IB Geography: Paper 3 (Unit 5 Case Studies)

Empowering Women: Columbia

- 2011: 32% of cabinet members were women - Girls exceed boys in secondary education - Women labour force increased by 40% (2012) - FR = 2.52 - Factors helping change: + Legal Reform + International support for women + Non-discrimination + Greater political opportunities - Rural women still remain illiterate & discrimination - Conflict still exists (5.2m women displaced)

UN Trust Fund to End Violence Against Women

- 2013: 300,000 people benefitted - Helped 40,000 minorities (LGBT, indigenous) in 2017 - Implemented in 80 countries with 120 projects - Project includes: + Service provision + Promote education and equality + Protection from violence + Empowerment activities

Rana Plaza Disaster - Bangladesh

- 2013: 8-storey garment factory collapsed - The building had planning permission for a 5-storey - 1000 deaths (50% were women/children) - Gov faced criticism for not having regulations - Textile market in Bangladesh = $20b annually - Wages are low ($38 a month) -Primark gave compensation to the workers and donated $1m to the Rana Plaza Donors Trust Fund + Example of CSR - More child labour allegations followed towards Nike and Gap

Syrian Diaspora

- 8-15m Syrians live outside of Syria (mainly refugees) - 2002: Gov set up a plan to encourage migrants to return to Syria - Tourism and remittences = $2b annually - Young diaspora populations fear conscription to National Service - Add Lebanon CS facts to this as well

Irish Diaspora

- 80m people in the diaspora - US has experienced the most Irish immigration - 11% of US have Irish ancestry - Cities with most Irish diaspora: NYC / Cali / Florida - St Patricks day is heavily celebrated + Chicago River is dyed green - Many Irish pubs and culture exists throughout the USA

Helping Indigenous Groups: Mapajo Lodge - Bolivia

- Ecotourism project - Increased income, standard of living & environmental protection - Initiatives focused on: + Land rights + Microfinance + Education + Cultural preservation - Community of 300 people - Had financial aid from Canada, UK and France - Community earns 20% of income

Denmark's Immigration Laws

- Extremely strict "point based" system - Minimum age of 24 and proof of financial independence required to emigrate - Nationalist Danish People's Party (15% of vote) are pushing for anti-immigration - 2015: Denmark received 20,000 asylum seekers - 2016: Gov seizes asylum seekers assets over $1000+ if they need financial support for housing and food + UN claimed it as inhumane and illegal - 70% of Danes believe immigration as a major issue + The population of Denmark is 6m people

TNCs in Foreign States - Shell in Nigeria

- Oil brought Nigeria $25b (1980) - Shell is now exploiting Nigeria's resources heavily + Produces 2m barrels daily - Nigeria's oil exports = 90% of gov revenue - 2011: UNEP made a report on the Niger Delta + Water dangerously contaminated with hydrocarbons + Levels of Benzene were 900x the WHO safe limit + Fish stocks polluted + Mangroves were destroyed - 2015: Community of Bodo received $83m from Shell over oil spills as compensation - Clean up programmed predicted to take 30+ years

Challenging Restricted Freedoms - Arab Spring

- Riots that spread throughout the Middle-East and N.Africa (2010) - Factors causing the spring: + Dissatisfaction of govs + Dictatorships + Unemployment & economic decline + Wealth inequalities & corruption - Social media played a large role - Began in Tunisia (2010) when a vendor lit himself on fire in protest to remove the Tunisian president - 200 people died during Tunisia's Spring - 40,000 people died on Libya's Spring - 300,000 people died in Syria's Spring - Russia's & ISIS's involvement in Syria has led to humanitarian crises in Lebanon & Jordan with refugees - Law and order has collapsed in Syria and Libya - Tunisia became a democracy from it (2016

Cultural Change in Tibet - China

- Tibet is an isolated part of China (Himalayas) - Lost independence after Chinese invasion (1950) - Tibet feels China has eroded their culture - Uprising for independence (1959) - China encouraged Chinese migration into the region (Diffusion) - The building of the railway in Tibet accelerated Chinese migration - Tibet's resources are exploited by China as well

Challenging Restricted Freedoms - China

Internet Restrictions: - "Great Firewall" blocks and restricts internet use heavily - FB, Insta, YouTube are inaccessible (need a VPN) - Qzone is the FB equivalent - 2010: Google withdrew from China due to censorship - the Tiananmen Square Massacre is completely censored - Foreign news sites are strictly monitored Civil Society Challenges: - Great-Fire is a citizen-led organisation that opposes censorship - Many countries criticise China for the "Great Firewall" as it restricts people's freedom of speech and trade

Challenging Restricted Freedoms - Iran

Internet Restrictions: - Filtered searches - Social media censored - Restricts foreigners using Iranian sites - VPNs restricted to prevent anonymous activity Civil Society Challenges: - ICHR (international campaign for human rights) in Iran are trying to soften internet restrictions - Political activists use the internet to challenge the gov