Human Body Systems Bones makeup

long, short, flat, irregular

4 types of bones

Compact bone Bone tissue that contains few spaces between osteons; forms the external portion of all bones and the bulk of the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones.

Compact bone

occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself. Typically in spine

Compression Fracture

Muscle atrophy can occur, fracture popping plural sac in lung causing nuemothorax

Explain how damage to a bone could affect other body systems.

The medullary cavity is a cylinder at the center of compact bone. It surrounds and protects the spongy bone marrow, which contains a material, much like gelatin. It is the central cavity of bone shafts. It is where yellow bone marrow (or adipose) is produced and stored.

Medullary cavity

Osteocytes are bone cells. Osteocytes manufacture type I collagen and other substances that make up the bone extracellular matrix. Osteocytes will be found enclosed in bone.

Osteocytes

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Parathyroid Hormone

Bone tissue that consists of an irregular latticework of thin plates of bone called trabeculae; found inside short, flat, and irregular bones and in the epiphyses of long bone.

Spongy (cancellous) bone

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The head or end of a long bone, usually containing the growth plates

compact bone

Where are osteoocites created

Canaliculi

What is this

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1. Location where calcium would be removed from bone and deposited back into the blood stream

2

Also referred to as the shaft or body of the long bone

Calcitonin A polypeptide hormone especially from the thyroid gland that tends to lower the level of calcium in the blood plasma.

Calcitonin

Cartilage A usually translucent somewhat elastic tissue that composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos and except for a small number of structures (as some joints, respiratory passages, and the external ear) is replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates.

Cartilage

Cortical bone, also known as compact bone, forms the hard outer shell of all bones. It is the strongest and densest form of bone in the body. However, it also contains many tiny passages for blood vessels and nerves and houses the cells that repair and maintain bones -forms the hard outer shell of all bones. It is the strongest and densest form of bone in the body. However, it also contains many tiny passages for blood vessels and nerves and houses the cells that repair and maintain bone

Compact (cortical) bone

normally a skull fracture where a cranial bone is pushed inward

Depression fracture

Setting/immobilization of bone b. Surgery to repair/remove bone fragments or inserting fixation devicesThis answer is correct. c. Physical therapy to help restore function in area fracture occured

Describe at least three types of medical interventions that can be used to treat and repair broken bones. Explain the theory behind each intervention.

The cranium encases and protects the brain● The spine and vertebrae protect the spinal cord● The ribs surround and protect many vital organs including the heart and lung

Describe at least two ways bone functions in protection of the human body.

The end of a long bone, usually larger in diameter than the shaft.

Epiphysis

Spongy bone is less dense than compact bone, this means that spongy bone has less mass and reduces the weight of the bone

Explain how the structure of spongy bone helps reduce the overall weight of bone.

a. Protection of internal organs b. Flexibility and compression c. Strength and durability

Function of bones in skeleton

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Gland responsible for releasing Calcitonin

one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken. Typically in children

Greenstick Fracture

Trabecular (spongy) bone comprises the majority of interior long bone tissue, in addition to that of the hip and vertebrae. It is also called spongy or cancellous bone because of its soft, spongy texture. -Red bone marrow is found between the trabuculae. Blood vessels within this tissue deliver nutrients to osteocytes and remove waste.

Spongy (cancellous/Trabecular) bone

Bone marrow, also called myeloid tissue, is formed when the trabecular matrix crowds blood vessels together and they condense. spongy bone is ideal for making and storing bone marrow within the lattice-like trabeculae network.

Spongy bone

Compact: Dense or cortical bone, solid. In long bones, compact bone forms the solid external walls of the bone

Spongy bone vs compact bone

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Location where calcium would be deposited in bone to decrease calcium level in blood stream

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

Sprial Fracture

1 Hematoma Formation Blood vessels that are ruptured during the break swell to form a mass called a hematoma. This mass forms between the broken bones.

Stage 1 of bone healing

2 Fibrocartilage Callus Formation New capillaries begin to form into the clotted blood in the damaged area. Connective tissues cells form a mass of repair tissue called a fibrocartilage callus. This callus contains some cartilage, some bone and collagen fibers and the combined mass closes the gap between the broken bones.

Stage 2 of bone healing

3Bony Callus Formation The fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaced by one made of spongy bone. This new mass is referred to as the bony callus. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts move to the area and multiply.

Stage 3 of bone healing

4Bone Remodeling Over the weeks and months to come, the callus is remodeled with the help of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The shape of the bones will gradually return to normal and there will eventually be little evidence of the fracture.

Stage 4 of bone healing

1.Hematoma Formation 2.Fibrocartilage Callus Formation 3.Bony Callus Formation 4.Bone Remodeling

Stages of bone healing in order

occurs at an angle across the bone

Oblique Fracture

Osteoblast A bone-forming cell.

