HUN Midterm, HUN 1201 MIDTERM, HUN1201 Midterm, HUN1201 Study Guide
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How many double bonds are present in stearic acid?
0, saturated
The average healthy adult requires how much protein?
0.8 g/kg
What is the recommended dietary intake of protein for adults
0.8 g/kg of body weight
In the average healthy person, about how much time is required by the liver to process the alcohol in a typical drink?
1 hour
How much energy is required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (liter) of water 1°c?
1 kilocalorie
A weight gain strategy should focus on a reasonable increase of _____ a month
1 pound
Reason for at least _____% of kcalories comes from fat
10
If a person consumes 65 grams of protein and a total of 2600 kcals per day, what percent of calories are coming from protein?
10%
What is the AMDR for protein? 40-45% 80-80% 65-75% 10-35% 50-60%
10-35%
What is the recommended distribution range of intake for protein
10-35%
The amount of carbohydrate required to meet energy needs, provide adequate glucose, and prevent ketosis is ____ grams per day
130 g
What is the recommended intake of dietary fiber? 14 grams per 2000 kcal 38 grams per 1000 kcal 14 grams per 1000 kcal 25 grams per 1000 kcal 10 grams per 1000 kcal
14 grams per 1000 kcal
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans promote a minimum of _______ minutes of moderate exercise weekly.
150
A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1400 kcalories, which includes 30 g of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat? 32.0% 25.5% 19.0% 15.0% 8.5%
19.0 %
How many net ATP is generated during glycolysis? 2 3 6 1 4
2
What is the normal pH of the gastric juice? 4 7 3 1 2
2
How many total amino acids are needed for protein synthesis of body tissues
20
There are approximately how many different amino acids?
20
What is the Recommended Distribution Range for fat?
20-35%
Desirable blood level of cholesterol is less than...
200 mg/dl
What is the general recommended range of daily intake of fiber
25 to 38 grams
What is the usual supplement during pregnancy?
27mgs of iron
What percentage of body fat is necessary for men? women? and women for reproduction purposes?
3%; 12%; and 20%
Level of Vitamin C ____ supports metabolism ____ saturates tissues _____ UL for adults
30 100 2000
How much glycogen does the body typically store
300-350
What is the maximum recommended daily intake of cholesterol?
300mg
According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?
35
How many excess kcalories will result in the storage of a pound of body fat?
3500
How many calories per gram does protein provide
4
how many kilocalories per gram do carbohydrates provide
4
What is the recommended distribution range of total kcal for CHOs
45-65
What is the AMDR for carbohydrate? 30-40% 15-25% 45-65% 5-10% 70-80%
45-65%
What % of an adult's body weight is water weight?
50-60%
In order to gain weight, a person must take in at least an extra _____ calorie a day
500
The normal blood pH range is approximately
7.35-7.45.
What is the recommended range of glucose in the blood
70-120 mg/dl
One gram of alcohol provides
7kcal
What is the RDAs for Iron for men? women during their child bearing years?
8; 18
How many calories per gram does fat provide?
9
Which vitamin is associated with night blindness and skin disorders?
A
Definition of obesity
A BMI of 30 or above
Which of the following is a feature of iodide utilization?
A deficiency or a toxicity leads to enlargement of the thyroid gland
What is Aerobic capacity?
A measurement of your ability to deliver O2 to the cells
What is the amino acid pool?
A mix of essential and nonessential amino acids derived from protein breakdown and dietary protein intake
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
A, D, E and K
fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?
ATP
____ is the high-energy compound that provides the energy that powers all the activities of living cells
ATP
Which of the following metabolic reaction releases energy? ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP. ADP and ATP cycle back and forth repeatedly. ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP. ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP. ADP releases a phosphate group and becomes ATP.
ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP
Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin K nutrition?
Absorption is inhibited when bile production diminishes.
Fatty acid oxidation results in the direct production of ____.
Acetyl CoA
Which of the following can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients?
Acetyl CoA
Which type of carbohydrate is limited to 10% of the total kilocalories and why
Added sugar because empty calories
What body tissue is key in the definition of obesity?
Adipose tissue
What could lower BMR?
Age, decreased body mass, anorexia
What is metabolism?
All chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism
Which of the following food groups are emphasized by Dietary Guidelines for Americans? Whole grains Vegetables Fruits All of the these
All of the above
What are the building blocks of protein
Amino acids
How and why is water weight % generally different between men and women?
