HST 206 Midterm Exam

George Armstrong Custer

A United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars. Raised in Michigan and Ohio. With the outbreak of the Civil War, Custer was called to serve with the Union Army. He developed a strong reputation during the Civil War. He fought in the first major engagement, the First Battle of Bull Run.

Assimilation

The process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.

Land Speculation

Virginians heavily invested in land speculation were determined to drive out the French; land speculators demanded that the area west of the Appalachians remained open for settlement regardless of claims or danger

Augustus Woodward

Was the first Chief Justice of the Michigan Territory. In that position, he played a prominent role in the reconstruction of Detroit following a devastating fire in 1805. He promoted an urban design based on radial avenues, as in Washington, DC and Paris. He is also known as one of the founders of the University of Michigan, established by the legislature in 1817.

Samuel de Champlain

-"The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He founded New France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608. He is important to Canadian history because he made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped establish the settlements. -Founds Qubec in 1608 -Frenchman that set tone for relations with Iriqous -Wants to be friends with Hurons -goes to war with Huron... pisses of Iriqous -Father of New France 1608- Resettles Quebec 1609- Piss of Iroquois; trying to build support and trust for the Huron; fight against Iroquois 1633- Importing men (jesuit priests)

French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

-1752- George Washington sent by governor to negotiate; someone shoots a french officer and war begins; ended by treaty in 1763 -(1754-1763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies.

Quebec Act

-1774- from London; set up government; provision makes colonists nervous (allow locals to freely practice religion) -An act of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec. The Act's principal components were: -The province's territory was expanded to take over part of the Indian Reserve, including much of what is now southern Ontario, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, and parts of Minnesota. -Reference to the Protestant faith was removed from the oath of allegiance. -It guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith. -It restored the use of the French civil law for matters of private law, except that in accordance with the English common law, it granted unlimited freedom of testation. -It maintained English common law for matters of public law, including administrative appeals, court procedure, and criminal prosecution. -It restored the Catholic Church's right to impose tithes.

Toledo War

-1836-1837 Michigan cedes claims to Toledo Strip Congress extends MI to include the rest of the UP -Also known as the Michigan-Ohio War, was the almost bloodless boundary dispute between the U.S. state of Ohio and the adjoining territory of Michigan. Originating from conflicting state and federal legislation passed between 1787 and 1805, the dispute resulted from poor understanding of geographical features of the Great Lakes at the time. Varying interpretations of the law caused the governments of Ohio and Michigan to both claim sovereignty over a 468-square-mile region along the border.

Chippewa

-25-30 thousand -northern upper great lakes area -did NOT posses highly organized political structures -lived in small bands -Leaders had no delegated power but maintained influence thru acts of kindness, wisdom, generosity, and humility -lived in small bands of 5-25 families

Ottawa

-4000 members (roughly) -NW 2/3 of the lower peninsula -engaged in extensive farming (unlike chips) -Became known as great traders -social and political structure very similar to chips

Jay Treaty

-A 1795 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that is credited with averting war, resolving issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 (which ended the American Revolutionary War), and facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1792. -1794- ends British control in the Northwest Territory No one had the power to force the British out until this treaty asked them to leave

Jean Nicolet

-A French coureur des bois noted for exploring Green Bay of Lake Michigan, in what is now the U.S. state of Wisconsin. -First white man to traverse the straits of mackinaw, follow the shore of Lake Michigan and arrive at Green Bay; deeply impressed the Indians who met him

Jacques Cartier

-A French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River. -Exploring for France; not there to spread Christianity 1534- Gulf of the St. Lawerence and Stadacona 1535- Montreal: Indians tell him of great river to the west 1541- Crown wants permanent settlement; religious motivation enters nominally

La Salle

-A French explorer. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico.He claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France. -Sold his property in 1669 and embarked on a journey to the Great Lakes region; convinced that the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico

John Jacob Astor

-A German-American businessman, merchant, fur trader, and investor. He entered the fur trade and built a monopoly, managing a business empire that extended to the Great Lakes region and Canada, and later expanded into the American West and Pacific coast. -Fur trading empire throughout Michigan (Mackinac Island today) -Operated within rules of Indian society -Understood reciprocity -German immigrant; comes into Michigan and takes over fur trade; success due to influence in US government

A.E.B Woodward

-Was the first Chief Justice of the Michigan Territory. In that position, he played a prominent role in the reconstruction of Detroit following a devastating fire in 1805. He promoted an urban design based on radial avenues, as in Washington, DC and Paris. He is also known as one of the founders of the University of Michigan, established by the legislature in 1817. ????????????????????

