Human Physiology Ch 16 Test Bank

64) What condition is caused by large amounts of nitrogen dissolving into the blood due to hyperbaric conditions? A) Nitrogen narcosis B) Oxygen toxicity C) Decompression sickness D) Emphysema

A

77) The dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata is involved with ________. A) inspiration B) expiration C) breathing rhythm D) Both inspiration and expiration are correct.

A

86) The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to oxygen is ________. A) oxyhemoglobin B) deoxyhemoglobin C) methemoglobin D) carboxyhemoglobin

A

91) The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is ________ as the partial pressure of oxygen is raised. A) increased B) decreased C) unchanged

A

94) The Bohr effect describes the ________. A) effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen B) effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide C) mechanism of ventilation D) effect of solubility on the amount of gas dissolved in blood

A

19) How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs? A) Decomposes water B) Reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules C) Covers the alveoli D) All of the choices are correct.

B

20) Fluid secretion by lung cells is due to ________ alveolar cells. A) active transport of Na+ into B) active transport of Cl- out of C) passive transport of HCO3- out of D) active transport of Na+ out of

B

27) Forced (deep) inspiration occurs with the contraction of the ________. A) rectus abdominis B) scalenes C) internal intercostals D) parasternal intercostals

B

28) Quiet inspiration will ________ thoracic and lung volume and ________ intrapulmonary pressure. A) increase; increase B) increase; decrease C) decrease; increase D) decrease; decrease

B

36) The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the ________. A) vital capacity B) total lung capacity C) tidal volume D) functional residual capacity

B

54) Normal venous PCO2 is ________. A) 40 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg C) 100 mm Hg D) 105 mm Hg

B

58) The ventilation/perfusion ratio ________. A) is lowest at the apex of the lungs B) increases when blood flow is decreased C) decreases when ventilation is increased D) increases due to dilation of the pulmonary arterioles

B

61) Pulmonary circulation is a ________ resistance and ________ pressure pathway. A) low; high B) low; low C) high; low D) high; high

B

72) Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are located in the ________. A) medulla oblongata B) aortic and carotid bodies C) pons D) lungs

B

73) Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata directly detect changes in the pH of the ________. A) blood B) cerebrospinal fluid C) lymph D) air

B

78) The I neurons of the dorsal respiratory group stimulate the ________. A) sympathetic nervous system B) phrenic nerve C) vagus nerve D) parasympathetic nervous system

B

82) Which of the following conditions is characterized by high red blood cell counts? A) Anemia B) Polycythemia C) Uremia D) Leukemia

B

87) The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and not bonded to oxygen is ________. A) oxyhemoglobin B) deoxyhemoglobin C) methemoglobin D) carboxyhemoglobin

B

92) What is the normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation? A) 100% B) 97% C) 90% D) 86%

B

96) According to the Bohr effect, as pH is lowered, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen ________. A) increases B) decreases C) remains unchanged

B

99) A decrease in temperature ________. A) will shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right B) will shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left C) will not shift the oxygen dissociation curve

B

1) The events listed below are all components of respiration EXCEPT ________. A) gas exchange B) oxygen utilization C) speech D) ventilation

C

108) The highest oxygen affinity is demonstrated by ________. A) hemoglobin A B) hemoglobin F C) myoglobin D) hemoglobin S

C

116) Hypoventilation can correct ________. A) metabolic acidosis B) respiratory acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis

C

118) The metabolic regulation of blood pH occurs in ________. A) the lungs B) the liver C) the kidneys D) all organs

C

126) During muscular contractions associated with inhalation, what would happen if intrapleural pressure were to be less than intrapulmonary pressure? A) Lung volume would remain unchanged B) Thoracic volume increase with lung collapse C) Thoracic volume increase with lung inflation D) Thoracic volume decrease with lung collapse

C

127) Evaluate the pulmonary pressures provided, and determine what portion of the respiratory cycle is represented. Transpulmonary pressure = 6 mmHg Intrapleural pressure = 667 mmHg Atmospheric pressure = 670 mmHg Intrapulmonary pressure = 673 mmHg A) Lung volume is unchanged B) Normal inspiration C) Normal expiration D) Thoracic volume increase with lung collapse

