Human Physiology - Gas Exchange and Transport

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What is the state of having 4 molecules of O2 per one hemoglobin molecule?

100% saturation of hemoglobin

What is the percentage of oxygen that is dissolved in the plasma?

2%

What lowers the affinity of Hb for O2?

2,3-DPG

What percentage of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin?

23%

What is the limit of O2 per hemoglobin molecule?

4 molecules of O2 per hemoglobin molecule

What percentage of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

7%

What percentage of bicarbonate is in plasma?

70%

What is the percentage of oxygen in the arterial blood?

98%

Erythrocytes

Biconcave discs that maximize flexibility and deformability with a high surface area to volume ratio

What dramatically raises blood O2 carrying capacity?

Hemoglobin

High amount of RBC =

High O2

Left shifted curve

Higher affinity of Hb for O2; "lets go of O2 harder"

Why is blood red?

Iron is bound to the heme group in the protein hemoglobin

When is O2 affinity highest at?

Low temperatures, low PCO2, and high pH

Right shifted curve

Lower affinity of Hb for O2; "lets go of O2 easier"

What happens when partial pressures are equal in both phases?

Net movement stops

What is the equation of oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

O2 + Hb -> HbO2; reversible

What keeps plasma (and blood) viscosity low?

Packing hemoglobin in red blood cells

What are the three parts of a centrifuged blood sample?

Plasma, buffy coat, and hematocrit

What is in the buffy coat?

Platelets and white blood cells

Hemoglobin binds to O2 when PO2 is high, what does hemoglobin to when PO2 is low?

Releases O2 when PO2 is low

What curve is due to low pH and high PCO2 in active tissues, facilitating unloading of O2 from hemoglobin?

Right-shifted dissociation curve

Factors that affect the solubility of gases

Temperature, other dissolved solutes, pH

When are individual hemoglobin molecules the most stable?

When completely unsaturated and fully saturated states

Hematocrit

a standard index of RBC and Hb content

Arterial oxygen content

controlled by both ventilation-perfusion in lungs and by hemoglobin in RBCs

Hemoglobin

delivers oxygen to lungs then tissues/body

Chronic hypoxia

leads to an increase in DPG levels/ high altitude = right shifted curve

Anemia

low levels of hemoglobin

Oxygen affinity is HIGHEST at

low temperature, low pCO2, and high pH

2,3-DPG

lowers the affinity of Hb for CO2

HbA1c

measure of diet/glucose over large period of time

Glycosylation (glycation)

non-allosteric binding occurs with glucose

Hemocyanin

respiratory pigment found in invertebrates (molluscs, arthropods) containing two copper atoms that reversibly bind oxygen

Function 'goal' of hemoglobin

to saturate with oxygen in lungs THEN release oxygen in the tissues


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