Amount of lean body mass is different
Which of the following defines a coenzyme?
An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme
The exogenous source of cholesterol primarily comes from what type of food?
Animal food
What are the best dietary sources for iron?
Animal foods
What is the best food source of dietary essential amino acids
Animal foods such as milk, meat, fish, and poultry
What two drugs could act as antagonist to vitamin K?
Antibiotics and Cumadin
What water soluble vitamin group functions as coenzymes in energy metabolism?
B
Water-Soluble vitamins-
B and C
What vitamins are water soluble?
B and C
Which water soluble vitamin is most associated with Pernicious Anemia and neurological degeneration?
B12
Which water soluble vitamin is only found in animal foods?
B12
Which water soluble vitamin requires an intrinsic factor for absorption?
B12
deficiency causes degeneration of nerves progressing to paralysis
B12
deficiency causes scaly dermatitis
B6
The term that describes the amount of energy needed by the body for maintenance of life while at rest is
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
The most common provitamin form of vitamin A found in plant pigments is known as
Beta Carotene
What chemical substance is key in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?
Bile and lipids
What is essential body fat?
Body fat necessary for survival and for cell membranes
What are three areas where calcium is found in the body?
Bones, teeth and blood
What vitamin can greatly enhance the absorption of iron?
C
Which water soluble vitamin helps maintain tissue by forming collagen and is easily lost by improper cooking but not lost in freezing?
C
Which mineral is predominant (in greatest quantity) in the body?
Calcium
What two minerals are generally lacking in most peoples' diet?
Calcium and iron
What are the elements that make up protein
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
What are the elements that make up carbobohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
What are the elements that make up fat?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What is the function of a lipoprotein
Carries fat and cholesterol to liver or cell
Describe a polysaccharide
Chain of glucose units
Define metabolism
Chemical reactions in the body
________ is needed in the body to make Vitamin D, bile acids, and cortisol.
Cholesterol
Which is the best type of carbohydrates and why
Complex carbohydrates, and they break down slowly and are harder to digest
Factors that influence transit time include all of the following EXCEPT the
Composition of the meal, emotional status of the individual, use of certain medications. ALL OF THE ABOVE
What two minerals are involved in hemoglobin synthesis?
Copper and Iron
A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin
D
Which fat-soluble vitamin acts more like a hormone than a true vitamin?
D
Which fat-soluble vitamin is called the sunshine vitamin?
D
Which vitamin aids in the absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus?
D
Our own unique sequence of proteins is called:
DNA
What are the best dietary sources of calcium?
Dairy
What food group is the best food of calcium?
Dairy
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis?
Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E?
Deficiencies occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids.
A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for what?
Dehydration
What is the process by which heat or acidity changes the shape of a protein chain?
Denaturation
What are trans fatty acids?
Disorder of hydrogen (bad)
Which acid is an omega-3 fat?
Docosahexaenoic acid
Which vitamin is the most potent antioxidant?
E
Essential fatty acids are essential for our health and must be...
Eaten in our diet
Which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin?
Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients
What is a feature of the metabolism of surplus dietary fat?
Excess fat is almost all stored.
Most of water during infancy is
Extracellular
Which of the following is not one of the six classes of nutrients?
Fiber
Which product provides abundant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids?
Flaxseed oil
Which of the following is the best food sources for fluoride?
Fluoridated tap water
Which water soluble vitamin is most associated with Megaloblastic or Macrocytic Anemia?
Folate
What are three examples of polysaccharide type foods
Fruits, Veggies, Whole grains
Which monosaccharide results only from the breakdown of lactose
Galactose
Name the form that all sugar and starches must be converted in order that the body can burn CHO for energy
Glucose
Which of the following statements regarding glucose is FALSE?
Glucose is the most common disaccharide in our diet
What are the 3 forms of monosacccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
What is the storage form of energy in the animal body
Glycogen
Foods high in fiber slow the rise in blood glucose following a meal because they have a low
Glycosemic index
What are the measurements used for macronutrients.
Grams
What could raise BMR?
Growth, exercise, fever
What stomach solution aids in absorption?
HCL
High levels of _____ in the blood are associated with a reduction in the risk of heart disease.
HDL
The "good" cholesterol in the body is known as:
HDL
People who are lactose intolerant
Have inadequate production of the enzyme lactase
What are the two measurements needed to determine Body Mass Index?