C

128) Given the pressures listed, identify the respiratory event being measured. Transpulmonary pressure = 15 mmHg Intrapleural pressure = 765 mmHg Atmospheric pressure = 755 mmHg Intrapulmonary pressure = 750 mmHg A) Tidal inspiration B) Forced inspiration C) Forced expiration D) Tidal expiration

C

129) In assessing a mechanical prototype to demonstrate lung function, it is suggested that the final version of synthetic lung material will need to be easier to inflate and easier to deflate in order to be cost effective. Which will need to be true? A) More compliant and less elastic B) Less compliant and less elastic C) More compliant and more elastic D) Less compliant and more elastic

C

130) Due to acute trauma and resulting damage of the diaphragm, the ________ will need to become more active in order to aid someone during ________. A) sternocleidomastoid and parasternal muscles; expiration B) external intercostals; expiration C) scalenes and pectoralis minor; inspiration D) rectus abdominis; inspiration

C

131) Rebecca's inspiratory reserve volume = 5, vital capacity = 8, residual volume = 1, and expiratory reserve volume = 2. Her tidal volume would be equal to ________ and her total lung capacity would be ________. A) 2; 10 B) 3; 7 C) 1; 9 D) 1; 13 E) Unable to determine with the given data.

C

132) The normal partial pressure differences between inspired air and alveolar gas for O2, CO2, H2O, and N2 can be explained because of ________. A) net movements of CO2, O2, and H2O into the alveoli from blood capillaries B) net movements of CO2 toward the alveoli with net movements of O2 and H2O into the capillaries C) net movements of CO2 toward the alveoli, O2 toward the alveoli, and H2O is added along the respiratory tract D) net movement of CO2 and N2 toward the alveoli and H2O movements toward the alveoli as respiratory water

C

133) You open a can of carbonated soda and pour it into a glass. The carbon dioxide formed bubbles because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the air above the soda ________, a process explained by ________ Law. A) decreased; Dalton's B) increased; Charles' C) decreased; Henry's D) increased Boyle's

C

134) Assuming you have normal respiratory function at sea level, start holding your breath. Which of the following could be true in 60 seconds? A) Venous PO2 = 50 mmHg B) The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is shifting to the left C) Arterial PCO2 = 50 mmHg D) Alveolar PO2 = 105 mmHg

C

18) What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli? A) Mucus B) Saliva C) Surfactant D) Lymph

C

21) Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes a protein-rich fluid to accumulate rapidly in the lungs. Predict the consequences of this syndrome if medical intervention does not occur. A) Air would be unable to move through the conducting zone. B) Air would accumulate in the intrapleural space, interfering with gas exchange. C) Tissues throughout the body would experience ischemia due to decreased oxygen delivery. D) All of the choices are correct.

C

24) According to whose law, is the pressure in a small alveolus greater than a large alveolus as long as the surface tension is equal? A) Boyle's law B) Dalton's law C) Laplace's law D) Henry's law

C

26) Quiet expiration is caused by ________. A) contraction of the external intercostals B) contraction of the internal intercostals C) lung recoil and increased intrapulmonary pressure D) contraction of the scalenes

C

32) Identify the true statement regarding gas concentrations in the pulmonary system. A) Blood in the pulmonary veins is low in oxygen. B) Blood in the pulmonary veins is high in carbon dioxide. C) The oxygen concentration of inspired air is higher than that of alveolar air. D) All of the choices are correct.

C

37) Why would an individual with atopic allergic asthma experience difficulty breathing? A) Mast cells, which stimulate vasodilation of the airways, are less active in persons with allergies. B) IgE antibodies bind to the inhaled antigens, causing an inflammatory reaction that decreases gas exchange. C) Leukotrienes cause constriction of the bronchioles, producing airway obstruction. D) All of the choices are correct.

