organization, or society understand which actions are considered acceptable and which are deemed unacceptable.

Culture

____________ is the individual differences that cannot be seen directly, including goals, values, personalities, decision-making styles, knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes.

Deep-level diversity

What is Differentiation?

Developing a product or service that has unique characteristics valued by customers. (Spirit Airlines offering a different strategy)