Infant Child Development Chapter 12

Which statement about intelligence tests is true?

With individually administered tests, the examiner not only considers the child's answers but also observes the child's behavior.

Rochelle is taking a test in which she is asked to come up with as many different ways as possible to make use of a drinking straw. This is most likely a test of ________.

divergent thinking

Children expand the mental number line first by ________.

extending it to the right with larger whole numbers, then filling it in with fractions, and then extending it to the left with negative numbers

Research on strategic memory processing indicates that ________.

extensive knowledge and use of memory strategies support each other in helping children acquire knowledge

Children who are not capable of decentration have difficulty ________.

focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them to one another

As early as first grade, when children are grouped by ability, low-group students are more likely to be ________.

low-SES and male

As a result of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) and its 2015 replacement, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), ________.

the curricular focus in public schools has narrowed, placing more emphasis on preparing students for achievement tests

Which of these statements uses the passive voice?

"The paint was spilled"

Which statement about group differences in IQ scores of American children is true?

Although the difference in IQ scores between African-American children and European-American children has been shrinking over the past several decades, a substantial gap remains.

Which statement about the development of reading is true?

Around age 7 to 8, there is a shift in which children go from "learning to read" to "reading to learn."

Which statement about the use of screen media is true?

Boys are more likely than girls to engage in writing computer programs and creating Web pages.

Which statement about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?

Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) find it hard to ignore irrelevant information.

Which statement about traditional versus constructivist classrooms is true?

Constructivist classrooms are associated with gains in critical thinking and more positive attitudes toward school.

Cross-cultural research shows that ________.

East Asian children, influenced by interdependent values, typically view striving to achieve as a moral obligation

Which statement about influences on executive function is true?

In both typically and atypically developing children, heredity combines with environmental factors to influence executive function.

Which statement is supported by research on computers and academic learning?

Interactive screen media use is associated with academic progress.

Which statement about the whole-language approach to reading is true?

It assumes that by keeping reading whole and meaningful, children will be motivated to discover the specific skills they need.

Which statement about IQ is true?

It predicts school performance and educational attainment.

Which statement about bilingual education is true?

Its goal is to transition minority students to English-only instruction as soon as possible.

Which statement about African-American English is true?

Many African-American children learn to flexibly shift between African-American English and standard English by third grade.

Which statement about integration in U.S. schools is true?

Since 2000, the racial-ethnic divide in U.S. education has intensified.

__________ was designed to downplay culture-dependent information, which is emphasized on only one of its factors.

The <i>Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V (WISC-V)</i>

Which statement about magnet schools is true?

They promote voluntary integration by offering families school choices that draw students from across neighborhood boundaries.

Elena moved to the United States from Guatemala when she was 6 years old. She speaks Spanish fluently but has limited ability to understand English. Research shows that if her school curriculum integrates both Spanish and English, she will ________.

acquire English more easily

In international studies of reading, mathematics, and science achievement, U.S. students typically perform ________.

at or below the international averages

Which of these is a second-order belief?

believing that one's sister believes that a cereal box is full

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences defines intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations including ________ intelligences.

bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, and spatial

Reading instruction based entirely on phonics training would likely ________.

cause many children to lose sight of the goal of understanding written material

Elaboration is a later-emerging memory strategy because it requires ________.

considerable effort and space in working memory

Compared to the narratives of school-age children, the narratives of preschool children are more likely to include ________.

direct expressions of meaning

According to Sternberg, traditional intelligence tests ________.

do not capture intellectual strengths acquired through informal learning experiences

When studying for a test, Peter remembers the unrelated words cellular and canine by generating the following mental image, "The canine is talking on a cellular phone." Which memory strategy is Peter using?

elaboration

Children who do not realize that a mapmaker's assigned meaning supersedes physical resemblance would be likely to ________.

have difficulty understanding that a yellow school bus could be represented by a blue star

Arthur Jensen promoted the idea that __________ is largely responsible for individual, ethnic, and SES variations in intelligence.

heredity

Neo-Piagetian theorists such as Robbie Case propose that the development of operational thinking can best be understood ________.

in terms of expansion of information-processing capacity

An intelligence test that ________ produces biased measures of intelligence

indicates that the differences within groups tends to be greater than the differences between groups

One way researchers test the ability to flexibly shift attention is to ________.

introduce irrelevant stimuli into a task to see how well children attend to the task's central elements

Dynamic assessment involves ________.

introducing purposeful teaching into the testing situation

The nonverbal mode of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, ________.

is useful when assessing individuals with limited English language skills

In a two-way language immersion program, ________.

language-minority students acquiring English and native English-speaking students are taught together

The largest number of U.S. students designated for inclusion in classroom settings have ________.

learning disabilities

Based on international comparisons, instruction in the United States is __________ than that of other industrialized countries.

less focused on high-level reasoning

In Enrique's fourth-grade class, the teacher asks the children to attend to their own breathing or to manipulate an object held behind their backs while noticing how it feels. Enrique's teacher is using ________ training to enhance children's ________.

mindfulness; executive function

Research on African-American children adopted into economically well-off European-American homes during the first year of life indicated that ________.

poverty severely depresses the intelligence of ethnic minority children

Gifted children fare well in programs that ________.

provide special activities that promote problem solving, critical thinking, and creativity

Which factor of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, is the most likely to contain culturally loaded problems?

quantitative reasoning

Reciprocal teaching focuses on which four cognitive strategies?

questioning, summarizing, clarifying, and predicting

Which outcome is an example of metacognition?

remembering which techniques help you solve problems

U.S. teachers in schools with many students from low-income families are especially likely to emphasize ________.

repetitive drill over higher-level thinking

Children of bilingual parents who teach them both languages in infancy and early childhood ________.

separate the language systems early and attain language milestones according to a typical timetable

Jalen observes that stick A is longer than stick B and that stick B is longer than stick C. If Jalen is capable of making transitive inferences, he would also be able to conclude that ________.

stick <i>A</i> is longer than stick <i>C</i>

The phonics approach to reading ________.

stresses the relationship between letters and sounds, thus enabling children to decode words

In a traditional classroom, ________.

students are relatively passive

In the context of teaching children with special needs, inclusive classrooms are classrooms in which _____

students with learning difficulties learn alongside typical students in the regular academic setting for part or all of the school day

In the context of teaching children with special needs, inclusive classrooms are classrooms in which ________.

students with learning difficulties learn alongside typical students in the regular academic setting for part or all of the school day

Children who become fluent in two languages ________.

tend to have especially efficient executive function skills

U.S. legislation mandates that schools place children who require special supports for learning in ________.

the "least restrictive" environments that meet their educational needs

Metalinguistic awareness refers to the ability to ________.

think about language as a system

On the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V), which factor emphasizes culture-dependent information?

verbal comprehension

Research on metacognition shows that school-age children ________.

view the mind as an active, constructive agent that selects and transforms information

Children who enter school low in phonological awareness _______

who do not receive phonics training are substantially behind their agemates in text comprehension by third grade