Panic of 1837

-A financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices, and wages went down while unemployment went up. Pessimism abounded during the time. The panic had both domestic and foreign origins. Speculative lending practices in western states, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land bubble, international specie flows, and restrictive lending policies in Great Britain were all to blame.

Hazen S. Pingree

-A four-term Republican mayor of Detroit (1889-1897) and the 24th Governor of the U.S. State of Michigan (1897-1901). A Yankee who migrated from New England, he was a Georgist social reformer who battled corporations and was an early leader of the Progressive Movement. -Republican young mayor of Detroit; urban reforms; honest and feel best

Whigs

-A political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States of America. They supported the supremacy of Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and economic protectionism to stimulate manufacturing.

Northwest Passage

-A sea route connecting the northern Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. -Alleged passage to China; shorter route to the Orient and the precious metals

Treaty of Washington of 1836

-A treaty between the United States and representatives of the Ottawa and Chippewa nations of Native Americans. With this treaty, the tribes ceded an area of approximately 13,837,207 acres (55,997 km²) in the northwest portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

Zachariah Chandler

-Alienated many moderate republicans; support for black rights; vowed revenge on traitors -An American politician, one of the founders of the Republican Party, whose radical wing he dominated as a lifelong abolitionist. He was Mayor of Detroit, a four-term Senator from the state of Michigan, and Secretary of the Interior under President Ulysses S. Grant. As a successful young businessman in Detroit, he supported the Underground Railroad. During the Civil War, he advocated for the Union war effort, the abolition of slavery, and civil rights for freed African Americans.

Austin Blair

-Also known as the Civil War Governor, was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. He was known as a strong opponent of slavery and secession and he also championed human rights by leading the effort to ban capital punishment and supporting efforts to give women and black citizens the right to vote. -Free soiler from Jackson who felt that the fugitive slave law should call for ending slavery throughout the nation - recommended that the state offer its entire military resources to Lincoln for maintaining the supremacy of the U.S. Constitution. Within days of the outbreak of the American Civil War in April, Blair responded by calling for ten companies of volunteers.

Fort Michilimackinac

-An 18th-century French, and later British, fort and trading post at the Straits of Mackinac; it was built on the northern tip of the lower peninsula of the present-day state of Michigan in the United States. Built around 1715, and abandoned in 1783, it was located along the Straits, which connected Lake Huron and Lake Michigan of the Great Lakes of North America. -

Lewis Cass

-An American military officer and politician. During his long political career, he served as a governor of the Michigan Territory, an American ambassador, a U.S. Senator representing Michigan, and co-founder as well as first Masonic Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Michigan. -He was the losing nominee of the Democratic Party for president in 1848. - He was nationally famous as a leading spokesman for the controversial Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty, which would have allowed voters in the territories to determine whether to make slavery legal instead of having Congress decide.

civilization/assimilation policy

-Effort by the United States to transform Native American culture to European-American culture between the years of 1790-1920. -

Voyagers

-French Canadian indentured servants who engaged in the transporting of furs by canoe during the fur trade years. ???????

