Imaging QUIZ 2

The splint bones are the:

2nd and 4th metacarpus/metatarsus

____ take survey radiographs ____ you take contrast radiographs!

Always, before

_____ or echolucent structures have complete absence of echoes and therefore appear black on an ultrasound.

Anechoic

Radiographic examination of the vascular system after the IV injection of positive contrast medium into the blood vessels that supply the heart itself.

Angiocardiography

Performed by injecting aqueous iodinated contrast into a specific body part's vascular system (a limb or the pulmonary vasculature, for instance).

Angiography

Radiographic examination of a body part in which positive contrast medium is injected vascularly.

Antegrade

Radiographic examination of the articular cartilage, joint space, and joint capsule after the STERILE injection of contrast medium (aqueous iodine or negative contrast); can't perform if the skin where you will be injecting the contrast is infected.

Arthrography

Inert, low density, radiopaque, barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres designed for evaluation of gastric dysmotility and intestinal transit time in dogs and cats.

BIPS

An insoluble, white positive contrast agent that is made into a thick suspension and used for gastrointestinal tract studies only; do not use if perforation is suspected.

Barium

Centering for DV View of the Skull:

Between the two lateral canthi of the eyes on the sagittal crest

The ventrodorsal cervical vertebrae of a Doberman are to be radiographed. It is best to measure at __ and center at __-__.

C6, C3-C4

What bones comprise the fetlock joint of a horse?

Cannon bone and long pastern (P1)

A purgative; an agent for purging the bowels, especially a laxative.

Cathartic

Evaluation of the abdominal cavity generally used to determine the integrity of the diaphragm.

Celiography

____ the barium sulfate for an upper gastrointestinal (UGI) study does speed up the transit time

Chilling

X-ray examination of the gallbladder, especially used to detect the presence of gallstones.

Cholecystography

A substance that can be radiolucent or radiopaque and is administered to increase the radiographic contrast within an organ or system.

Contrast medium

Involves using a radiopaque material that is given PO, injected, inserted, and THEN taking a radiograph.

Contrast radiography

The study of the bladder via the retrograde infusion of contrast media through a urinary catheter. Positive, negative, or double-contrast studies can be performed, with or without an excretory urogram. -- Helps diagnose bladder calculi, bladder masses, ruptured bladder or bladder wall abnormalities.

Cystography

A compound formed by the union of two radicals or two molecules of a simpler compound.

Dimer

Which radiographic view of the carpal joint of a horse provides the best view to judge the width of the cartilage spaces?

Dorsopalmar

A radiographic contrast technique that uses a combination of positive and negative contrast media to better evaluate organs; used most frequently to diagnose bladder masses.

Double contrast

____-____ ____ is best for assessing bladder wall lesions and intraluminal filling defects.

Double-contrast cystography

Difficult or painful defecation.

Dyschezia

Contrast radiography of the esophagus indicated for patients that have suspected esophageal disease (megaesophagus, acid reflux, masses, foreign bodies, etc.); radiographs are taken WHILE the animal is ingesting the media.

Esophagography

Radiographic examination of the kidneys and ureters following an injection of an intravenous positive contrast medium; used to evaluate the structures (including blood vessels) of the urinary system but not necessarily the function of the urinary tract; formerly called an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or an intravenous urogram (IVU). -- Perform a serum chemistry before EU.

Excretory urography

Anything that occupies space within the lumen of an organ thus preventing normal filling from occurring such as a blood clot.

Filling defects

A positive or negative radiographic contrast study used to determine the depth and origin of a fistulous tract (abnormal tube-like passage within body tissue).

Fistulography

Which type of unit is used to image the changing diameter of the trachea during inspiration and expiration?

Fluoroscope

Using an X-ray machine that combines an X-ray source and a fluorescent screen to enable direct observation - used: - To evaluate the esophagus and upper and lower gastrointestinal tract configuration and function - To assist in surgical procedures (FB removal, cardiac catheterization) - To evaluate ventilation mechanics (trachea, lungs, diaphragm) - To evaluate cardiac function

Fluoroscopy

Name some applications of fluoroscopy:

Fracture reduction Placement of catheters, stents, endotracheal tubes. Contrast media studies - gastrointestinal system and angiography studies.

Borders for Lateral & DV View of the Skull:

Full skull: Tip of the nose to the occipital protuberance

Contrast radiographic studies that evaluate the activity, purpose or reason; relating to the way something works or operates.

Functional study

Radiographic examination of the size, shape, position, and morphology of the stomach following administration of contrast media.

Gastrography

A tumor composed of granulation tissue produced in response to chronic infection, inflammation, a foreign body, or to unknown causes.

Granuloma

____-contrast exposure is recommended for skull radiographs. Keep the ____ part of the skull toward the cathode. Place the appropriate marker toward the ____.

High, thickest, nose

Measuring for DV View of the Skull:

Highest point of the cranium just caudal to the lateral canthi

Measuring for Lateral View of the Skull:

Highest point of the zygomatic arch at the center of the cranium

Caused inadvertently by medical treatment, such as an infection or a complication.