C

40) Pulmonary fibrosis may be caused by ________. A) smoking B) allergic reactions C) breathing in coal dust D) increased mucus production

C

43) Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture would exert independently? A) Boyle's Law B) Charles' Law C) Dalton's Law D) Henry's Law

C

44) Gas X makes up 15% of a gas mix, at 760 mm Hg, the partial pressure of gas X would be ________. A) 11400 mm Hg B) 1140 mm Hg C) 114 mm Hg D) 646 mm Hg

C

48) Which law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas? A) Charles' law B) Boyle's law C) Henry's law D) Laplace's law

C

59) Blood flow is greatest at the ________ of the lungs and perfusion is greatest at the ________ of the lungs. A) apex; apex B) apex; base C) base; base D) base; apex

C

62) Pulmonary arterioles ________ and system arterioles ________ when PO2 is low. A) dilate; dilate B) dilate; constrict C) constrict; dilate D) constrict; constrict

C

65) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy ________. A) is used to treat nitrogen narcosis B) exposes patients to high oxygen under low pressure C) can be used to promote wound healing D) would increase the time required to recover from decompression sickness

C

7) A pulmonologist is examining a patient who has been smoking cigarettes for several years. The patient's history includes frequent upper and lower respiratory tract infections. What explains the patient's history? A) Gas exchange is diminished by cigarette smoking, which increases the susceptibility to infection. B) Smoking increases ciliary movement of mucus in the airways, causing pulmonary congestion. C) Smoking suppresses the innate defenses in the conducting zone of the respiratory system. D) Macrophage activity is increased by cigarette smoking, causing inflammation.

C

76) The rhythmicity center is located in the ________. A) pons B) cerebral cortex C) medulla oblongata D) midbrain

C

79) Hyperventilation is stimulated by ________. A) increased activity of the apneustic center B) decreased contraction of the scalenes C) hypercapnia D) hypoxemia

C

81) Limits on stretching the lungs are due to the ________. A) Haldane effect B) law of Laplace C) Hering-Breuer reflex D) None of the choices are correct.

C

83) Renal production of ________ is stimulated by hypoxemia. A) renin B) colony-stimulating factor C) erythropoietin D) thrombopoietin

C

84) If PO2 and hemoglobin content of blood is normal, how much oxygen is the blood carrying? A) 0.3 mL O2/ 100 mL blood B) 10 mL O2/ 100 mL blood C) 20 mL O2/ 100 mL blood D) 35 mL O2/ 100 mL blood

C

85) The form of hemoglobin with iron in an oxidized state is ________. A) oxyhemoglobin B) deoxyhemoglobin C) methemoglobin D) carboxyhemoglobin

C

89) Carbon monoxide is lethal because it ________. A) reduces CO2 and slows breathing B) increases CO2 and causes seizures C) binds hemoglobin, preventing oxygen binding D) increases oxygen unloading at the cells

C

122) The immediate increase in ventilation as exercise begins can be explained through both neurogenic and humoral responses. True or False

TRUE

12) Intrapleural pressure ________ during expiration. A) increases B) decreases C) remains unchanged

A

124) Acclimatization to altitude ________. A) stimulates increased blood cell synthesis B) decreases ventilation C) increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen D) All of the choices are correct.

A

15) What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume? A) Boyle's Law B) Charles' Law C) Dalton's Law D) Henry's Law

A

16) A measure of the distensibility of the lungs is ________. A) compliance B) elasticity C) surface tension D) None of the choices are correct.

A

22) Ventilation would be decreased by decreasing the activity of ________. A) type II alveolar cells B) type I alveolar cells C) alveolar macrophages D) None of the choices are correct.

A

33) Cessation of breathing is known as ________. A) apnea B) dyspnea C) eupnea D) pneumothorax

A

34) The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the ________. A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) inspiratory reserve volume D) residual volume

A

47) The amount of a given gas dissolved in the blood ________. A) is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas B) increases at higher altitudes C) is described primarily by Boyle's law D) All of the choices are correct.

A

49) Breathing 100% oxygen will ________. A) significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues B) increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells C) significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood D) not change the amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma

A

55) Normal alveolar PCO2 is ________. A) 40 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg C) 100 mm Hg D) 105 mm Hg

A

56) Normal venous PO2 is ________. A) 40 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg C) 85 mm Hg D) 100 mm Hg

A

57) The foramen ovale ________. A) closes after birth due to decreased pulmonary vascular resistance B) normally shunts blood between the pulmonary artery and aorta C) normally shunts blood between the right and left ventricles D) has no importance in fetal respiratory physiology

A

60) The ventilation/perfusion ratio is ________ at the apex of the lungs. A) highest B) lowest C) the same as the base