Height and weight
Nutrient dense means
High in nutrients
The type of lipoprotein that is protective against heart disease is
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
The process of altering an unsaturated fat to have the consistency of a saturated fat is called
Hydrogenation
What is the process called when hydrogen is introduced into carbon chain of a fatty acid?
Hydrogenation
The sphincter valve that separates the small intestines from the large intestines is the?
Ileocecal valve
Which of the following is a behavioral symptoms of iron deficiency?
Impaired energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis
How is a lipoprotein formed
In the liver and small intestines
What Form that Aids in elimination
Insoluble
Where is most of body water found in an adult?
Intracellular fluid space
Which mineral is associated with the formation of hormone thyroxine?
Iodine
Which of the following would be the most appropriate food source of iodide for a person who lives inland?
Iodized table salt
What type of anemia is the second most common deficiency disease in the world?
Iron
Which of the following is classified as a micronutrient?
Iron
Why is aerobic capacity important?
It determines the intensity/duration of exercise a person can perform
Which of the following is a feature of hemoglobin?
It is constructed of four polypeptide chains.
Which fat soluble vitamin aids in blood clotting?
K
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
K
The condition of elevated ketones in the urine is called
Ketonuria
Were is glycogen stored
LIver and muscle
Which of the following is an essential amino acid? Alanine Glutamine Leucine Serine Cysteine
Leucine
Which of the following is a feature of potassium?
Liberal intakes may correct hypertension.
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? Adipokine Stearic acid Cholesterol Linoleic acid Lecithin
Linoleic acid
What are the two essential fatty acids?
Linoleic and alpha-linolenic
Where does your body make the endogenous source of cholesterol?
Liver
Which lipoprotein raises the blood cholesterol levels and is associated with cardiovascular disease?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Why is thyroxine important?
Maintaining metabolism
What two foods are fortified with Vitamin D?
Margarine and milk
What gender usually has a higher BMR and why?
Men, because they have more muscle mass than women
What are the measurements used for micronutrients
Micrograms, Milligrams
The best food source for riboflavin is
Milk
What units are used to express vitamins and minerals?
Milligrams and micrograms
What are the primary functions of calcium
Mineralization of bones and teeth, involved in muscle movement, nerve impulses, blood clotting, and enxymes
What 3 concepts from myplate.com (generated by the government) covers for improving one's diet.
Moderation, Variety, proportions
What are the three forms of fatty acids?
Monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron utilization?
Most of the body's iron is recycled
What are CIS fatty acids?
Natural hydrogen on same side (good)
How does a double-blind experiment work? Both subject groups know whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do not know. Neither group of subjects knows whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do know. Both subject groups take turns getting each treatment. Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group. Neither the subjects nor the persons having contact with the subjects know the true purpose of the experiment.
Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group
Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions?
Night blindness
Is dietary intake of cholesterol necessary? why?
No; Our body makes enough cholesterol
Who is usually the client that BMI is important to calculate? Why?
Obese and underweight;Permits population-based studies of trends in weight
What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?
Osteomalacia
Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc?
Oysters and Steaks
Which water soluble vitamin is most associated Protein Metabolism?
Peradoxine B6
What is the major intracellular anion?
Phosphate
What is the process called that is responsible for making a carbohydrate macronutrient
Photosynthesis
Which element determines the density?
Portion of lipid to protein
Why are some minerals referred to as Trace minerals
Present and needed by the body in smaller amounts. less than 100mg
Which of the following most accurately describes the term organic?
Products grown without the use of pesticides
Which of the following is an example of a macronutrient?
Protein
What are macronutrients
Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates
The sphincter valve that separates the stomach from the duodenum is the?
Pyloric valve
The amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of about 98% of a population is known as the Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Necessary and Sufficient Intake. Daily Recommended Value. Adequate Intake. Recommended Dietary Allowance.
RDA
Which statement characterizes the lipase enzymes?
Salivary gland lipase (lingual lipase) plays an active role in fat digestion in infants
The effect of trans fatty acids on blood cholesterol is similar or perhaps worse than that of __________ fatty acids
Saturated
Which form of fatty acids comes from animal foods?
Saturated
What is a feature of the Nutrition Facts panel on a food label? Saturated fat must be listed. Trans fat content is optional. Unsaturated fats must be listed. Soluble and insoluble fiber must be listed separately. Naturally present sugars are excluded.