Proclamation of 1763

-From the King; attempt to resolve problems; no white settlement west of the Appalachians Slap in the face to colonists; not fair -Issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, which forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. It continues to be of legal importance to First Nations in Canada and is significant for the variation of indigenous status in the United States. It eventually ensured that British culture and laws were applied in Upper Canada after 1791, which was done to attract British settlers to the province.

clans

-Group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. -Superfamilies of the Chippewa; each child belonged to the father's clan and the clans traced the line of decent

Treaty of Saginaw

-Indians ceded a large tract of land on the central lower peninsula; the last Michigan treaty -Native Americans ceded a large tract of land in the central portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The southern boundary of the tract extended from a few miles northeast of Jackson west to just northeast of Kalamazoo. The line then ran directly to the head of the Thunder Bay River in south-central Montmorency County and then along the river to the mouth in Thunder Bay, near Alpena. From there it extended northeast to the international boundary line between the United States and the British Province of Upper Canada and then along the boundary south to the boundary line established by the Treaty of Detroit in 1807, which ran from the shore of Lake Huron in northeast Sanilac County southwest to a point several miles northeast of Lansing and then due south the point of origin. The treaty reserved several smaller tracts of land for Indian use within the ceded territory.

Wyandot (Huron)

-Indigenous peoples of North America. By the 15th century, the pre-contact group settled in the area of present-day Lake Ontario, before migrating to Georgian Bay. It was in that later location that they first encountered the French explorer Samuel de Champlain in 1615. The modern group emerged in the late 17th century from the remnants of two earlier groups, the Wendat or Huron Confederacy and the Tionontate, called the Petun (tobacco people) by the French because of their cultivation of the crop. -Traded with the Chippewa; promise loyalty to the crown after Johnson's council meeting at the mouth of the Detroit river; adopted a policy of neutrality after the seizure of Vincennes by Hamilton

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

-Law passed by Congress; created before Constitution under articles; lays out provision of how you become a state -An act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States, passed July 13, 1787. This created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British Canada and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south. It was the response to multiple pressures: the westward expansion of American settlers, tense diplomatic relations with Great Britain and Spain, violent confrontations with Indians, the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, and the empty treasury of the American government.

Reciprocity

-Most important social custom -Three types: balanced, general, negative -Balanced= Most common form...even exchange... straight trade of goods and services assumed to be of equal value -General= close relatives... do something for someone, and assume they would do something of equal value for you in the future -Negative= Extremely rare... one party cheats the other... cheating party ostracized from future trading functions

Iroquois

-Near Lake Ontario; five nations (Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga) -a historically powerful and important northeast Native American confederacy. Have absorbed many other peoples into their cultures as a result of warfare, adoption of captives, and by offering shelter to displaced nations. They were known during the colonial years to the English as the "Five Nations" (before 1722) and later as the "Six Nations", comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora nations.

Jean Talon

-New France intendant; arrived in Canada in 1665 intending to expand the population and make it economically self sufficient -The first Intendant of New France, appointed by King Louis XIV and his minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert to serve as the Intendant of Justice, Public Order and Finances in Canada, Acadia and Newfoundland for two terms. He attempted to change the economic base of the colony from fur-trading to agriculture, but found this could not be accomplished without a larger population. He arranged for settlers to come to New France. He also tried to diversify the economy by introducing new crops such as flax and hops for making beer, by starting a shipyard and lumber industry, and by encouraging mining.

Republicans

-Party founded in Jackson MI

Pontiac

-Pontiac's Uprising- Evacuate Europeans from the land; coordinated series of fort attack; siege at Fort Detroit caused problems -An Ottawa war chief who became noted for his role in Pontiac's War (1763-1766), an American Indian struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region and named for him. Nineteenth-century accounts portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, but some subsequent scholars argued that his role had been exaggerated. Historians today generally view him as an important local leader who influenced a wider movement that he did not command.

Lord Jeffrey Amherst

-Served as an officer in the British Army and as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. He is best known as the architect of Britain's successful campaign to conquer the territory of New France during the Seven Years' War. Under his command British forces captured the cities of Louisbourg, Quebec City and Montreal, as well as several major fortresses. He was also the first British Governor General in the territories that eventually became Canada. -Commanded British armies and to drive the French back toward their Quebec supply base; appointed Governor General of British North America; had to create Indian policy; economy and discipline; did not care about French precedent or British pledges; gift giving was abolished

