IND2130 Quiz 2

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American Bar

Adolf Loos Dominated by American standing bar Rich materials left in natural state Geometric shapes, coffered ceiling, leather

Modernism in Japan

After WW2 Marry universal with regional Pulling on tatami mat Wanted to create something that was distinctly their own Perriand & Maekawa

"The International Style Since 1922"

Henry Russell Hitchcock & Philip Johnson Identifies leaders of modernism, mainly European Ignores the idealism & theories of leaders Attempt to take politics out of architecture Makes modernism more palatable to designers & public Deems Wright too romantic

Villa Mairea

Interested in nature and locality Broader embrace than Franko Emphasis on light and air Plants, texture, wood

Principles of the International Style

Introduced modernism to the US

Robie House

Low broad cantilever roofs Terraces bring int out Ribbon Windows Had mortar tinted Many overlapping spaces Lower ceilings, skylights Strong horizontal scheme

Chapel for the Capuchinas Sacramentarias del Purism

Luis Barragan Uses light as architectural element Lattice window, stained glass Painted lemon color w/ golden wood Clear cut volumes

Wassily Chair

Marcel Breuer Inspired by bike handlebars Outline of club chair, design for manufacture Costly to make

Barcelona Pavilion

Meis Van der Rohe Not for living, just an exhibit Plain geometric style Influenced by FLW Asymmetrical & fluid Ostentatious materials

Barcelona Chair

Mies Van der Rohe Meant as a throne Chrome plated steel Framing almost completely handmade

Vladimir Tatlin

Monument of the Third International Never progressed past model Leaning truss Symbol of New Soviet Union

Belgium Art Nouveau

Nature & organic motifs are important Patrons see themselves rejecting tradition & conservatism Victor Horta

Henry Van de Velde

Oak and Leather Chair & Desk Tobacco Shop - painted borders at top, total work, more geometric reference, thick sweeping curves Francois Habys Barber Shop - function was exposed to be used as ornament

Alvar Aalto

Paimo Sanatorium Viipuri City Library Paimio Chair Villa Mairea

Joseph Hoffman

Palais Stoclet - Geometric, design for Belgium banker, marble tiles held by gilded metal, most important rooms protrude, interiors plain, no ornamentation, marble, onyx, teak & mosaics

Russian Constructivism

Protomodernism Envisioned an architecture propelled forward by the forces of industrialization, exploiting materials such as steel, concrete & glass Succumbed quickly to the classicism of Stalin, but had a significant impact on the Bauhaus Vladimir Tatlin

De Stjil

Protomodernism Founded in Holland by painters & architects Seeks to produce universal style Purity of form & design, straight lines, right angles Gerrit Rietveld & Piet Mondrian

Gustav Klimt

"The Kiss" - use of rich materials, worked closely with Joseph Hoffman

Walter Gropius Quote

"This is more than just a war...A world has come to an end."

Le Corbusier Quotes

"We must fight against the old-world house,which made a bad use of space.We must look upon the house as a machine for living in or as a tool." "The styles of Louis XIV, XV, XVI or Gothic, are to architecture what a feather is on a woman's head; it is sometimes pretty, though not always, and never anything more."

Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture

1) Pilotis (columns) 2) Free Plan 3) Free Facade 4) Ribbon Windows 5) Roof Garden Thought way to achieve rational functional design

Paimo Sanatorium

Alvar Aalto TB hospital All patients had access to light, fresh air, exercise Thought about the patients Adjustability to maximize patient comfort

US Art Nouveau

American's were wary of the style's association with decadence & socialism Came to dominate the decorative arts Louis Sullivan & Louis Comfort Tiffany as the most prominent practitioners

Meis Van der Rohe

Barcelona Chair Barcelona Pavilion Villa Tugendhat - Floor to ceiling glass Structure on columns

Lina Bo Bardi

Bardi's Bowl - hemisphere on top of circle, pure modernist, rejecting past Glass House - Influenced by Le Corbusier, Splits the house into several pieces, Raised on a hill solves privacy

Luis Barragan

Barragan House - Reliance on local construction Uses adobe and timber Influenced by Le Corbusier Uses pink for warm glow Picture window breaks separation

Walter Gropius

Bauhaus Connected by bridge Director's Office Rectilinear shapes White, gray, primary color influences Industrial feeling Micro to macro, using same language

Victor Horta

Belgium Art Nouveau Hotel Tassel - stylistic unity, brings in as much light as he can, total work Hotel van Eetvelde - octagonal hall w/ stained glass, whiplash curves, light, air, total work Maison de Peuple - develops curtain wall of metal & glass, skin from structure

Antonio Gaudi

Casa Battlo - Wave like facade, Glass masonry, Floral, animal & geographical motifs, No two rooms alike, Total work, Big to little windows, Dark to light tiles Casa Mila - Sandstone & iron grillwork, Sea of frozen waves, No corners, 2 light wells, No load bearing walls, Arches allow for atypical typography on roof

Hill House

Charles Mackintosh Designed from inside out, Inspired by local vernacular, very big contrast, honesty to materiality

Willow Tea Rooms

Charles Mackintosh Wanted them to be places where ladies could go, Design used to show innovation & social change, Monochromatic feel, Lined walls w/ purple silk, Artwork becomes part of design

Chaise Lounge in Bamboo

Charlotte Perriand New version Works with Japanese craftsman

Piet Mondrian

Composition Principles of abstract Primary colors Neoplasticism

Ministry of Education

Costa & Niemeyer, Brazil Allows landscape to flow underneath New addition of sun shades Curves contrast rectilinear of building

Spanish Art Nouveau

Curvilinear, organic forms Cradle of the style was Barcelona Antonio Gaudi

Paimio Chair

Designed for hospital to make breathing easier Based on Wassily Chair Most basic essence, curved edges More organic and warmer