Saturated fat must be listed
What three organs are involved in synthesizes of vitamin D?
Skin, liver, and kidneys
Digestion and absorption occurs primarily where?
Small intestine
Which group of minerals act as electrolytes?
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride
What type of fiber is recommended to lower cholesterol level?
Soluble
Name the primary function of the 2 types of fiber
Soluble: control blood sugar Insoluble: adds bulk and helps to go
What are the functions of water?
Solvent, regulate body temperature, structure
which 2 types of carbohydrates provide energy
Starches and sugar
What are the 3 types of CHO found in the plant foods we eat
Starches, sugar, dietary fiber
What is a common dietary saturated fatty acid?
Stearic acid
Glucagon:
Stimulates the breakdown of glucose, promotes the synthesis of glucose, and raises blood glucose levels. ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which part of the digestive tract contains HCL?
Stomach
The term organic, as related to compounds, would be best defined as ____. substances that contain water products sold at health food stores substances with carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds products grown without use of pesticides foods having superior nutrient qualities
Substances with carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds
Which disaccharides is consumed in the greatest quantity in the U.S
Sucrose
What are the 3 forms of dissaccharides
Sucrose, Maltose, lactose
For complete oxidation, acetyl CoA enters _____
TCA cycle
Which of the following is a characteristic of essential fatty acids?
The body cannot make these at all or in sufficient quantities to meet the body's needs
Essential amino acids are those that________ Are secreted in order to digest food Only unhealthy children need The body does not make in sufficient amounts, so they must be supplied by the diet The body makes in sufficient amounts
The body does not make in sufficient amounts, so they must be supplied by the diet
Why are some called amino acids dietary essential
The body does not make them
What is hydroxyapatite?
The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
What method is established by the american diabetic association to help those with diabetes select foods to manage their blood glucose
The exchange lists. It groups foods to their macronutrients and energy content.
Why do men usually have a higher aerobic capacity?
They have more lean (muscle) mass
Which water soluble vitamin is most associated with Carbohydrate Metabolism?
Thiamin
What are the primary functions of cholesterol?
To form bile salts and help with vitamin D; helps with brain, nervous, cell membranes
Lycopene is a phytochemical found in_____
Tomatoes
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport?
Transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow
In which form are most dietary lipids found? Monoglycerides Glycerols Triglycerides Polyglycerides Sterols
Triglycerides
The following amino acids are linked together: glycine-lysine-valine. This is called:
Tripeptide
Why are some minerals referred to as Major minerals
Type of minerals that have the largest requirements
What amino acid is classified as conditionally essential when dietary intake of phenylalanine is insufficient or the body cannot normally metabolize phenylalanine?
Tyrosine
What 2 government agencies are responsible for the dietary guidelines.
USDA, DHHS
When excess of protein is consumed there will be an increase in the production of _______ that can put a taxing load on the 2 organs ____________ and ____________
Urea; kidneys and liver
The food group that provides the richest source of vitamin E is?
Vegetable oils
Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?
Vegetable oils
The small finger-like projections on the intestinal lumen that aid in absorption are the
Villi, micro-villi, and mucosal fold
The absorption of which of the following vitamins is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis?
Vitamin B12
When consumed in excess, all of the following can be converted to body fat except:
Vitamin C
What vitamin will greatly enhance the absorption of calcium?
Vitamin D
The vitamin synthesized from bacteria in the colon are the B vitamins and...
Vitamin K
Bacteria found in the colon are important because they synthesize some of these important nutrients
Vitamin K and Biotin
What do micronutrients include
Vitamins, Minerals
The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb what?
Water
Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?
Water intoxication is rare but can result in death
Why are electrolytes important?
Water movement
Name the 3 food groups to consume the recommended intake of fiber
Whole grains, fruits, vegetables
Which mineral is associated with the sense of taste and smell?