Soo Canal

-Set of parallel locks which enable ships to travel between Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes. -Charles Harvey; operated by the state and was obligated by the Feds to charge a toll; opens Michigan's upper peninsula to American markets and international markets

Treaty of Paris

-Signed on September 3, 1783, it ended the American Revolutionary War. -Ended the Seven Years War; political transfer of power; military power being challenged

Battle of Fallen Timbers

-The final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between Native American tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy, including minor support from the British, against the United States for control of the Northwest Territory (an area north of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and southwest of the Great Lakes). The battle, which was a decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until Tecumseh's War and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. -final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indian tribes against the United States for control of the Northwest Territory

Indian Removal Policy

-The law authorized the president to negotiate with Indian tribes in the Southern United States for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands.

Constitution of 1835

-The proposed constitution was adopted by the voters on October 5, 1835 by a 5-to-1 margin. A bill of rights was included in this constitution, though suffrage was granted only to white males over age 21. The constitution established a superintendent of public instruction, an office which still exists today, and the Secretary of State and the Attorney General, as well as the auditor general and the justices of the Supreme Court were to be appointed, not elected. -Liberal, farsighted, innovative ideas on education; superintendent of public instruction; create libraries; financing of schools

Jesuits

-The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry -Attempted to understand the Indians feelings towards the environment; doomed from the start because of its demand of undergoing a total social and cultural revolution; did not separate the concepts of Christianity and civilization

historical questions

-of, pertaining to, treating, or characteristic of history or past events

Potawatomi

-primarily an agricultural people -life followed the rhythm of the seasons: Summer= form large villages near rivers and streams... fall=villages moved into the heart of the forest -practiced polygamy: If a man married women from different clans, the union joined not only the individuals but also their entire clans -like Ottawa and chips: well-defined roles for every member of society (men hunt and fish and defend... women farm, cook, raise children)

Credibility

-the quality of being trusted and believed in.

Democrats

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commissioner of immigration

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Cadillac

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"little history"

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War of 1812

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Reliability

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Primary Source

A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.

Underground RR

A network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century enslaved people of African descent in the United States in efforts to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause.

Compromise of 1850

A package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). -Texas surrendered its claim to New Mexico, as well as its claims north of the Missouri Compromise Line. It retained the Texas Panhandle and the federal government took over the state's public debt. -California was admitted as a free state with its current boundaries. -The South prevented adoption of the Wilmot Proviso that would have outlawed slavery in the new territories, and the new Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory were allowed, under the principle of popular sovereignty, to decide whether to allow slavery within their borders. In practice, these lands were generally unsuited to plantation agriculture and their settlers were uninterested in slavery. -The slave trade (but not slavery altogether) was banned in Washington D.C.

metis

A person of mixed American Indian and Euro-American ancestry

Jesse James Strang

An American religious leader, politician and self-proclaimed monarch. In 1844 he founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), a faction of the Latter Day Saint movement that he claimed to be the sole legitimate continuation of the Church of Christ founded by Joseph Smith fourteen years before.

Frontenac

Canada's governor in 1672; erected a fort at the eastern end of Lake Ontario to block Iroquois invasions and to gain a share of the trade ????????

"Three Fires"

Chippewa (oldest), Ottawa (next oldest), Potawatomi (younger brother) thought of themselves as family 100,000 Indians in the Great Lakes Region; Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi; there when Europeans first arrived

Secondary source

Documents written after an event has occurred, providing secondhand accounts of that event, person, or topic.

Black Suffrage

Fight for the right to vote for blacks

Women's Suffrage

Fight for women's right to vote

Greenbacks

Paper currency issued by the United States during the American Civil War. They were in two forms: Demand Notes, issued in 1861-1862, and United States Notes issued in 1862-1865. They were legal tender by law, but were not backed by gold or silver, only the credibility of the U.S. government

Temperance

Self-improvement No drinking Wives feared men coming home drunk/violence Only certain types were considered bad: Demon rum and whiskey

Stevens T. Mason

Stevens Thomson Mason (October 27, 1811 - January 4, 1843) was an American politician who served as the 1st Governor of Michigan from 1835 to 1840.