Human Sexuality Ch. 6

what occurs during the resolution phase of sexual response

4th phase of the sexual response cycle in which sexual systems return to their non-excited state

how much testosterone is bound/unattached in men

95% bound; 5% unattached

how much testosterone is bound/unattached in women

97-99% bound; 1-3% unattached

what occurs during the orgasm phase of sexual response

an orgasm, or a series of muscular contractions of the pelvic floor muscles at the peak of arousal, occurs only lasts a few seconds orgasms can create an intense mixture of highly pleasurable sensations

males produce _________ and females produce _____________

androgens; estrogens

what are common drugs that are classified as anaphrodisiacs

anti-androgens, opiates, tranquilizers, blood pressure medicine (anti-hyperintensives), antidepressants, nicotine, steroids

erogenous zones

areas of the body that contain dense concentrations of nerve endings there are primary and secondary erogenous zones

secondary erogenous zones

areas of the body that have become erotically sensitive through sexual conditioning

what are example of aphrodisiacs

bananas, cucumbers, and oysters

why do women have smaller amounts of testosterone in their bodies

because it takes very little testosterone to stimulate female libido

what averse affects occur when males have too much testosterone

causes disruption in natural hormone cycles, salt retention, fluid retention, hair loss, increased risk of strokes, heart attacks, and death

what averse affects occur when females have too much testosterone

causes stimulation in growth of facial and body hair, increase muscle mass, reduce breast size, and enlarge the clitoris

pheronomes

certain odors secreted during female fertile periods that relate to reproductive functions

neuropeptide hormones

chemicals produced in the brain that influence sexuality and other behavioral functions

when is oxytocin released

cuddling, sexual intimacy, and touch

what are common signs of testosterone deficiency in both sexes

decrease in one's level of sexual desire reduced sensitivity of the genitals and the nipples to sexual stimulation overall reduction in general levels of sexual arousal, possibly accompanied by decreases in orgasmic capacity and/or less intense orgasms diminished energy levels and possibly depressed mood increased fat mass decreased bone mineral density, which can result in osteoporosis in both sexes reduced body hair decreased muscle mass and strength

what is Kaplan's Three-stage model regarding sexual response

desire excitement orgasm

what two neurotransmitters in the nervous system influence sexual arousal and response

dopamine: facilitates sexual arousal and activity serotonin: inhibits sexual arousal and activity

vasocongestion

engorgement of blood vessels in particular body parts in response to sexual arousal

what is Masters and Johnson's Four Phase Model on sexual response

excitement plateau orgasm resolution

true/false: individuals with depression are often prescribed selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which enhance sexual response and libido

false: SSRIs can interfere with sexual response and libido; can reduce orgasmic capacity in both sexes

true/false: foreplay is subject to strict cultural variation

false: foreplay is subject to wide cultural variation Eastern societies prolong foreplay and Western cultures use foreplay for short durations and move rapidly to the main event

true/false: hugging is the prime means of sexual arousal in the US

false: kissing is prime means of sexual arousal Hindus believe that kissing symbolically contaminates the act of sexual intercourse

true/false: regular use of opiates (heroine) can increase sexual interest and activity in both sexes

false: regular use of opiates (heroine) can decrease sexual interest and activity in both sexes

true/false: recent research indicated that testosterone may increase risk of stroke and death in men

false: research indicates that testosterone may increase risk of heart attack and other cardiovascular dangers in men may cause cardiovascular concerns in men over the age of 65

true/false: taste plays a major role in sexual arousal

false: taste plays a relatively minor role in sexual arousal

true/false: testosterone generally has a greater effect on male sexual functioning than male sexual desire (libido)

false: testosterone generally has a greater effect on male libido than sexual functioning

true/false: testosterone replacement therapy is rare and hard to get approved by a medical professional

false: testosterone replacement therapy is relatively common and easily attainable by men this is hard for females to get this prescribed for them

true/false: women always experience an orgasm after reaching the plateau level of sexual response

false: women sometimes obtain plateau levels of arousal without release of sexual climax

what are examples of primary erogenous zones

genitals, booty, breasts (particularly the nipples), inner thighs, ear lobes

what is pattern B of the female sexual response

going through the sex cycle without an orgasm and extended plateau

hypogonadism

impaired hormone production in the testes that results in testosterone deficiency

where does the term "horny" come from

in asian countries, a widespread belief persists that the ground-up horns of animals such as rhinos and reindeer are powerful sexual stimuli

myotonia

increased muscle tension that occurs through the body during sexual arousal

what is pattern A of the female sexual response

most similar to male pattern except females can achieve one or more orgasms without dropping below the plateau