Zinc
The disease phenylketonuria is related to the abnormal metabolism of
a certain amino acid
What is chyme? an ulceration of the esophageal lining a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices healthy bacteria of the small intestine a substance that allows for the emulsification of dietary lipid
a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
Which of the following is not a function of lipids in the body?
absorption of water-souble vitamins
The transport of substances across the cell membrane with the aid of a carrier molecule and the expenditure of energy is
active transport
What are the principles of diet planning? adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety adequacy, bone development, correction, vitamin density, master, and variety abundance, balance, conservative, diversity, moderation, and vitamins abundance, adequacy, nutrient density, aerobics, and kcalorie control abundance, B vitamins, kcalories, diet control, minerals, and variety
adequacy, balance, kcal control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety
Which nutrient intake recommendation is used as a goal when a recommended dietary allowance does not exist?
adequate intake
When nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat? a. fat b. carbohydrates c. Protein d. all of the above
all of the above
Building blocks of proteins are called;
amino acids
Methionine, threonine, tryptophan are names of;
amino acids
Proteins are broken down into ________ whereas fats are digested mostly into ________.
amino acids, fatty acids
What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules?
anabolic
The process when building body compounds and requires energy called_______________. Anabolism Anaerobic Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Catabolism
anabolism
Pyruvate is converted to lactate in:
anaerobic pathway
The body's usual response to the detection of antigens is to produce what?
antibodies
Which of the following is the correct order, from smallest to largest:
atoms, molecule, cell, tissue
Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of
b12
The gastrointestinal microbiome is comprised primarily of ____. probiotics bacteria mucosa viruses villi
bacteria
Which of the following foods contains no cholesterol?
baked potato
Where is interstitial water found?
between cells
In the digestion of fats, ______ acts as emulsifier. cholesterol bile hormones chylomicrons enzymes
bile
- Coenzyme carries activated carbon dioxide
biotin
Which of the following is an example of complementary proteins? rice proteins Black beans and rice almond proteins soy proteins animal proteins
black beans and rice
In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?
blood clotting
Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness play major roles in health, independence of
body weight
Diabetes is influenced by weight gain as well as by
body weight
which of the following is an anthropometric measure?
body weight
After a mouthful of food has been swallowed, it is called
bolus
The mass of chewed food that is swallowed is called
bolus
What does a DEXA scan measure?
bone density
catabolism
breaks down glycerol
Which of the following would be a very good source of vitamin C for the lacto-ovo-vegetarian?
broccoli
masses of specialized fat cells packed with pigmented mitochondria that produce heat instead of ATP
brown adipose tissue
toxicity symptom: constipation
calcium
According to the AMDR, the majority of calories you eat should come from:
carbohydrates
Which of the following dietary nutrients would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person?
carbohydrates
Which of the following nutrients provide a source of energy for the body? water vitamins minerals carbohydrates
carbohydrates
Which nutrients are digested in the small intestine?
carbohydrates, fat, and protein
In the process of hydrogenation of a fat, hydrogen atoms are added to which part of the molecule:
carbon
glucose breaks down
carbs
The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the:
cardiac sphincter
What two systems benefit the most from aerobic exercise?
cardiovascular and pulmonary
Excess body fat is associated with an increased risk of:
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. ALL OF THE ABOVE
hydrolysis occurs in
catabolism
Foods are denatured by all of the following means EXCEPT by
chilling
toxicity symptom: vomiting
chloride
Which type of lipid is used to synthesize the fat-soluble vitamin D? Triglycerides Omega-3 fatty acids Cholesterol Fatty acids Phospholipids
cholesterol
deficiency causes body odor, liver damage
choline
source: Meats, whole grains, brewers yeast
chromium
What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?
chyme
Oil that is partially hydrogenated sometimes changes one or more of its double bond configurations from
cis to trans
Which type of protein is involved in scar formation?
collagen
Which form of a polysaccharide is prefered in the diet
complex
Starch and dietary fiber are classified as:
complex carbohydrates
There are certain conditions under which some of the nonessential amino acids cannot be synthesized to meet the body's needs. When this occurs these amino acids are referred to as _____ amino acids.
conditionally essential
A carbohydrate rich food like bread;
contains a mixture of the three energy nutrients
Glycolysis: Produces ammonia as by-product Generates 6 ATP Requires oxygen Converts glucose to pyruvate
converts glucose to pyruvate
Deficiency symptom- bone abnormalities toxicity symptoms- liver damage
copper
Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include:
corn oil
The outer, hard shell of bone is called
cortical bone
Which of the following is a common source of medium-chain fatty acid?
dairy products
The application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as ____.
denaturation
The role of a hydrochloric acid in protein digestion is to
denature the protein
In the digestion of fats, emulsifiers function as ____.
detergents
A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, usually resulting from insufficient or ineffective insulin
diabetes
When two amino acids are chemically joined together, the resulting structure is called a ____.