Osteoblast

Any of the large multinucleate cells closely associated with areas of bone resorption (as in a fracture that is healing). absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

Osteoclast

True

Osteoclasts are responsible for calcium removal and osteoblasts are responsible for calcium deposition? (If false, correct terms in bold to make it true)

Parathyroid hormone A hormone of the parathyroid gland that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Parathyroid hormone

Periosteum is the thin yet tough outermost layer of bones. Its many collagen fibers support the bone and firmly connect it to the surrounding structures. Osteogenic cells in the periosteum play a vital role in the growth and repair of bony tissue. In many ways, periosteum acts like the skin of the bones -it serves as protection as well as a channel for the blood supply and nutrients for bone tissue. I

Periosteum

Irregular

What Type of bone is this catorgiced as

Proteins Collagen Calcium

What are the main components of the extracellular matrix of bones

1.Blood vessels at the break swell and form a mass called a hematoma 2.Connective tissues forms a large mass called a fibrocartilage callus. This contains connective tissue, bone, and collagen fibers\ 3.Osteoclasts and osteoblast move to the area and help form a large mass of spongy bone, called a bony callus 4.Osteocytes continue to make and remodel the bone. After some time, there will be little evidence that the fracture has occurred.

What are the steps to bones being repaired

Ossification

The fetal skeleton is made of cartilage and eventually turns to bone in a process

in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.

The fetal skeleton is made of cartilage and eventually turns to bone in a process called ossification. Given what you know about bone cells, how do you think this occurs?

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The location of the osteocytes, or bone forming cells

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The location of the yellow marrow or bony fat that fills the cavity

3

This is the location where red blood cells and platelets are created; also where majority of spongy bone is located.

2

This would be the hormone released from the thyroid to help decrease amount of calcium in blood stream

The bone is made up of calcium. Calcium along with collagen helps to make the bones very strong, like concrete. Bones have a very high tensile strength, that is why we can put the pressure of our body weight on them without the bones being broken immediately. The structure of the bone also helps since the shaft is made up of compact bone which is very good at resisting tension. To help with the compressional strength of the bones, the extremities are made of cancellous material which is very good at fighting compression. All in all, the material and engineering of the bone allow it to be rigid, yet flexible, making them hard to break and good at their function of support and protection. Read more on Brainly.com - https://brainly.com/question/10073015#readmore

What aspects of bone's structure make it stronger than concrete? Think about the engineering design of bone. Use the terms tensile strength and compressional strength in your answer.

Bones tend to decrease in density as we age, and for some individuals, it can lead to osteoporosis.

What do you think happens to the fracture rate of bones as we age? Explain.

Bone Marrow microscope

What is this

Bony trabeculae in microscope

What is this

Haversian canal

What is this

Osteocyte

What is this

Flat bone

What type of bone is this catorgriced as

Long bone

What type of bone is this catorgriced as

Short Bone

What type of bone is this catorgriced as

a. allowing for flexibility and compression with lower mass

Which of the following statements about bone characteristics best describe bone's strength?a. Bone has spaces at cellular level, a. allowing for flexibility and compression with lower mass b. Bone is solid throughout it structure in both the spongy and compact c. Bone is very rigid and does not bend or flex d. Bone has a high mass due to tightly compacted osteocytes with no space in between cells

a. Red marrow creates components of the blood; yellow marrow creates fat and other connective tissue

Which of the following statements below best describe the difference in red and yellow bone marrow? a. Red marrow creates components of the blood; yellow marrow creates fat and other connective tissue b. Both red and yellow marrow function in the creation of platelets in the blood c. Both red and yellow marrow function in the creation of connective cells for the bones d. Red marrow creates fat and other connective tissue; yellow marrow creates components of the

A. As an individual gets older, bones become more porous and brittle, leading to more breaks

Which of the following statements best describes osteoporosis? a. As an individual gets older, bones become more porous and brittle, leading to more breaks b. As an individual gets older, the bone density increases and becomes stronger c. As an individual gets older, bone density first decreases then increases as the osteoclasts begin to die off d. As an individual gets older, bones become more brittle due to an increase in osteoblasts

a. Maintaining healthy weight and diet choices b. Limiting alcohol and smoking d. Spending time outside in the sun

Which of the following would be ways to maintain healthy bones? (Select all that apply) a. Maintaining healthy weight and diet choices b. Limiting alcohol and smoking c. Taking large amounts of prescription medicines d. Spending time outside in the sun

yellow marrow creates fat and other connective tissue found in medullary cavities of flat and short bones, articular ends of long bones, vertebral bodies, spongy bone of the cranium, sternum, ribs, and scapulae.Jan 31, 2013

Yellow bone marrow

The comminuted fracture, which splinters and contains small bone particles, can shatter into more than two pieces. This fracture is usually caused by severe force, such as in a car accident.

comminuted fracture,

Has many spaces filled with red marrow. Blood vessels within the red marrow provide the osteocytes with nutrients. This fragile spongy bone needs the protection of an outer of compact bone

minerals and proteins that make up spongy bone

occurs straight across the bone

transverse fracture

Fracture The breaking of hard tissue (as bone).

Fracture

Red marrow creates components of the blood found in spongy bone

Red bone marrow

Diaphysis The shaft of a long bone

Diaphysis

open = break in the skin closed = no break in the skin

Open vs closed fracture

spongy bone

where are compents of blood created

compact bone

where is osteosites created

medularry cavity

where is yellow bone marrow created