what is an example of a neuropeptide hormone

oxytocin; influences sexual response and interpersonal attraction sometimes called the "love hormone"

refractory period

period of time following orgasm in the male during which he cannot experience another orgasm

sex flush

pink or red rash that can appear on the chest or breasts during sexual arousal more common in females

what is pattern C of the female sexual response

rapid rise to orgasm with no definitive plateau and a quick resolution

how is vision related to sexual arousal

research seems to support that the human male is more aroused through visual stimuli that females how we look determined one's state of arousal

what occurs during the plateau phase of sexual response

second phase in the sexual response cycle where muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure, and vasocongestion increase powerful surge of sexual tension in both sexes the continues to reach for the peak that leads to orgasm lasts a few seconds to a few minutes

steroid hormones

sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

what did Kaplan argue inn regards to the sexual response cycle and sexual difficulty

sexual difficulties tend to fall into one of the three categories above and that it is possible for a person to have difficulty in one while continuing to function normally in the other two

how is hearing related to sexual arousal

some people find words, intimate or erotic conversation, moans, and orgasmic cries to be highly arousing

what have studies about castrated men and their sexual interest discover

studies report that surgically castrated men experience significantly reduced sexual interest and activity within the first year of undergoing the operation when sexual behavior persists following castration, levels of sexual interest and activity generally diminish, often markedly anti-androgens reduce the among of testosterone circulating in the bloodstream and reduces sexual interest

aphrodisiac

substance that allegedly arouses sexual desire and increases the capacity for sexual activity

anaphrodisiacs

substance that inhibits sexual desire and behavior

what is the most distinctive feature about Kaplan's sexual response model

that desire is a distinct stage of the sexual response cycle

what two brain systems have profound influence over sexual arousal

the cerebral cortex controls higher mental processes such as sexual fantasy the limbic system--the cingulate gyrus, the amygdala, the hippocampus, and parts of the hypothalamus--regulate sexual behavior

what part of the hypothalamus is linked with sexual behavior

the medial pre-optic area increases sexual behavior as its stimulation increases

what is the biggest difference between the male and female resolution phase of sexual response

the presence of a refractory period in male resolution phase

what is the role of estrogens in female sexual behavior

the role of estrogens in female sexual behavior is still unclear

what occurs during the excitement phase of sexual response

this is the first phase of the sexual response cycle, in which engorgement of the sexual organs and increases in muscle tension, heart rate, ad blood pressure occur both sexes experience an increase in myotonia, vasocongestion, heart rate, and blood pressure

true/false: MDMA, crystal meth, barbiturates, cocaine, and LSD are known for having aphrodisiac qualities

true

true/false: alcohol can provide people with "liquid courage" to facilitate sexual behaviors and conversation that normally go against one's values

true

true/false: alcohol is a depressant and has depressing effects on higher brain centers and reduces cortical inhibitions, such as fear and guilt, that inhibit sexual expression

true

true/false: antidepressants almost without exception cause adverse changes in sexual response such as decreased sexual desire in both sexes

true

true/false: men always experience orgasm after reaching plateau level of sexual response

true

true/false: oxytocin exerts significant influence on sexual response, sensuality, and interpersonal erotic and emotional attraction

true

true/false: oxytocin increases skin sensitivity to touch and encourages or facilitates affectionate behavior

true

true/false: oxytocin levels increase as a person moves through a sexual response cycle from initial excitement to orgasm

true

true/false: oxytocin plays a big role in facilitating social attachment with others and in the development of fostering feelings of being loved

true

true/false: testosterone plays an important role in maintaining sexual desire in both sexes

true

true/false: touch tends to be the predominate during sexual intimacy

true

true/false: particular sexual stimuli and/or behaviors that people find arousing are greatly influenced by cultural conditioning

true: in Western societies sexual activity is heavily focused on achieving orgasm; in Asian society the primary goal of interaction is extension of sexual arousal

true/false: considerable evidence indicates that testosterone plays an important role as a libido-facilitating hormone in females

true: there is a causal relationship between levels of circulating testosterone and sexual desire in females

how is smell related to sexual arousal

typically learn through experience to view certain odors as erotic and others as offensive females secrete pheromones that are sexually arousing

what are the two fundamental physiological responses to effective sexual stimulation occur in both men and women

vasocongestion and myotonia

how does the decreasing rate of testosterone production differ between men and women

when women enter menopause, her total testosterone may fall quickly in just a matter of months for men, testosterone production remains stable in most men until the age of 40 and declines 1-2% each year