Human Nutrition Final Exam
At what age should a lower-fat diet be introduced to an infant?
2 years old
How many additional calories per day does a lactating women require?
200 calories
Approximately how many calories from snacking make up an average teen's diet? (percent)
25-33%
How much weight should a woman gain during a normal pregnancy?
25-35 pounds
What are the calorie needs of a pregnant woman?
300 additional in the second and third trimesters
What are the nutritional needs of an infant?
700 cal/day
How does exercise lower a person's risk for CVD and hypertension?
Exercise strengthens your heart, which makes it easier to pump blood to your body
What is the "good" cholesterol?
HDL, helps keep cholesterol from building up in the arteries
Why would a heavier weight increase your risk for CVD?
It increases the stress put on your heart as your heart has to work harder to pump enough blood to your body.
What is the so-called "bad" cholesterol?
LDL, main source of cholesterol buildup and blockage in the arteries
What is happening during a heart attack and stroke?
a blood clot is blocking the flow of blood through a coronary artery
What type of container should this milk be served in?
a cup
What is the number one dietary contributor to developing high blood cholesterol?
a diet high in saturated fat/cholesterol
What is Celiac's disease?
an immune reaction to eating gluten, which causes inflammation that damages the small intestine's lining and prevents nutrient absorption
How do antioxidant and the free radical theory fir into cancer?
antioxidants protect cells from the damage of free radicals and free radicals have been known to cause cancer as they damage cells
Name five diet and lifestyle factors that influence HDL levels in blood.
avoid smoking, physical activity, healthy weight, consume healthy fats, moderate alcohol consumption
List three advantages to using formula rather than breast milk?
eat less, allows for exact measurement, more people can feed the baby
List three disadvantages to using formula rather than breast milk.
expense, lack infection fighting antibodies, cannot duplicate breast milk composition
What physiological factors are taken into consideration in deciding to introduce solids?
extrusion reflex disappears, head and neck control, ability to sit up with support
What is heart burn (GERD)?
gastroesophageal reflux disease; when stomach acid or bile flows back into your food pipe, the back wash of acid irritates the lining of the esophagus
Name three good sources of iron for infants . Name one bad source.
good: breastmilk, cereal, crackers bad: fruit juice
What dietary/lifestyle factors reduce risk for type 2 diabetes?
healthy weight, eat healthy, physical activity, avoid tobacco use, moderate alcohol consumption
What is the leading cause of death for adults in the United States?
heart disease
Name the top ten leading cause of death in the United States
heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, stroke, accidents, alzheimer's disease, diabetes, nephritis, influenza/pneumonia, self-harm
Which of the top ten leading causes of death are diet/lifestyle related?
heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes
How does homocysteine influence CVD risk?
high levels are linked to damaged arteries and the formation of blood clots
Why do infant's need higher fat diets prior to this age?
higher fat diets ensure proper growth and development
Should an infant be fed low-iron formula to reduce colic or constipation?
if they are prescribed by a doctor yes
Describe what happens cognitively and physiologically to a young child suffering from iron deficient anemia.
impaired cognition, motor development, and behavioral problems
What is the number one cause of iron deficiency in children?
insufficient iron intake
What mineral is of greatest concern during early childhood?
iron
Name three common factors that increase deficiency of iron in infants
iron deficient mother, low birth weight, blood disorders
Why is it risky to have a low-birth weight baby?
it can cause implication for the baby later on life, such as increase risk for diseases
What happens to BMR during the aging process and why?
it decreases, the body is no longer growing and does not burn calories as quickly
Does breast milk contain adequate iron to support infant growth? Explain.
it does until the baby begins to eat solid foods
What dietary/lifestyle factors increase risk for osteoporosis?
low calcium intake, eating disorders, excessive alcohol consumption, tobacco use, lack of exercise
Name the top three leading causes of cancer death for men, which ones are diet/lifestyle related?
lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer; lung cancer
Does the infant need additional vitamins and minerals during breast feeding? if so, which ones?
no
Should a woman lose weight rapidly during lactation? Explain.
no because it can cause contaminants to be released into the bloodstream which then contaminate the breast milk
At what age is cow's milk acceptable to introduce to a child's diet?
