IB Psychology chapter 4.1-4.4

consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy. RBD CPAP cataplexy Insomnia

cataplexy

evolutionary psychology

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

stage 1 sleep

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

stage 4 sleep

fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

latent content

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

melatonin

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

The body's biological clock is located in the ________. hippocampus thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland

hypothalamus

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications. sleep apnea RBD SIDS narcolepsy

narcolepsy

parinsomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

lucid dream

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

cognitive-behavioral therapy

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

sleep spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

restless leg syndrome

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

central sleep apnea

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

sleep rebound

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks. melatonin slow-wave sleep sleep deprivation growth hormone

slow-wave sleep

manifest content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

meta-analysis

study that combines the results of several related studies

collective unconscious

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

rotating shift work

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

non-REM (NREM)

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep. pineal gland thyroid pituitary gland pancreas

pituitary gland

sleep debt

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

stage 2 sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep. jet lag rotating shift work circadian rhythm sleep debt

sleep debt

sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

obstructive sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

night terror

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

________ is another word for sleepwalking. insomnia somnambulism cataplexy narcolepsy

somnambulism

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep. stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 and stage 4 REM

stage 2

________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep. stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 and stage 4 REM sleep

stage 3 and stage 4

sleep

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

stage 3 sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

theta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep

delta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

alpha wave

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

K-complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

circadian rhythm

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

The ________ plays a role in controlling slow-wave sleep. hypothalamus thalamus pons both a and b

both a and b or both hypothalamus and thalamus

sleep regulation

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing. central sleep apnea obstructive sleep apnea narcolepsy SIDS

central sleep apnea

wakefulness

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours. biological circadian rotating conscious

circadian

jet lag

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

insomnia

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation. schizophrenia Parkinson's disease depression generalized anxiety disorder

depression

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

pineal gland

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

biological rhythm

internal cycle of biological activity

cataplexy

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream. latent manifest collective unconscious Important

latent

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks. Light-dark exposure coffee consumption alcohol consumption napping

light-dark exposure

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function. growth hormone melatonin LH FSH

melatonin

sleepwalking

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors