HSC 201 Exam 2

Identify the three main characteristics of the immune system that enable it to function as a defense system in the body.

Memory Specificity Discrimination

of the large bowel can be caused by cancers, large polyps, or diverticulitis.

Obstruction

What region of the respiratory system contains the 12 million receptor cells that are responsible for smell?

Olfactory

What is the term for surgical removal of lung tissue?

Pulmonary resection

What type of physician specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of lung conditions?

Pulmonologist

Match each bacteria with its description.

Streptococcus ---> Microbe that causes sore throats Staphylococcus ---> Normally found on the skin C. diff ---> Infectious microbe that causes severe diarrhea Pneumococcus ---> Microbe that causes pneumonia MRSA ---> Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a highly resistant bacterial infection

Which of the following is NOT a function of the gallbladder?

Synthesis of bile

Identify the cells that participate in cellular immunity.

T cells Macrophages B cells

What is the medical term for rapid rate of breathing?

Tachypnea

An immune reaction against a foreign tissue is a(n) ______.

alloimmune response

What is the plural or alveolus?

alveoli

What is the terminal element of respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs?

alveolus

Proteins must be completely broken down into individual ____ ____ in order to be absorbed.

amino acids

The Latin term for crab is ______.

canker

Select the word elements for hemothorax.

combining form root

One role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is to break down

connective tissue in meat and plant cell walls.

The majority of a tooth is composed of ____ which is covered by an outer layer of ____.

dentine, enamel

A qualified professional in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex is a(n) .

dentist

If you have a toothache, you see a ______.

dentist

Lipase is an enzyme that digests triglyceride molecules into

fatty acids and monoglycerides.

If you have excessive gas in the intestines, you are said to be suffering from ___.

flatulence

The medical term for gas that is passed out of the body through the anus is _____.

flatus

Deconstruct the term hemothorax.

hem-o-thorax

The iron-containing pigment of hemoglobin is called ______.

heme

Varicose veins of the anal canal are called ___.

hemorrhoids

The sphincter that regulates passage of material from the ileum to the large intestine is the

ileocecal valve.

The root in the term alloimmune means ______.

immunity

The state of being able to resist a specific infectious disease is ______.

immunity

Administration of an agent to provide immunity is called ______.

immunization

The prefix in the terms endoscope and endoscopy means

inside or within.

Which is the largest WBC?

monocyte

Which WBC's are considered agranulocytes?

monocytes lymphocytes

Hemophilia is a disease males inherit from their ______.

mother

The external opening of the oral cavity is the

mouth

The first site involved in mechanical and chemical digestion is the

mouth

What is the plural form of naris?

nares

The removal of stomach contents using a tube inserted through the nose is

nasogastric aspiration

Deconstruct the term neoplasia.

neo-plas-ia

A new tumor, whether it is benign or malignant, is called a(n) ______.

neoplasm

The gallbladder is located

on the underside of the liver.

Hemoglobin that has ______ bound to it is called oxyhemoglobin.

oxygen

Tiny projections on the surface of the tongue that contain most of the taste buds are

papillae

Human immunoglobulins confer ______ immunity.

passive

Deconstruct the term periodontal.

peri-odant-al

The waves of smooth muscle contraction that move the bolus of food downward in the esophagus are called ______.

peristalsis

The term celiac means

pertaining to the abdomen.

Deconstruct the term pneumothorax.

pneum-o-thorax

An acute infection of the alveoli and lung parenchyma mostly caused by bacteria or viruses is ______.

pneumonia

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma (tissue) is known as ______.

pneumonitis pneumonia

Air in the pleural cavity is termed ______.

pneumothorax

Masses of tissue arising from the large intestine's wall that can be benign, precancerous, or cancerous are called

polyps

Nasal ______ are benign growths arising from the mucosa of the nasal cavity or a sinus.

polyps

Deconstruct the term pulmonologist.

pulmon-o-logist

Education of a patient that includes breathing exercises and retraining, exercises for the upper and lower extremities, and psychosocial support is ______.

pulmonary rehabilitation

The ring of smooth muscle that regulates passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum is the ____

pyloric sphincter

Deconstruct the term respiration.

re-spir-ation

Deconstruct the term respirator.

re-spir-ator

The plural of rhonchus is

rhonchi

The Latin term for cavity is ______.

sinus

Inflammation of the lining of a sinus is termed ______.

sinusitis

Select the word elements for atelectasis.

suffix root

Select the word elements for immunization.

suffix root

Select the word elements for pneumonitis.

suffix root

Beginning at the top, place the regions of the small intestine in order from first to last segment.