dipeptide
When two amino acids are chemically joined together, the resulting structure is called a ____. disaccharide diglyceride polysaccharide dipeptide polypeptide
dipeptide
Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of ___
double bonds
Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of ____. amino acids peptide linkages oxygen atoms double bonds saccharide units
double bonds
Which of the following is NOT a key recommendation promoted by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
drink one glass of red wine daily
Which of the following would not lessen the amount of fat consumed?
eating fruit instead of vegetables
Tissue swelling that results from water accumulating between the cells is known as
edema
Which of the following food proteins has the best assortment of essential amino acids for the human body?
egg
Which of the following is a good food source for phospholipids? salmon egg whites potatoes egg yolks
egg yolks
According to the diabetic exchange lists, which of the following is NOT considered a vegetable?
eggplant
Foods that are low in nutrient density are:
empty kcal food
The ______ system aids the digestive system by secreting hormones which regulate how much we eat and how quickly food and nutrients travel through the digestive system.
endocrine
ATP generates what?
energy
Protein molecules that increase the rate of specific chemical reactions without themselves being charged are
enzyme
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy?
fats
Lipids that are solid at room temperature are known as ____.
fats
____ provide the most energy per gram
fats
fatty acids break down
fats
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down the triglycerides in chylomicrons into:
fatty acids and glycerol
Plant foods generally are excellent sources of
fiber, photochemical, unsaturated fats. ALL OF TH ABOVE
what are cellulose, pectin, and lignin?
fibers
source: Drinking water, tea, seafood
fluoride
Coenzyme complex that transfers 1-carbon compounds form metabolic reactions
folate
Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of
folate
deficiency causes mental confusion, elevated homocysteine
folate
What circumstances would require more protein for growth and repair or anabolism
food restriction
Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?
fortified milk
What is the sweetest-tasting monosaccharides in the diet? lactose fructose glucose galactose sucrose
fructose
which is the sweetest tasting monosaccharide
fructose
which of the following is known as a fruit sugar?
fructose
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose? cholecystokinin glucagon secretin epinephrine insulin
glucagon
A monosaccharide that is sometimes known as blood sugar in the body or dextrose in foods
glucose
______________ is the preferred source of energy for the brain and nerve cells. maltose fructose glucose lactose
glucose
Glycolysis is the conversion of ____.
glucose to pyruvate
Glycolysis is the conversion of ____. glycogen to glucose glycogen to fat glycogen to protein glucose to pyruvate glucose to glycogen
glucose to pyruvate
Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose?
glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain
Hormone that promotes eating and weight gain by increasing smell sensitivity, stimulating appetite, and promoting energy storage
grelin
Which of the following is not a function of fat in foods?
grittiness
What might occur if the sphincter denoted here doesn't close correctly, and some of the contents from the stomach enter the esophagus?
heartburn
In the adult body, food energy not stored as fat or glycogen is lost as ____.
heat
Which of the following is not a function of protein in the body? regulators of fluid balance hormones Act as enzymes help with fat digestion Building blocks
help with fat digestion
Which of the following is a major function of chloride?
helps maintain gastric acidity
Which of the following statements is false about omega-3 fatty acids?
high amounts in the diet increase inflammation
Which of the following diets is most likely to lead to beriberi?
high intakes of white rice
A _________ meal stays in the stomach the longest.
high-fat
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is called ____. condensation homeostasis phosphorylation gluconeogenesis hydrolysis
hydrolysis
A substance that is repelled by water
hydrophobic
In the scientific method, a tentative solution to a problem is called a ____. deduction hypothesis correlation theory prediction
hypothesis
What structure controls the passage of material from the small intestine to the large intestine?
ileocecal valve
What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency?
inadequate absorption
Deficiency symptom- goiter toxicity symptoms- elevated TSH, goiter
iodide
Goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of
iodine
Protein that triggers transformation of white fat cells into brite fat cells
irisin
Deficiency symptom- anemia toxicity symptoms- GI distress
iron
The serving size on a label
is always for one cup
When an enzyme is used in a chemical reaction in the body it is;
is degraded into a substance containing less energy
_____ are acidic compounds produced by the liver when fasting causes glycogen to be depleted.
ketone bodies
When there is not sufficient carbohydrate to completely metabolize fatty acids, these molecules form:
ketones
The unit of measurement used by nutritionist to describe the energy content of food is?