A

63) When alveolar ventilation increases, the perfusion of pulmonary arterioles will ________. A) increase B) decrease C) remain unchanged

A

10) The parietal pleura covers the surface of the lungs. True or False

FALSE

107) Myoglobin binds to more oxygen molecules than hemoglobin. True or False

FALSE

109) Imagine that erythrocytes were no longer able to utilize the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Given its action, a decrease in the pH of arterial blood would be expected. True or False

FALSE

11) Intrapulmonary pressure increases as the diaphragm contracts. True or False

FALSE

115) Respiratory acidosis results from hyperventilation. True or False

FALSE

125) If a disease occurred that increased hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, tissues would receive inadequate oxygen. True or false

FALSE

2) Internal respiration occurs in the respiratory zone. True or False

FALSE

29) A patient experiences difficulty exhaling after taking a normal, full breath during a test of pulmonary function. The patient likely has a restrictive lung disorder, characterized by pulmonary fibrosis. This decreases the elastic recoil of the lungs. True or False

FALSE

3) Type I alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant. True or False

FALSE

42) The partial pressure of oxygen decreases at high altitude because the amount of oxygen in the air is decreased. True or False

FALSE

68) Activation of the apneustic center would increase tidal volume. True or False

FALSE

69) Arterial blood pH is indirectly proportional to the partial carbon dioxide pressure of arterial blood. True or False

FALSE

70) Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide. True or False

FALSE

90) The formation of oxyhemoglobin from deoxyhemoglobin at the lungs is called an unloading reaction. True or False

FALSE

98) When tissues are producing more CO2 through increased metabolic activity, less O2 is provided to those tissues. True or False

FALSE

14) An individual presents to the ER with a pneumothorax. The patient is unable to inflate the affected lung because the transpulmonary pressure has decreased.

TRUE

30) The maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration is the inspiratory capacity. True or False

TRUE

31) Vital capacity is reduced in pulmonary restrictive disorders, but normal in obstructive disorders. True or False

TRUE

114) Where does the reverse chloride shift occur? A) Tissue capillaries B) Pulmonary capillaries C) Arterioles D) Venules

B

120) A pH above 7.45 is considered ________. A) acidosis B) alkalosis C) normal D) metabolic

B

38) Since norepinephrine stimulates bronchodilation, sympathetic agonists could be utilized to treat asthma. True or False

TRUE

4) The "Adam's apple" is formed by the largest cartilage of the larynx. True or False

TRUE

45) Increasing the partial pressure of a gas increases the amount of that gas, which will dissolve in a fluid. True or False

TRUE

46) The presence of water vapor in the air will reduce the partial pressure of oxygen. True or false

TRUE

51) Measurements of arterial PCO2 are used to assess lung function. True or False

TRUE

67) Decompression sickness could occur if an airplane's cabin depressurized at a high altitude. True or False

TRUE

71) Hypocapnia would induce a rise in the pH of arterial blood. True or false

TRUE

8) Pleural membranes envelop organs within the thoracic cavity. True or False

TRUE

106) What disease is characterized by the abnormal hemoglobin S? A) Sickle cell anemia B) Thalassemia C) Cystic fibrosis D) Emphysema

A

110) The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the ________. A) chloride shift B) Bohr effect C) oxygen toxicity D) acidosis

A

113) Carbon dioxide ________ oxygen unloading and oxygen unloading ________ carbon dioxide transport. A) increases; improves B) increases; worsens C) decreases; improves D) decreases; worsens

A

119) Metabolic alkalosis ________. A) may be caused by excessive vomiting B) occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen is decreased C) occurs when arterial pH is less than 7.4 D) is induced by hypoventilation

A

105) A family of hemoglobin diseases found primarily in people of Mediterranean ancestry is ________. A) thalassemia B) sickle-cell anemia C) myoglobinemia D) leukemia

A

17) The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is ________. A) compliance B) elasticity C) surface tension D) None of the choices are correct.