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

All of the following disorders can lead to malabsorption of nutrients EXCEPT which?

Constipation

Which medication is taken orally to prevent clots from forming?

Coumadin

Which condition is NOT treated by performing a bone marrow transplant?

Heart attack

______ is the control of bleeding. It is a vital function in maintaining homeostasis in the body.

Hemostasis

Deconstruct the term bronchiole.

bronch-i-ole

Deconstruct the term bronchodilator.

bronch-o-dilat-or

Mouth ulcers are also known as

canker sores

Deconstruct the term cyanosis.

cyan-o-sis

______ ingest bacteria.

Neutrophils

Select the elements of the respiratory tract.

Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea

A "stomach bug" that causes acute, severe diarrhea and/or vomiting is

gastroenteritis

The medical term for the "stomach flu" is

gastroenteritis

Iron-deficiency anemia can be caused by ______.

gastrointestinal bleeding

The ___ is the gum tissue surrounding the teeth. When it is infected, this condition is called ___.

gingiva gingivitis

Deconstruct the term glycogen.

glyc-o-gen

The root in the term oral is

or

HIV is one of a group of viruses known as a(n) ______.

retrovirus

Insertion of a tube into the windpipe to assist breathing is termed ______.

tracheostomy

Incision made into the trachea to create a tracheostomy is called ______.

tracheotomy

Saliva is mostly ______.

water

The root in the term leukocyte means ______.

white

______ shock is a life-threatening emergency.

Anaphylactic

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?

Anaphylactic shock

When a bacterial infection is present, what type of medication is prescribed?

Antibiotic

Gastroenteritis can be caused by what?

Bacteria Contaminated food Viruses

Which of the following is a type of bronchitis that is the most common obstructive disease and is caused by cigarette smoking or repeated episodes of acute bronchitis?

Chronic

Which of the following is NOT an imaging technique used to diagnose GI tract disorders?

Digital rectal exam

Fatty acids and monoglycerides are taken up by ___ (lymphatic vessels) in the ___ of the small intestines.

acteals villi

Deconstruct the term agglutinate.

ag-glutin-ate

The verb ________ means to stick together to form clumps.

agglutinate

A(n) ______ is a leukocyte that lacks specific granules in its cytoplasm.

agranulocyte

A pneumothorax is due to the entry of ______ into the pleural cavity.

air

What is another name for the windpipe?

Trachea

The Greek term for ulcer is

aphthous

The terms ____ and ____ are terms that refer to oral ulcers/sores.

aphthous canker

The treatment for ______ is to remove the toxin, drug, or radiation source that is causing the inability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

aplastic anemia

The most common cause of acute pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant is

appendicitis

The practitioners most directly involved in promoting healthy eating are ___ and ____ .

dietician, nutritionist

The sugar found in dairy products that is hard for some people to digest is _____.

lactose

Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of ______.

the lymphatic system

Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system fails to ______.

distinguish self antigens from foreign antigens

A general term for upset stomach with pain, bloating, and nausea is _____.

dyspepsia

The medical term for indigestion or "upset stomach" is

dyspepsia

The medical term for difficult breathing is ______.

dyspnea

The first step in lipid digestion is ___ , the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller ones coated with ____ salts.

emulsification or emulsion bile

An instrument used to examine the lumen of a hollow organ is a(n)

endoscope

Cancerous lymph nodes are usually ______.

enlarged, firm, and painless

Match each leukocyte with the circumstance(s) in which it would be elevated in a differential white blood cell count.

eosinophil ----> Allergic reactions lymphocytes ----> Infectious mononucleosis monocytes ----> Tuberculosis

Nasal smears check the amount of ______ in the nose.

eosinophils

Medical scientists who study the transmission and control of epidemic diseases are ______.

epidemiologists

Dyspepsia is characterized by

epigastric pain, nausea, and gas.

Anemia is a deficiency of ______.

erythrocytes or hemoglobin in the blood

Dysphagia can occur after a stroke, but it is also a symptom of ______.

esophageal cancer

The muscular tube that transports a bolus of food from the pharynx to the stomach is the

esophagus

Leukocytes (WBCs) can be divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of specific granules in the cytoplasm. Those two groups are ______.

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Deconstruct the term hemoglobinopathy.

hem-o-globin-o-pathy

Blood in the pleural cavity is called ______.

hemothorax

Simple sugars that are absorbed into the capillaries of the intestinal villi are transported to the liver in the

hepatic portal vein.

Reflex spasms of the diaphragm are called ______.

hiccups

The endocrine secretions of the pancreas are

hormones. glucagon. insulin.

An oxygen deficiency in the tissues is called ______.

hypoxia

Tissues that are not adequately oxygenated are ______.

hypoxic

The third segment of the small intestine is the ___ . It ends at the ___ valve, which regulates passage of undigested residue into the large intestine.

ileum ileocecal

Inadequate dietary intake of iron and heavy menstrual periods can cause ______.

iron-deficiency anemia

If you do not produce sufficient amounts of the enzyme lactase, you may develop

lactose intolerance

The procedure that uses a thin, lighted tube inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall to examine abdominopelvic organs is called

laparoscopy

The flow of inhaled air moves from the pharynx to the ______.

larynx

An increase in the total WBC count to over 10,000 per cubic millimeter is called ______.

leukocytosis

The two most common sites of oral cancer are the

lip. tongue.

Deconstruct the term lobectomy.

lob-ectomy

A subdivision of an organ or other part is termed ______.

lobe

What is a surgical removal of a lobe called?

lobectomy

Cellular defense of the body against pathogens is mediated by ______, which directly attack the foreign invaders.

lymphocytes

The mouth is the location where

mastication occurs.

A process involving the movement of gases into and out of the lungs via a device programmed to meet the patient's respiratory requirements is ______.

mechanical ventilation

Organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye are called ______.

microorganisms

The spongy gland located behind the stomach that has both exocrine and endocrine functions is the

pancreas

Deconstruct the term pharyngeal.

pharyng-eal

The Greek term for throat is ______.

pharynx

The tube from the back of the nose to the larynx is termed ______.

pharynx

B cells differentiate into ______.

plasma cells

The accumulation and adhesion of platelets that occurs prior to blood coagulation is ______.

platelet plug formation

The cells that are most directly involved in hemostasis are ______.

platelets

The membrane covering the lungs and lining the ribs in the thoracic cavity is called ______.

pleura

The Greek term for snoring is ______.

rhonchus

When the bronchi are partly obstructed and air is being forced past the obstruction, a high-pitched noise called ______ is heard.

rhonchus

Select the word elements for thoracentesis.

root suffix

Select the word elements for tuberculosis.

root suffix

Select the word elements for bronchodilator.

root suffix combining form

The dentine (dentin) of an adult tooth surrounds a central ______, _____where blood vessels and nerves are found.

root canal

Select the correct statements regarding hemostasis.

shortness of breath and fatigue

The most common location for colon and rectal cancers are the ____ colon and _____.

sigmoid rectum

The health professionals who assist sleep specialists in the assessment, monitoring, management, and follow-up care of patients with sleep disorders are called ________________.

sleep technologists

Chemical digestion is completed in the

small intestine

Most water and nutrients are absorbed in the _____.

small intestine

Viruses are ______.

smaller than bacteria

Eighty percent of oral cancers are associated with ____ or chewing ____.

smoking, tobacco

The disorder of the pharynx that occurs regularly in 25% of normal adults and is the most common in overweight males is ______.

snoring

Most dietary carbohydrates consist of _____.

starches

Select the word elements of aspiration.

suffix root

Select the word elements of auscultation.

suffix root

Select the word elements for bronchopneumonia.

suffix root combining form

Select the word elements for epistaxis.

suffix root prefix

The combining form in the term glycogen means

sugar or glucose

The calcified deposits at the margin of the teeth along the gums is ______.

tartar

Anal fissures are

tears in the lining of the anal canal.