kilocalorie
When a person performs intense exercise and begins to fell fatigued and a burning sensation in their muscles, what is the cause?
lactic acid
What is the principle carbohydrate of milk? sucrose lactose glycogen galactose maltose
lactose
Disaccharides include:
lactose, mattes, sucrose
The best-known phospholipid used by the food industry to prevent oil from separating from other ingredients is_____.
lecithin
Hormone that maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditures in response to adipose tissue
leptin
In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein, a high-density lipoprotein contains ____.
less lipid
Which item is an essential amino acid?
leucine
An enzyme that digests lipids is:
lipase
An enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins is called
lipase
Bile is produced by the: liver. pancreas. stomach. gallbladder.
liver
The _____ is the most active processing center in the body
liver
What is the most metabolically active organ in the body?
liver
What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol?
liver
What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol? Liver Pancreas Small intestine Brain Stomach
liver
What organ can make cholesterol?
liver
What organ is the major site for gluconeogenesis?
liver
What is the most likely reason for a person to have abnormally high blood ammonia levels?
liver dysfunction
Which of the following is the best description of nutrients provided by animal protein sources: in fiber; in saturated fat and cholesterol; in readily absorbed forms of iron, zinc, and calcium.
low, high, high
What structure prevents reflux of stomach contents? Pepsinogen Lower esophageal sphincter Upper esophageal sphincter Gastric mucosa Duodenum
lower esophageal sphincter
Since chylomicrons are too large to enter the capillaries in the small intestine, they pass into the:
lymph
In general, the protein quality in grains would be most improved by the addition of a plant protein rich in ____.
lysine
An essential nutrient is one that cannot be
made in sufficient quantities by the body
Deficiency symptom- rare toxicity symptoms- nervous system disorders
manganese
A polypeptide is
many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Intake of fish, nuts, and whole grains____ heart disease.
may decrease
Which of the following protein sources are the highest quality?
meat
Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells
metabolism
Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells?
metabolism
A vegetarian who is lacto-ovo eats which animal derived products?
milk precuts and eggs
Which food items are consumed in the diet of a lactovegetarian? plant foods only fish, eggs, and dairy only milk products and plant foods only
milk products and plant foods only
source: Legumes, cereals, nuts
molybdenum
What type of fatty acid is found in high amounts in olive oil?
monounsaturated
Which of the following describes a fatty acid that has one double bond?
monounsaturated
Which organ crushes food and mixes it with saliva?
mouth
In which of the following tissues is glycogen typically stored? pancreas and kidneys spleen and lymphatics stomach and intestine brain and red blood cells muscle and liver
muscle and liver
Glycogen is stored primarily where?
muscles and liver
Which of the following would describe the state of nitrogen balance of a person who ingested 16g of food nitrogen and lost 19g of nitrogen?
negative balance
Coenzymes NAD and NADP that carry hydrogen ions in energy transfer reactions
niacin
Proteins differ from other energy nutrients in that they contain
nitrogen
What element is found in proteins but NOT in carbohydrates and fats?
nitrogen
A high fiber diet may help:
normalize blood glucose levels, reduce the incidence of hemorrhoids, with weight loss. ALL OF THE ABOVE
Why does fiber not provide energy
not digested
A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a ____. weight reduction claim health claim structure-function claim nutrient claim research-based claim
nutrient claim
Which of the following is not an essential fatty acid?
omega-6 fatty acid
What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?
order of amino acids in the peptide chain
An aerobic reaction is one that requires:
oxygen
An anaerobic reaction is one that does not require ____. alcohol ammonia oxygen glucose Nitrogen
oxygen
During digestion, bicarbonate is produced by_____,the purpose of bicarbonate is to___________. Pancreas; decrease pH Small intestine; neutralize pH Pancreas; neutralize pH Liver; neutralize pH
pancreas; neutralize pH
Which of the following foods is the lowest in cholesterol?
peanut butter
________________, an enzyme, is produced in the stomach and breaks some of the peptide bonds in polypeptide chain.
pepsin
A Helicobacter pylori infection can cause
peptic ulcers
A ____________ bond joins amino acids together
peptide
Overconsumption of _____ can lead to calcification of NONSKELETAL tissue
phosphorus
Which nutrient source will yields more than 4 kcalories per gram? plant fats plant carbohydrates animal carbohydrates animal proteins plant proteins
plant fats
__________ when consumed in the diet, can help reduce blood cholesterol levels.
plant sterols
Which of the following contains the highest concentration of thiamin?
