Human Growth and Development Final Exam

Toddlers' first conversations tend to be about

Themselves

Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a grossly distorted

body image

Monozygotic is to _____ as dizygotic is to _______.

identical; fraternal

As women enter midlife, they experience a major biological process called ____, during which they pass from their reproductive to their non-reproductive years.​

​the climacteric

How many stages of labor are there?

3

How many chromosomes are found in the organism that results from the union of a human sperm cell and an egg cell?

46

A __________ is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.

Theory

What is the central defining characteristic of the basic emotions?

They are experienced by human beings worldwide.

According to Erikson, which is the foundation of human development?

Trust in oneself and others

The number of years a person can expect to live is his or her ______.

longevity

Retirement involves the loss of​

​occupational identity

The average age of onset of puberty in girls is ________, while the average age of onset of puberty in boys is _______.

11 years, 13 years

Traditionally, giftedness was defined by having an IQ score of ______ or higher.

130

Colleges usually refer to students over the age of ____ as returning adult students, which implies that these individuals have already reached adulthood.​

25

Basic emotions include all EXCEPT which of the following?

Apathy

In order to assess the physical health of a newborn baby, an obstetrician would assign ratings according to the ________ scale. If the baby receives a score of 7 or higher, (s)he is considered to be in good physical condition.

Apgar

Adolescents are more likely to achieve an identity when parents encourage discussion and recognize the adolescent's growing ______.

Autonomy

Why is it that 22 weeks is considered the earliest "age of viability" for an unborn child?

Because this is the age by which the child's systems are functioning well enough to potentially sustain life outside of the mother's body

_________ is the state or condition caused by loss through death.

Bereavement

The third stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which typically occurs between ages 7 and 11 years, is the _______ period.

Concrete operational

Which of the following BEST summarizes theh current thinking in human development with regard to the nature and nurture question?

Development is always shaped by both nature- and nurture-related factors.

A style of controlling a child's behavior where the parent tells them what to do, when to do it, and why it should be done is called

Direct instruction

According to _______systems theory, learning to walk involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to met specific goals.

Dynamic

According to ________, adolescents face a crisis between identity and role confusion. They must balance the desire to try out different selves with the need to select a single self.

Erik Erikson

The practice of ending one's life for the purpose of mercy is called _______.

Euthanasia

A(n) _________ is someone who is much better at a task than people who have not put much effort into that task.

Expert

A __________ is a voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking.

Friendship

An individual's sense of themselves as a male or female is their

Gender identity

A "Do Not Resuscitate" order pertains to efforts to restore functioning of the

Heart

Aging is a(n) ________ process involving many variations across people.

Individual

According to Erikson, the major task for young adults is to deal with the psychosocial conflict of ______.

Intimacy versus isolation

A(n) _________ is the process by which people reflect on the events and experiences of their years.

Life review

Between the ages of two and five, children develop a theory of ____, which refers to a naïve understanding of the relationship between thoughts and behaviors.​

Mind

A primary cause of death that is common to both adolescents girls and boys is

Motor vehicle accidents

_________ concerns the way in which we express the feelings that we have following a loss.

Mourning

What are the "pieces of bread" on either side of the "sandwich generation?"

Parents and children

________ disease is known mostly for its characteristic motor symptoms, including slow walking, difficulty gettin in and out of chairs, and tremors.

Parkinson's

A rite of _______ involves a ritual or ceremonial event that marks initiation into adulthood

Passage

_______ is the process by which the brain recieves, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation.

Perception

Any behavior that benefits another person is properly termed ________.

Prosocial

_______ refers to a collection of physical changes that marks the onset of adolescence, including changes height, weight and body composition, and transitioins in sexual maturation.

Puberty

A(n) _________ refers to an unlearned response that is triggered by a specific stimulation.

Reflex

_________ are psychological structures that organize information and regulate behaviors.

Schemes

Which of the following would be considered an activity of daily living?

Taking a shower or bath

Any agent that interferes with normal prenatal development is a(n) ________.

Teratogen

Why are theories such an important part of the understanding of human development?

They provide the "whys" for development

According to Erik Erikson, the major task of young adulthood is dealing with the psychosocial conflict of intimacy versus isolation. True of False?

True

Roughly half of young adults in the United States of America return to their parents' home at least once after they have moved out.

True

The main assumption of Holland's theory is that people

Will be happiest in work environments that match their personalities

The _________ conflict is the feeling of being pulled in multiple directions by the competing demands of occupational and home obligations.

Work-family

In Vygotsky's theory, the difference between what a child can do on his or her own and what they can do only with assistance is called the

Zone of proximal development

For most adults, the decision to remain single is

a gradual one that develops over time

Infant mortality rate is defined as the percentage of infants who die

before their first birthday

In __________ conditioning, a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally evoked by a different stimulus.

classical

Focusing on how people think and how those thinking processes change over time is the central feature of the __________ theory.

cognitive-developmental

The information-processing theory of development likens human cognitive processes to the functions of a

computer

Which of the following represents the correct order in which speech skills develop in babies?

crying, cooing, babbling

The ability to draw a conclusion from a set of facts reflects ____ reasoning.

deductive

Once a zygote implants itself in the uterine lining, it officially becomes a(n) ________.

embryo

There are three fundamental characteristics of human development, according to your authors. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

external and internal

Teenagers are more likely to engage in sexual activity when parents​

fail to monitor their activities

The ______ and Medical Leave Act of 1993 entitles workers to take unpaid time off from work to take care of their dependents with the right to return to their jobs.

family

________ older adults are those older individuals who have physical disabilities, are very ill, and may have cognitive or psychological disorders.

frail

_______ is the sorrow, hurt, anger, guilt, confusion, and other feelings that arise after suffering a loss.

grief

Which BEST describes the relationship between biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces in human development?

independent

Most older adults live

independently

Marjorie believes that her husband, Tom, is an excellent father because he was born with a gentle nature and an abundance of patience. Tom, on the other hand, believes that he is a good father because he learned to be one from his own parents. Which fundamental question of human development does this issue address?

nature and nurture

The most basic unit in the brain and nervous system of a human being is the

neuron

The most rapidly growing segment of the United States population is the group of people

over age 85

_________ care focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms at any point during the disease process.

palliative

Of the three prenatal stages of development which is by far the longest?

period of the fetus

Fathers tend to emphasize ____ as they interact with their babies.

physical play

Piaget believed that children are like little

scientists, creating theories about how the world works.

What is the correct order of the four stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget?

sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operational period, formal operational period

The biopsychosocial framework organizes the contributions of many different forces in human development. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

spiritual forces

Ruth has recently experienced a cerebral vascular accident involving an interruption of the flow of blood to her brain. If you were going to use the more common term for this medical event, you'd say that she had a(n) ____.​

stroke

For children and adolescents, the technical definition of overweight is based on ____.

the percentile of their body mass index

Which of the following are the two dimensions that differentiate various parenting styles?

warmth and responsiveness & parental control

Physical functioning generally peaks during

young adulthood

By proposing a five-stage model of the way people approach dying, ________ changed our understanding of how people consider their own deaths.​

​Elizabeth Kübler-Ross