B

100) An increase in 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) will ________ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. A) increase B) decrease C) have no effect on

B

101) Hemoglobin F ________. A) has a lower affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin A B) contains two alpha and two gamma chains C) binds large amounts of 2,3-DPG D) is increased in sickle-cell anemia

B

102) 2,3-DPG comes from ________. A) aerobic respiration in red blood cells B) anaerobic respiration in red blood cells C) type II alveolar cells D) tissues with high amounts of oxygen

B

104) Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? A) Decreased pH, decreased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG B) Decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG C) Increased pH, increased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG D) Increased pH, decreased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG

B

111) The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as ________. A) dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood B) bicarbonate ion C) carbaminohemoglobin D) carboxyhemoglobin

B

103) In anemia, 2,3-DPG is ________ and oxygen affinity is ________. A) decreased; decreased B) decreased; increased C) increased; increased D) increased; decreased

D

112) The enzyme ________ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water. A) renin B) nitric oxide synthase C) lactate dehydrogenase D) carbonic anhydrase

D

117) The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen ________. A) is greater than the affinity for carbon monoxide B) is increased in methemoglobin C) decreases as the height above sea level increases D) is increased in response to metabolic alkalosis

D

121) Which of the following changes would occur during exercise? A) Increased blood gases B) Decreased ventilation C) Decreased oxygen delivery to muscles D) Increased oxygen extraction by muscles

D

123) Many athletes train at higher altitudes immediately prior to an athletic competition. Select the scenario that correctly identifies how acclimatization to a higher elevation would improve endurance performance. A) A hypoxic ventilatory response occurs that remains in place for a few weeks after returning to a lower altitude. B) Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen will increase; therefore, tissues will receive more oxygen during exercise. C) Increased ventilation at the higher altitudes will improve tidal volume when returning to the lower altitude. D) Erythropoietin release will increase; consequently, the athlete will have a greater aerobic capacity when returning to the lower altitude.

D

13) During inspiration, ________. A) alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure B) transpulmonary pressure increases C) the diaphragm relaxes D) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

D

23) Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is a condition associated with premature babies who lack ________. A) a-antitrypsin B) histamine C) type I alveolar cells D) surfactant

D

25) Which muscles contraction will stimulate inspiration? A) Diaphragm B) External intercostals C) Parasternal intercostals D) All of the choices are correct.

D

35) The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the ________. A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) inspiratory reserve volume D) residual volume

D

39) Which of the following may result from emphysema? A) Reduced gas exchange surface area B) Air trapping C) Cor pulmonale D) All of the choices are correct.

D

41) Which of the following is an inflammatory cell associated with COPD but NOT asthma? A) Mast cells B) Helper T cells C) Eosinophils D) Cytotoxic T cells

D

5) The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT the ________. A) primary bronchi B) larynx C) terminal bronchioles D) respiratory bronchioles

D

50) Breathing 100% oxygen will NOT ________. A) significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues B) increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells C) significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood D) Both increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells and significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood.

D

52) Normal arterial PO2 is ________. A) 40 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg C) 85 mm Hg D) 100 mm Hg

D

53) Normal alveolar PO2 is ________. A) 40 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg C) 100 mm Hg D) 105 mm Hg

D

6) Diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane is rapid because ________. A) there are about 750 square feet of alveoli membrane B) alveoli are one cell thick C) the air-blood barrier is two cells thick D) All of the choices are correct.

D

66) Decompression sickness is caused by ascending to sea level too quickly which results in bubbles of ________ to form in the blood. A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) carbon monoxide D) nitrogen

D

74) The primary drive to breathe is elicited by which of the following? A) reduced PO2 B) reduced PCO2 C) increased PO2 D) increased PCO2

D

75) What is the condition of having low blood oxygen levels? A) Hypocapnia B) Hypercapnia C) Hypoxia D) Hypoxemia

D

80) What type of receptors in the wall of the larynx and lungs, cause a person to cough in response to components of smoke and smog? A) Aortic bodies B) Pulmonary stretch receptors C) Medullary chemoreceptors D) Irritant receptors

D

88) The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to carbon monoxide is ________. A) oxyhemoglobin B) deoxyhemoglobin C) methemoglobin D) carboxyhemoglobin

D

9) The ________ separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. A) lungs B) liver C) rib cage D) diaphragm

D

95) At rest, normal oxygen unloading is ________. A) 97% B) 75% C) 39% D) 22%

D

93) An increase in body temperature, as in a fever, would make oxygen more readily available to cells. True or false

TRUE

97) Tissues receive more O2 when the pH is lowered. True or False

TRUE