Iatrogenesis

Converts and transfers the image on the intensifying screen to a photoelectric surface. Observed through an optical lens and mirrors or on a television monitor.

Image-intensifying unit

An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or excretory urogram is used to evaluate the urinary system. This study involves:

Intravenous administration of an ionic organic iodide

A positive contrast element that is made into a water-based liquid or an oily agent; given via injection or PO if GI perforation is suspected.

Iodine compound

Centering for Lateral View of the Skull:

Lateral canthus of the eye socket

Radiographic examination of the rectum, colon, and cecum following the administration of contrast medium. Commonly referred to as a barium enema; sedation is usually required and an enema is given first to clear out feces.

Lower gastrointestinal study

A radiographic contrast study evaluating lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.

Lymphography

A molecule that forms the basic unit for polymers. Iodinated monomers can be ionic or non-ionic.

Monomer

Soluble, radiopaque ionic contrast media should not be used for ____.

Myelograms

Radiographic examination of the subarachnoid space (under the meninges) surrounding the spinal cord following the administration of contrast medium.

Myelography

Gases that are more radiolucent to x-rays than soft tissues and will thus appear BLACK on a radiograph; ex., air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen.

Negative contrast agents

A phase of an excretory urogram characterized by the diffuse opacification of the functional renal parenchyma which show the vascular supply and kidney perfusion. It is immediately noted in a normal contrast study of the kidneys.

Nephrogram

For a true DP view of the navicular bone, you need to include the:

P2, navicular, and P3

You are required to complete a lateromedial view of the metacarpals of an Arabian. The central ray is:

Parallel to the ground and angled 90 degrees from the midsagittal plane

Radiographic examination of the urinary bladder following the administration of a radiolucent or negative contrast medium.

Pneumocystogram

A negative-contrast radiographic study consisting of the introduction of gas (air) into the peritoneal cavity.

Pneumoperitoneography

Substances that contain elements of high atomic number that are more radiopaque to x-rays than they are to tissue or bone so they appear WHITE on a radiograph; ex., barium, iodine compounds.

Positive contrast media

Drooling; excessive production of saliva

Ptyalism

A phase of an excretory urogram showing the opacification of the renal collection system (the renal pelvis, pelvic recesses and ureters).

Pyelogram

A negative-contrast agent that allows x-rays to penetrate with less absorption than soft tissues and will thus appear BLACK on a radiograph; ex., air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen.

Radiolucent

A positive-contrast agent that will absorb more x-rays than tissue or bone so they appear WHITE on a radiograph; anything that does not let X-rays penetrate; block radiation.

Radiopaque

A backward flow of contents of the stomach to the esophagus.

Reflux

Lateral View of the Skull—Routine: Place in: ____ or ____ lateral recumbency with the affected side to the image receptor Hind limbs: Leave in a ____ position, and support with a sandbag or ties if needed Forelimbs: Pull ____, and support with a sandbag or ties Head and neck: Position the head so that the ____ is parallel to the long edge of the image receptor

Right, left, natural, caudally, mandible

A radiographic contrast study evaluating the salivary glands and ducts.

Sialography

To obtain a radiographic image of both temporomandibular joints of a small animal, which of the following is the best position?

Sternal recumbency

Dorsoventral View of the Skull—Routine: Place in: ____ recumbency in a V-trough if required Hind limbs: Place in a ____ position and support them with a sandbag or ties Forelimbs: Pull ____ or leave them in a ____ position alongside the head, out of the field of view, and support them with a sandbag or ties Head and neck: ____ the neck and head

Sternal, natural, caudally, natural, extend

The front limbs of the Doberman for the lateral cervical vertebrae should be:

Superimposed and positioned slightly caudally

Generally referred to as painful or ineffective defecation but can also refer to painful, ineffective urination.

Tenesmus

Which of the following contrast studies requires that images be taken right after barium sulfate contrast is given, and also 15, 30, and 60 minutes after contrast administration?

Upper GI series

Radiography of the stomach and small intestines following ingestion of contrast medium usually barium sulfate; indicated for patients with vomiting, abnormal feces, suspected foreign body, abdominal pain or chronic weight loss.

Upper gastrointestinal study

Radiography of the urethra following administration of a contrast agent.

Urethrography

A nonionic dimer, iodine-based contrast agent is almost isotonic because: a. The ionizing carboxyl group is replaced with a group that does not dissociate b. The cations separate when injected into the blood or given orally c. There are three iodine atoms to every two particles in solution d. It has a low viscosity

a. The ionizing carboxyl group is replaced with a group that does not dissociate

The nephrogram phase of an excretory urogram shows the: a. Vascular supply and perfusion of the kidneys and should be taken immediately b. Vascular supply and perfusion of the kidneys and should be taken at 5 minutes c. Renal collection system and should be taken immediately d. Renal collection system and should be taken at 5 minutes

a. Vascular supply and perfusion of the kidneys and should be taken immediately

The excretory urogram consists of the vascular (____), ____, ____, ____ and drainage.