no earlier than 2 years old
Do vitamin and mineral needs change during aging?
no they stay about the same, special attention to viatmin D and vitamin B-12
What dietary/lifestyle factors increase risk for type 2 diabetes?
obesity, lack of exercise
What dietary/lifestyle factors increase risk for hypertension?
obesity, lack of exercise, tobacco use, high sodium diet, excessive alcohol use, stress
With BMI being affected, what disease risk are also increased?
obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease
How does the change in BMR during aging affect BMI?
one needs to balance calories and exercise to maintain a healthy weight and BMI
What dietary factors reduce risk for osteoporosis?
physical activity, adequate calcium intake, consumption of fruits and veggies
What dietary factors reduce risk for hypertension?
physical activity, consumption of fruits and veggies, normal weight
Name five lifestyle/diet risk factors associated with heart disease.
poor diet, high blood pressure, lack of exercise, obesity, and smoking
List five risk factors for having a low-birth weight baby.
preterm labor, low weight gain during pregnancy, smoking, drinking, young age or older age of mom
What are 3-4 vitamins and minerals of concern for pregnant women?
protein, calcium, folate, and iron
List three advantages to breast feeding.
reduces risk of allergies, reduce risk of chronic disease, quicker return to pre-pregnancy weight
At approximately what age should introduction of solid foods begin?
six months
What type of milk should be served to a child?
skim or fat-free
What is a hemorrhoid?
swollen veins in the anal canal
What makes tissues die?
that fact that the heart muscle isn't receiving oxygen kills the tissue
What is the recommended "ideal" time frame for breast feeding an infant?
the first 6 months
What the recommended time frame for supporting an infants nutritional needs for formula?
the first six months
How does tissue death influence mortality?
the longer that artery is blocked, the more tissue damage there is going to be, this means that the heart muscle will not recover fully and could possibly lead to death
How does "weight" influence risk for type 2 diabetes?
the more fatty tissue you have, the more resistant your cells become to insulin
Explain the basics behind cancer.
the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body, it can also occur when cells forget how to die.
What is osteoporosis?
the weakening of bones, occurs when creation of new bone doesn't keep up with the removal of old bone
If tissue death occurs during a heart attack or stroke, and the person survives, how will this affect their lifestyle?
they will need to rehabilitate their heart so that it can be strong again, also they will need to exercise more and eat healthier
Name five lifestyle factors which increase cancer risk.
tobacco use, poor diet, lack of exercise, excessive sun exposure, alcohol abuse
What is type 2 diabetes?
when blood glucose levels rise higher than normal; body doesn't use insulin properly
What is Diverticulosis?
when diverticular (pouches) form in the wall of the colon; can develop into diverticulitis
What is lactose intolerance?
when the body is unable to fully digest the milk sugar lactose in dairy products, generally caused by the lack of lactase
What is hypertension?
when the force of blood against your artery walls is high
Briefly explain gestational diabetes and list three risk factors for getting the condition.
women who have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy that have not had diabetes before hand; older than 25, excess weight, nonwhite race
Can the physical characteristics of a child be easily and safely altered by diet?
yes as long as you choose nutrient dense foods
Can a person have a high total cholesterol level but a lowered disease risk?
yes if the reason their cholesterol level is high is because they have a high level of good cholesterol, which would lower their risk for heart disease
Do calorie needs change during aging?
yes, they decrease
Name three good sources of the mineral lacking in elderly people.
yogurt, dark green leafy veggies, milk
Name the top three leading causes of cancer death for women, which ones are diet/lifestyle related?
breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer; lung cancer
What is the basic difference between breast feeding and feeding of formula?
breastfeeding uses human made milk whereas formula is processed cow's milk
What mineral is lacking in the diets of most elderly persons?
calcium
What vitamin is fast food particularly lacking?
calcium
What should the first solid foods be?
cereal, fruits, and veggies
What harmful substance can easily be passed to the infant during breast feeding?
certain medications and alcohol
Name five diet and lifestyle factors which influence LDL levels in blood.
consumption of trans fat and sat fat, obesity, lack of exercise, smoking