pork
toxicity symptom: muscular weakness
potassium
The living bacteria found In yogurt are known as;
probiotics
Bile is:
produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released in the small intestine. ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which item is a nonessential amino acid in human nutrition?
proline
Which of the following is a nonessential amino acid in human nutrition? Phenylalanine Proline Tryptophan Methionine Threonine
proline
Which of the following is NOT an end result of chemical digestion?
protein
Which of the following is digested before being absorbed?
protein
Exchange lists groups food according to
protein, fat and carbohydrate content
amine acids break down
proteins
What is the most important function of carbohydrates
provide energy
Nutrient dense refers to foods that ____. are higher in weight relative to volume give the most protein for the consumer's food dollar contain a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein provide more nutrients relative to kcalories carry the USDA nutrition labeling
provide more nutrients relative to kcalories
When glucose is split in half, it yields two molecules of:
pyruvate oxidation
anabolism also
reassembles proteins
catabolism also
releases energy
After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to ____.
removal of its amino group
anabolism
requires energy
Type 2 diabetes associated with obesity is due to insulin
resistance
Which form of a polysaccharide can not be digested due to lack of enzymes
resistant and fiber
A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth?
riboflavin
part of coenzymes FMN and FAD that carry hydrogen ions
riboflavin
The gastric pits produce each of the following EXCEPT.
salivary amylase
Which of the following is a good food source of omega-3 fat? Soy beans Coconut Ice cream Salmon
salmon
Most fats that are solid at room temperature are considered:
saturated
The lipid in food that influences blood cholesterol the most is;
saturated fats
Deficiency symptom-Keshan Disease toxicity symptoms- skin rash, fatigue, garlic breath
selenium
Which of the following nutrients can play a role as antioxidants in the body?
selenium
source: Seafood, organ meats, other meats
selenium
The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the:
small intestine
What is the major extracellular cation?
sodium
toxicity symptom: edema
sodium
________ fiber lowers blood cholesterol levels.
soluble
What form is found in oat bran binds cholesterol and bile salts
soluble beta glucans
Of the following, which is the highest quality plant protein source?
soy
______ is a circular muscle that its as a valve, opening and closing to allow the gastric contents to move through the GI tract.
sphincter
Which part of the GI tract contains highly acidic digestive juices? Colon Duodenum Ileum Stomach Rectum
stomach
When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecules is ____.
stored as glycogen and fat
to gain weight, use _____ to ensure healthy weight gain
strength training
There is no RDA for
sulfate
what is a common sign in a child with kwashiorkor?
swollen belly
An omega-6 fatty acid has the first double bond on which carbon molecule?
the 6th
What are the nutrition facts panel on packaged foods is regulated by
the food and drug administration and is meant to provide education to the public.
What do Dietary reference intakes refer to
the intake goal for a healthy population: RDAs refers to healthy intakes without sufficient information for an RDA:Adequate intake refers to safety limits for specific nutrients or dietary supplements :UL provides the recommended ranges of intake for specific macronutrients: AMDR
Which of the following best describes the effect of a fiber-rich meal on the rise in blood glucose that occurs after a meal?
the rise in blood glucose will be delayed
A serving of meat should be:
the size of the palm of your hand
part of coenzyme TPP that assists in energy metabolism
thiamin
Beriberi results from a deficiency of
thiamine
What is the purpose of the dietary guidelines.
to reduce risk of chronic disease.
As intake rises above the UL, the likelihood of _____ increases.
toxicity
The process whereby messenger RNA is made from a DNA template is ____
transcription
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of steps that occur in protein synthesis?
transcription, mRNA takes genetic code to ribosomes, translation
The remains of chylomicrons:
travel to the liver to be disassembled
What compound is composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol?
triglyceride
Energy is stored in the body for future use as;
triglycerides
In which form are most dietary lipids found?
triglycerides
What amino acid is used to synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin and the vitamin niacin?
tryptophan
_________ is caused by an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
type 1 diabetes
An example of a polyunsaturated fat would be;
vegetable oil
Human body can generate ATP from the breakdown of all of the following nutrients except_____________. proteins carbohydrates fats vitamins
vitamins
Which of the following does NOT yield energy?
vitamins
Deficiency symptom- growth retardation, hair loss toxicity symptoms -loss of appetite
zinc