Normal flora are microorganisms ______.

that live in or on our bodies and do not harm us

The system of ducts that moves bile from the liver to the duodenum is called

the biliary tract.

The cecum is

the blind-ended pouch that is the first segment of the large intestine.

Insertion of a needle into the pleural cavity to withdraw fluid or air is called ______.

thoracentesis

Another term for platelets is ______.

thrombocytes

The large muscular organ in the mouth that is involved in food manipulation, taste, and speech is the

tongue

Surgical removal of the tonsils is termed ______.

tonsillectomy

A mass of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat at the back of the tongue is called the ______.

tonsils

Constipation occurs when fecal movement through the large intestine is

too slow, causing too much water to be absorbed.

The root in the term periodontics means

tooth

Deconstruct the term tuberculosis.

tubercul-osis

Infectious disease that can infect any organ or tissue is ______.

tuberculosis

The suffix in the term lymphoma means _____.

tumor mass

An extensive inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine's lining that causes bloody diarrhea, crampy pain, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalance is _____.

ulcerative colitis

A common cold is also known as a viral ______ respiratory infection.

upper

The small structure that hangs down from the soft palate and keeps food in the oral cavity until it is ready to be swallowed is the

uvula

The movement of air and its gases into and out of the lungs is called __.

ventilation

Chickenpox and mumps are caused by ______.

viruses

Select the correct statements about health professionals involved in gastrointestinal diagnosis and treatment.

-Gastroenterologists treat disorders of the stomach and intestines. -The role that dietitians and nutritionists have in common is promoting healthy eating habits. -Proctologists treat lower GI problems.

Match each liver disorder with its description.

-Hepatitis A ---> Virus transmitted by contaminated food. -Hepatitis B ---> Virus transmitted by exposure to infected body fluids (blood, semen, and saliva) or sharing contaminated needles -Hepatitis C ---> Most commonly occurring bloodborne virus in the USA; transmitted through contaminated needles -Hepatitis D ---> Can occur with Hepatitis B, making the infection worse -Hepatitis E ---> Similar to Hepatitis A; more common in underdeveloped countries -cirrhosis ---> Chronic, irreversible disease that replaces normal liver tissue with hard, fibrous scar tissue; most commonly caused by alcoholism

Identify the functions of saliva.

-It helps the food bolus to stick together. -It moistens the food to make it easier to swallow. -It begins the chemical digestion of starch and fat.

Select the correct statements regarding hemostasis.

-Platelets adhere to each other and the surrounding tissues in platelet plug formation -During blood coagulation, prothrombin is converted to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin. -Blood coagulation is the third step of hemostasis.

What are some of the functions of the tongue?

-Stimulate the sense of taste by way of papillae on its surface -Form the food into a bolus that can be easily swallowed -Position food between the teeth for chewing

Which of the following statements are true regarding immunity?

-T cells, B cells, and macrophages are involved in cellular immunity. -Plasma cells, which are mature B lymphocytes, produce immunoglobulins. -Cellular and humoral immunity can both be deployed against the same antigen. -Humoral immunity is an indirect attack using immunoglobulins to identify antigen.

Select the correct statements about HIV and AIDS.

-The HIV virus cannot survive very long outside the body. -HIV is killed by bleach and many other detergents. -The HIV virus can remain dormant for up to 12 years. -AIDS is an acquired immunodeficiency caused by the HIV virus.

Match each disorder of the lower respiratory tract with its correct definition.

