Human Bio - Chapter Eleven Review

LYMPHOCYTE secrete antibodies into circulation, can attach to foreign cells or proteins to protect the body against infection

A function of this leukocyte is to __________.

presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane

A person's blood type is determined by the

liver and spleen

Excess transferrins are removed in the ________, where the iron extracted from heme molecules is stored in special protein-iron complexes.

leukocytosis

Excessive number of WBCs is

type O- and type AB+

Hemolytic disease of the newborn will most likely occur if the mother has _______ blood and the fetus has ________ blood

within 15 seconds

How long after an injury occurs do platelets begin to attach to sticky endothelial surfaces and exposed collagen fibers?

9-12 days

How long do platelets circulate before being removed by phagocytes?

A & B antigens

In addition to Rh, what are the other main surface antigens on red blood cells that determine blood type?

when testing for gas exchange efficiency

In what instance would an arterial puncture be more appropriate than a venipuncture?

type AB

Individuals with what blood type are called universal recipients because they lack anti-A & B antibodies?

myeloid stem cell proerthyroblast erythroblast reticulocyte RBC

List the correct sequences fo the stages in RBC maturation?

inactive proenzymes

Plasma proteins known as clotting factors are converted to active enzyme from what?

RBCs

Recall that blood is a fluid connective tissue and like all connective tissues, blood has three components: (1) specialized cells, (2) extracellular protein fibers (3) a ground substance. The extracellular fibers and ground substance form the matrix that surrounds the cells. In blood, the ground substance is a fluid. The watery matrix is called plasma. The plasma proteins are dissolved and usually do NOT form insoluble fibers. Which one of the specialized cells found in blood functions to transport oxygen?

leukopenia

Reduced numbers of WBCs is

release of tissue factor by damages endothelium

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

serum

The fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed is known as

MONOCYTE becomes tissue macrophage, migrates to peripheral tissues and become macrophages (free and fixed aggressive phagocytes)

The leukocyte shown here can migrate into tissues to become a __________.

a BASOPHIL released heparin (and histamine) and it prevents clotting, and make up less than 1% of WBCs

The leukocyte shown here releases _____ that functions to __________.

lymphocytes and monocytes

What are the agranulocytes?

platelet initiates clotting process and sticks to walls to form platelet plug and release other factors that speed up intrinsic pathway reactions

What is the name of the formed element that is critical for initiating the formation of a blood clot?

bilirubin

What is the name of the name of the orange yellow pigment that the heme of hemoglobin is converted into?

it transports iron

What is the role of transferrin in the blood stream?

lymphocytes

What leukocyte is involved in the body's specific defense?

basophils

What leukocytes have granules that contain heparin and histamine?

intrinsic pathway

What pathway is slower and reinforces the initial blood clot to make it larger and more effective?

developing lung disease

What situation most likely will result in an increased production of EPO?

Antigens

What substance, often a protein, that triggers an immune response?

Vitamin B12

What vitamin is necessary for erythropoiesis and if deficient, develops into pernicious anemia?

lymphocytes

When foreign cells invade the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of

hemogloburinia

When large numbers of RBCs break down in the circulation, the urine can turn reddish or brown in a condition called

jaundice

Which condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood?

Monocytes

________ are large phagocytic WBCs that remain in circulation for only about 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues to become tissue macrophages.

Anemia

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.

leukocyte

another name for a the cells capable of ameboid movement ?

type B antigens anti-a bodies

person with Type B blood will have antigens on the surface of RBC and antibodies in plasma.

hemoglobin

what is the red pigment that also transports O2 and CO2

1. Vascular Spasm 2. Platelet Plug 3. Coagulation

3 Phases of Hemostasis

leukopenia

A WBC count of 3000 per microliter would indicate what condition?

4

A single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to how many molecules of oxygen gas (O2)

fibrinolysis

As repairs proceed, a clot gradually dissolves. This process is called what?

vitamin K

Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process.

Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosiniphils Basophils

Correctly state the sequence of the relative number of each leukocyte type from highest to lowest in normal blood

allergic reactions

Eosinophils: (associated with what?)

stroke

For what disease might a patient receive tissue plasminogen activator?

Leukoctyes

Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of amoeboid movement are

venipuncture

Fresh whole blood is usually collected through a procedure called

red bone marrow

In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the

immunoglobulins

Plasma cells of the lymphatic system produce

a NEUTROPHIL phagocytize bacteria, first WBC to arrive at injury site, very active phagocytes, specialize in attacking and digesting bacteria

Primary function of this leukocyte

basophils

The least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

agglutinations

The normal immune system ignores surface antigens on self RBCs, which are also called

type B

The plasma of which blood type contains anti-A antibodies?

"Phil loves his Granny" neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

What are the granulocytes?

liver and spleen

What are the primary sites of hemopoiesis from the second to the fifth month of development?

reduction in blood loss

What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis?

liver

Which organ synthesizes more than 90 percent of plasma proteins?

B cells (produce antibodies) T cells (attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells) NK Natural Killer cells (attack wide variety of infectious microbes and tumor cells)

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes & their function?

pluripotent cell

what cell is capable of becoming any cell?

Thrombus: clot in unbroken BV Embolism: unmatched thrombus floating freely

what is a thrombus and what is an embolism

cancer of blood forming tissues and indicated by immature or abnormal WBCS or extreme leukocytosis

what is leukemia & what is it indicated by?

plasma

what makes up 55% of whole blood?

amino acids

During the recycling of hemoglobin, what is the breakdown product of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule?

anemia

Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions?

histamine

Basophils: (release what)

phagocytosis

Monocytes: (associated with what?

activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

The common pathway of coagulation ends with the activation of

calcium

What ion is necessary for both clotting pathways?

neutrophils

What leukocyte is a granulocyte?

albumins

What plasma protein is important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma?

clot retraction

What process makes it easier for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells to make necessary repairs in damaged vessels?

electrolytes

essentials for vital cellular activités

erythropoeisis

formation of RBC is called

globulins

roughly 35% of plasma proteins

RBC/erythrocytes increases rate of diffusion and flexibility

which blood cell has unique biconcave shape

slightly alkaline

The pH of blood is

help defend the body against pathogens

The primary function of white blood cells is to

formation of blood cells that occurs in red bone marrow

What is hemopoeisis?

neutrophils

What is the most active type of leukocyte, phagocytically, and is usually the first to arrive at an injury site?

infected by parasites

A sample of tissue from an injury shows a large number of eosinophils. This would indicate that the tissue was

RBC WBC platelets

components of whole blood

fibrinogen

roughly 4% of plasma proteins; functions in clotting

megakaryocytes

what are platelets formed by?

120 days

what is the life span of RBC

O-

During blood transfusions, which of the following blood types would NEVER cause an agglutination reaction when introduced into an individual with Type A+ blood?

eject their nucleus

During their formation, RBCs