Juan O'Gorman

Designed home & studio Diego Rivera & Frieda Khalo - Inspired by Le Corbusier Geometric profiles, metal railing Used colors Connections btwn buildings tenuous Open plan, exposed brick ceiling, wood floors, horizontal ribbon windows

International Style Characteristics

Emph on volume and mass Balance rather than axial symmetry from standardized elements Emphasis onproportions and materials Buildings display clean lines

US International Style

First introduced in the exhibition Was associated with socialism Refers to a modern architecture style

Le Corbusier

Founder of purist movement Celebration of everyday Moving beyond individualism to universalism House as a machine for living Surprise of color

Wasmuth Portfolio

Frank Lloyd Wright Presented his work to European audience High contrast, black & white Was more strict Looked more contemporary

Van de Veld's Ornament vs. Ornamentation

German Art Nouveau Logical outcome of form

Red & Blue Chair

Gerrit Reitveld Strict horizontal, vertical, and right angles Primary colors No applied ornamentation Embracing of machine

Charles Mackintosh

Glasgow School of Art - one of his 1st commissions & largest, rectilinear lines & grid, Library most famed, 3 story windows, To look like a room in a room, contrast, total work, uses color in strategic ways

Philip Johnson

Glass House Steel frame black Was a weekend house Doors on all 4 sides Had brick guest house Acknowledged his need for privacy

L'Esprit Nouveau Pavillon

Jeannette & Le Corbusier Basic 2 story system Based on modular design Double high living space Modular storage unit Purist painting on plain walls Machine for living Creates the open plan

University City Central Library

Juan O'Gorman Emph on geometry Shows scenes of revolution Stacked building Mosaics of history on side

Germany Art Nouveau

Jugenstil Rectilinear, geometric & abstract Emph on cooperation btwn designers, craftsman, & manufacturer Henry Van de Velde Ornament & ornamentation

Harumi Apartment

Kunio Maekawa One of the 1st large developments after war Free open flowing spaces, breaking down of barriers, use of concrete Honesty to materiality

Scotland Art Nouveau

Largely rejected by Britain Rectilinear forms w/ intersecting planes, occasional curve Minimal simple interiors & furnishings Contrast of light & dark The Glasgow Four - Charles Mackintosh, Margaret MacDonald, her sister & brother in law

Franko Modernism

Le Corbusier L'Esprit Nouveau Pavillon Villa Savoye

Villa Savoye

Le Corbusier Shows the 5 points of architecture Column and slab construction Brick and stuccoed over Wanted to create promenade of experiences with ramp Design as a machine for living in Industrial style interior

LC4 Chaise Lounge

Le Corbusier & Charlotte Perriand Flat steel with matte texture Seat has light padding Operated in clear & innovative way Cowboy lounging with his feet up

Scandinavian Modernism

Less of a concern w/ design theory Designs are often modest & adaptable, using natural materials & simple construct Interest in the vernacular & everyday structure Interiors are simple with minimal furnishings Alvar Aalto

Adolf Loos

Protomodernism Rejected what he felt were the superficial decorative concerns of the Vienna Secession movement His writings were central to the development to Modernism He sought beauty in form rather than ornament He opposed the idea of style & taste which he associated with women American Bar, Loos Apartment, Armoire

Vienna Secession

Protomodernism Strives to create modern style Advocates simplicity, rational construction, truth to materiality Working across the field, total work of art Rectilinear and squares Joseph Hoffman, Gustav Klimt

Bauhaus & Germany Modernism

Reaction to WWI Seeks to find universal design School brings together art & industry Want to bring good design to everyone Rejection of ornamentation Truth to materiality Emphasis on cube and open plans Walter Gropius & Meis Van der Rohe

Viipuri City Library

Rectilinear geometry Smooth plastered walls Curvilinear organic ceiling Wood warms space

Gerrit Rietveld

Red & Blue Chair Schroder House New language for architecture Flat roof, asymmetry, geometric forms Stucco over brick Total work of art Color helps define the spaces Takes open plan idea further

Neoplasticism

Reducing everything to its essence Belief that art shouldn't be the reproduction of real objects, but the expression of the absolutes of life

Art Nouveau

Rejection of the past Marking a modern age Embracing the machine Focus on the line

Protomodernism

Rejection of the use of styles Looking for universal principles of design

Mexican Modernism

Related to the Mexican Revolution Viewed in conjunction w/ revolution & democracy Juan O'Gorman & Luis Barragan Use of regional materials and reference to religion See use of mosaics

Niemeyer House

Rendition of the glass house Gave him intl presence Small lightweight concrete house Curvilinear roof Uses partitions to create volumes Inspired by Mies Responds directly to forms of nature Creates basement to have private areas Creates deep overhangs to prevent sun

Modernism

Separation of skin and structure Strives to design for the present and eliminate most traditions,forms, and elements of the past Rejection of ornament or applied decoration and a preference for abstraction, rationality, and geometric forms

Frank Lloyd Wright

Sought a uniquely American/ Midwestern style of architecture, which became known as the Prairie Style Pulled on the tradition of the Arts & Crafts movement Embraced industry and the machine Believed in a totally designed environment

Modernism in Brazil

This dictatorship instituted a state sponsored program of modernization First example of postcolonial modernism Lucio Costa & Oscar Niemeyer, Lina Bo Bardi

Louis Comfort Tiffany

Veterans'Room of the Elite Seventh Regiment's Armory Total work of art Dragonfly & Ten-light Lily Lamps - dragonflies & lilies are often used motifs, organic forms

Modern Architecture: An International Exhibition

Weren't aware there was color Only saw the geometry Monochromatic

Jugendstil

Young style German Art Nouveau


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