-adult respiratory distress syndrome matches ---> Sudden life-threatening lung failure caused by a variety of underlying conditions from major trauma to sepsis -neonatal respiratory distress syndrome ---> Seen in premature babies whose lungs have not matured enough to produce surfactant, a substance secreted in the lungs -pneumoconiosis ---> Chronic infections of the lung parenchyma due to prolonged exposure to infection or to occupational irritant dusts or droplets -mesothelioma ---> Cancer in the pleura as a result of asbestosis

Match the structure related to the gallbladder with its description.

-common bile duct ---> Union of the cystic duct and hepatic duct -hepatic duct ---> Transports bile from the liver -cystic duct ---> Transports bile from the gallbladder

Match the disorder of the oral cavity with its description.

-dental plaque ---> Collection of microorganisms on the teeth -dental caries---> Tooth decay and cavity formation -pyorrhea ---> Infection of gums with pus-like discharge -gingivitis ---> Infection of the gums -periodontitis ---> Gums pull away from the teeth, forming pockets that become infected

Match the gastrointestinal professionals with their descriptions.

-dentists ---> Practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex -periodontists ---> Specialists in disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth -gastroenterologists ---> Physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the stomach and intestines -proctologists ---> Physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus -dietitian ---> Managers of food services who promote healthy eating -nutritionists ---> Professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating

Match each function of the respiratory system with its description.

-exchange of gasses ---> Allows oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to leave the blood and enter the air -regulation of blood pH ---> Occurs by changing carbon dioxide levels in the blood -protection ---> Protects against foreign bodies and against some microorganisms -voice production ---> Movement of air across the vocal cords -olfaction ---> 12 million receptor cells for smell

Which suffix means pertaining to?

-ic

Match each region of the pharynx with its location.

-nasopharynx ---> Located at the back of the nose and above the soft palate and uvula -oropharynx ---> Located at the back of the mouth, below the soft palate and above the epiglottis -laryngopharynx ---> Located below the tip of the epiglottis

Match each disorder of the pharynx with its definition.

-obstructive sleep apnea ---> Episodes of gasping for breath, followed by complete cessation of breathing -pharyngitis ---> Acute or chronic infection involving the pharynx, tonsils, and uvula -tonsillitis ---> Usually a viral infection of the tonsils in the oropharynx -nasopharyngeal carcinoma ---> Rare form of cancer that occurs mostly in males between the ages of 50 and 60

Beginning from the top, place the three steps of hemostasis in the order in which they occur after blood vessel injury.

1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation

How many regions is the pharynx divided into?

3

How many teeth does the average adult have?

32

The jejunum comprises _____ percent of the total length of the small intestine and is where most chemical digestion occurs.

40

Neutrophils are normally about ______ of the total WBC count.

60%

Which of the following best describes the shape of an erythrocyte?

Biconcave disc

What is the name of the two main branches that serve as the airways going to the right and left lungs?

Bronchi

What type of medication is used to smooth muscles of the bronchioles?

Bronchodilator

Which of the following does NOT normally occur with asthma?

Circulatory shock

______ is an infection that causes severe gastrointestinal distress. It can colonize the gut when broad spectrum antibiotics destroy normal gut flora.

Clostridium difficile

Which of the following disorders is caused by a virus?

Cold sores

Which bacterial species is part of the normal flora of the GI tract?

Coliform

______ dose is monitored by activated partial thromboplastin time.

Heparin

Which of the following is a condition in which there is excess carbon dioxide?

Hypercapnia

Identify the disorders that are caused by viruses.

Influenza SARS Measles

What are small particles of solid matter that float through the air and enter our bodies as we breathe?

Inorganic chemicals Pollutants Organic chemicals

What is the term for breathing air and its gases into the body?

Inspiration

Match the immunotherapy with its description.

Interleukens ---> nonspecific immunotherapy used to treat kidney and skin cancers Interferon alpha ---> most common type of interferon used in cancer treatment Monoclonal antibodies ---> can attach to cancer cells to flag them for a macrophage

What guards the nares to prevent large particles from entering the body?

Internal hairs

What is an intestinal disorder that presents with chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and either diarrhea or constipation (or alternating bouts of both)?

Irritable bowel syndrome

Which statement is true regarding anemia?

It decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

The skin cancer that is common in AIDS patients is ______.

Kaposi sarcoma

Identify common sites of metastasis of oral cancer.

Lymph nodes Bones Lungs

What type of therapy is used in hypoxemia and can be given by nasal cannulae, mask, or intubation?

Oxygen

What is a digital rectal exam (DRE)?

Palpation of the rectum and prostate gland with a gloved finger

Which disorder causes a reduced number of all blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes)?

Pancytopenia

Which enzyme in the mouth begins the digestion of starch?

Salivary amylase

______ is a drug that can dissolve clots after they have formed.

Streptokinase

Identify the paired salivary glands.

Sublingual Parotid Submandibular

What do hemophilia and von Willebrand disease have in common?

The are both genetic disorders

Which statement is correct about the structure of erythrocytes?

Their shape promotes more rapid diffusion of gases.

What is located in the posterior surface of the nasopharynx that is also known as the adenoid?

Tonsil

Which of the following are infectious pathogens?

Viruses Fungi Parasites

Which nutrient cannot be absorbed without intrinsic factor?

Vitamin B12

What are the two pairs of horizontal ligaments inside the larynx that enable sounds to be made as air passes between them?

Vocal cords

A test included in a CBC in which the number of each type of WBC is given is called a(n) ______.

WBC differential.

AIDS is an example of a(n) ______ immunodeficiency disorder.

acquired

Immunosuppression in transplant recipients is due to ______.

anti-rejection drugs such as corticosteroids

Humoral defense of the body is an immune system function mediated by ______.

antibodies

Deconstruct the term aspiration.

aspirat-ion

Removal by suction of fluid or gas from a body cavity is termed ______.

aspiration

Episodes of breathing difficulty due to narrowed or obstructed airways is called ______.

asthma

The term that means pertaining to or suffering from asthma is

asthmatic

Deconstruct the term atelectasis.

atel-ectasis

When an area of the lung collapses as a result of bronchial obstruction, it is called ______.

atelectasis

The diagnostic method of listening to body sounds with a stethoscope is called

auscultation

The medical term for examination by stethoscope is ______.

auscultation

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is used to diagnose and treat problems of the

bilary ductal system

The combining form in the term hemoglobin means ______.

blood

The hormones insulin and glucagon are secreted into the _____.

blood

Deconstruct the term bronchopneumonia.

bronch-o-pneumon-ia

Deconstruct the term bronchoscopy.

bronch-o-scopy

The plural form of bronchus is ______.

bronchi

Chronic dilation of the bronchi following inflammatory disease and obstruction is termed ______.

bronchiectasis

Inflammation of the small bronchioles is called ______.

bronchiolitis

An agent that increases the diameter of a bronchus is called a(n) ______.

bronchodilator

Acute inflammation of the walls of smaller bronchioles with spread to lung parenchyma is termed ______.

bronchopneumonia

Examination of the interior of the tracheobronchial tree with an endoscope is called ______.

bronchoscopy

What is the Greek term for windpipe?

bronchus trachea

The Latin term for bubble is ______.

bulla

The plural of bulla is

bullae

Animals and humans breathe in oxygen and breathe out __.

carbon dioxide

The constriction at the lower end of the esophagus is called the ____ ____.

cardiac or esophageal sphincter

A disorder in which gluten in cereal grains damages the lining of the small intestines is

celiac disease

Deconstruct the term cerebrovascular.

cerebr-o-vascul-ar

Granules are the site for ______ and enzyme production.

chemical

The hair-like structures called ________ are located in the nasal cavity.

cilia

Select the word elements of bronchiectasis.

combining form suffix root

The structure formed by the union of the hepatic duct and cystic duct is the ___ ____ duct.

common bile

CBC is an abbreviation that stands for ______.

complete blood count.

Blue discoloration of the skin, lips, and nail beds due to low levels of oxygen in the blood is called ______.

cyanosis

A genetic disorder caused by an increased viscosity of secretions from the pancreas, salivary glands, liver, intestine, and lungs is ______.

cystic fibrosis