arteriogram, nephrogram, pyelogram, ureteral

The ____ __ __ ____ is the landmark for the cranial cervical vertebrae.

base of the skull

For the lateral and DV/VD views, symmetry of the skull is essential to help identify asymmetrical structures and opacities, because most disease processes of the skull are not ____.

bilateral

Barium sulfate is contraindicated if ____ ____ is suspected.

bowel perforation

A hypertonic contrast agent is likely to cause: a. Water to move from the vessels into the extravascular tissues and red blood cells b. Minimal side effects as the plasma and the agent are almost the same osmolality c. Crenation, vasodilation, and decreased blood pressure d. Elimination to take place through the liver and not the kidney

c. Crenation, vasodilation, and decreased blood pressure

Vomiting, defecation, urination, urticaria, tachycardia, and hypotension with or without collapse are more likely to occur when administrating a/an: a. Nonionic monomer contrast agent b. Nonionic dimer contrast agent c. Ionic monomer contrast agent d. Ionic dimer contrast agent

c. Ionic monomer contrast agent

Urinary samples are best collected_______ administration of the contrast agents because: a. after; bacterial growth is not inhibited by contrast media b. after; there will not be a false positive in urinary protein c. before; bacterial growth is inhibited by contrast media d. either before or after; there will be no change in either urinary protein or bacterial growth

c. before; bacterial growth is inhibited by contrast media

Lateral View of the Cervical Vertebrae: To include the ____ ____. Borders: edge of the ____ __ __ ____ and the center of the ____ __ __ ____.

cervical vertebrae, wings of the atlas, spine of the scapula

(same term) Water-soluble organic iodides should be avoided in ____ patients because they draw excessive amounts of water to the bowel, causing the patient to become more ____.

dehydrated

(equine) The ____ ____ view of the carpal joint is the best view for detecting distal corner fractures.

flexed lateral

The fluoroscopic screen enables the radiographer to visualize the ____ ____ created by the interaction of x-rays and phosphor crystals __ __ occurs.

fluorescent image, as it

PET (or PET scan) is an imaging modality that is a form of nuclear medicine technology. PET has been available since the 1970s. PET uses the injection of a radioisotope that emits ____ rays.

gamma

Lateral: Lateromedial (LM) Extended View of the Fetlock: Foot: Placed on the ____ or a ____. Image Receptor: Against ____ aspect of limb and ____ to the ground. Central Ray: Medial aspect of the ____. Beam: ____ to the ground and directed 90 degrees from the ____ plane. Include: __, the ____, and a third of the ____ bone.

ground, block, medial, perpendicular, fetlock, Parallel, midsagittal, P1, fetlock, cannon

A ____ or ____ fluid will have a higher osmolality than the plasma, and thus liquid will be pulled into the plasma.

hyperosmolar, hypertonic

A ____ or ____ fluid will have a lower osmotic pressure than plasma, so water will leave the plasma.

hypotonic, hyposmolar

(vertebral column) Low __ and high ___ provide better radiographic contrast and the use of a ____further increases the contrast.

kV, mAs, grid

(equine) The ____ ____ is the best view for judging a major fracture dislocation and conformational abnormalities.

lateral view

What views are required for the evaluation of the nasal passages of small animals?

lateral, DV or VD, rostrocaudal, open-mouth

(Lateral Skull) The rami of the ____ and ____ ____ are superimposed on the finished radiograph. Position the skull so that the ____ or ____ ____ are even and parallel with the cassette.

mandible, tympanic bullae, eyes, canine teeth

Retrograde ____-____ ____ (pneumocystogram) is used to identify the integrity of the bladder wall after trauma or to locate the bladder.

negative-contrast cystography

One of the disadvantages of PET is that it produces images that look similar to those of ____ ____. Brain images show the uptake of the positron isotope (specifically glucose), but show very little recognizable anatomy. Combining PET with CT accomplishes two aspects of the scans: (1) the x-ray radiation used in the CT scan has similar penetrating abilities to that of positrons; therefore it can be used to create the attenuation profile; and (2) CT scans provide more anatomical information for the body part being imaged. The CT scans or PET/CT scans can also be fused together to correlate functional data with anatomical data (form and function in one image).

nuclear medicine

A ____ is best for cystic calculi (bladder stones).

pneumocystogram

Enlargement of the prostate gland

prostatomegaly

(Fluoroscopy) The ____ is substituted for conventional x-ray film and is placed in the path of the x-ray beam ____ it has pased through the patient.

screen, after

The main feature of the fluoroscopy unit is its ____. Special ____ are in the screen.

screen, crystals

The topographic landmark for the caudal cervical vertebrae is the center of the ____ __ __ ____.

spine of the scapula

Conventional radiographs (no contrast, no special techniques)

survey radiographs

A flexed lateral view is required for the cervical vertebrae of a Doberman. The cervical vertebrae should be flexed, and the head should be in a:

true lateral position

Radiopaque is ____ on an x-ray. Radiolucent is ____ on an x-ray.

white, black