INQUIZITIVE; Chapter 02
The Magna Carta was written in 1215, but by 1600 it was being interpreted very differently than its original intention. Identify the important issue at the heart of the new interpretation of this document.
All Englishmen had rights and freedoms.
Traders, religious missionaries, and colonial authorities all sought to reshape Indian society and culture. Identify the statements below that describe the recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians.
Colonists frequently forced out Indians, and then settled on the land that they had cleared. The conflicts resulted in feelings of superiority from the colonists and further encouraged their creation of boundaries between the two cultures.
Identify the statements that describe Lord Calvert and his vision for Maryland.
Lord Calvert was Catholic and wanted Maryland to be a refuge for those Catholics persecuted in England. Lord Calvert was the son of one of King Charles I's favorites and wanted to create a feudal system in Maryland.
Analyze the passage below from John Winthrop, "Speech to the Massachusetts General Court" (July 3, 1645). Why does Winthrop consider "natural" liberty dangerous?
Natural liberty does not obey authority; instead it acts on its own will, and as such has the potential to lead men to evil.
Which of the following statements about Puritanism are historically accurate?
Puritans believed that the Church of England had not broken cleanly enough with the Catholic Church. Puritans followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin.
Identify the statements that describe seventeenth-century society in terms of freedom.
describes seventeenth-century freedom: People's ideas of liberty varied enormously depending on their status in society. Settlers lived on a "spectrum" of freedom that encompassed a wide variety of different kinds of freedom. does not describe seventeenth-century freedom: Women enjoyed full economic freedom to participate in business, engage in politics, and participate in decision making in the home.
By the 1660s and 1670s, ministers were regularly castigating people for selfishness, manifestations of pride, violations of the Sabbath, and a "great backsliding" from the colony's original purposes. Identify the statements that describe "jeremiads" and how ministers used them to influence the actions of settlers.
warnings issued by ministers for violations of the church's teaching interpretations of social and environmental issues—such as failed crops and disease—as God's disapproval
Identify the reasons why landownership was so important to English settlers.
It gave men the right to vote in most colonies. It gave men control over their own labor.
Identify the first permanently settled English colony.
Jamestown
By the 1660s and 1670s, ministers were regularly castigating the people for selfishness, manifestations of pride, violations of the Sabbath, and a "great backsliding" from the colony's original purposes. Identify the statements that describe "jeremiads" and how ministers used them to influence the actions of settlers.
warnings issued by ministers for violations of the church's teaching. Interpretations of social and environmental issues-like failed crops and disease- as God's disapproval.
The settlement at Roanoke represented an early failure for the English to colonize. Identify why it most likely failed.
Although it is not known for sure, the English colonists at Roanoke most likely moved and blended in with Native tribes.
Identify which criticisms of the church and the King of England resulted in Roger Williams's banishment from the colony of Massachusetts.
He believed in religious toleration, citing that God had singled out not only the Puritans for salvation. He was critical of the King of England for taking land from the natives without payment.
Identify which criticisms of the church and the King of England resulted in Roger Williams's banishment from the colony of Massachusetts.
He believed in religious toleration, citing that God had singled out not only the Puritans for salvation. He was critical of the Kind of England for taking land from the natives without payment.
Identify the statements that describe an indentured servant or the conditions in which indentured servants lived.
Indentured servants could be bought and sold like slaves, and their obligations to labor were enforced by the court. Indentured servants were men and women from Europe who signed a labor contract in order to pay their way to the New World.
Identify the first permanently settled English colony in North America.
Jamestown
Why does Winthrop consider "natural" liberty dangerous?
Natural liberty doesn't obey authority; instead it acts on its own will, and as such, has the potential to lead men to evil.
"Moral liberty" was critical to the personal and governed lives of Puritans in Massachusetts. Identify the statement that describes the limits to personal freedom that accompanied "moral liberty."
Puritans had to subject themselves to authority, which included their personal freedoms regulated by the church and God
As a result of the struggle over English liberties, the definition of freedom was greatly expanded both in England and English North America.
True
In the seventeenth century, approximately 500,000 people emigrated from England, largely due to the poor economic conditions in the country. List the emigrants' destinations in order of popularity.
01. Ireland and the west indies 02. Virginia and Maryland 03. The middle colonies and New England
Identify the statements that describe the Great Migration and its impact on New England.
describes the Great Migration: created the foundation for a stable and thriving society in Massachusetts. involved the emigration of Puritans from England to Massachusetts between 1629 and the 1640s. does not describe the Great Migration: represented the largest flow of people out of England in the 1630s the name given to the flow of refugees from New Spain to North America after the Pueblo Revolt
Which of the following statements correctly describe the founding of Harvard College in Massachusetts?
established by Massachusetts leaders to ensure an educated ministry the first college established in the English colonies of North America
Analyze the images below. What do these images reveal about the relationship between the settlers and Indians in New England in the 1600s?
By the time settlers arrived, some Indians were accustomed to Europeans, and both offered them assistance and traded with them. Europeans were drawn to the New World because they felt it was their Christian responsibility to "save" the Indians. While English settlers perceived Indians to be in need of their help, in reality they were skilled hunters and farmers and offered assistance to the settlers.
When compared to early and rapid success for the Spanish, the English were slow to get their colonies into a profitable state. Identify the reasons why Jamestown was unsuccessful in the first five years.
Diseases and illnesses such as malaria, dysentery, and typhoid took a heavy toll on the settlers. English colonists were too focused on finding large veins of gold as it was rumored the Spanish had done so easily. Early English settlers included numerous sons of English gentry and high-status craftsmen who did not want to grow crops or perform labor.
An important strategy in England's attempt to subdue the Irish in the seventeenth century was to integrate them into English society.
False
In seventeenth-century England, working for wages was widely associated with servility and loss of liberty. Only those who controlled their own labor could be regarded as truly free. Based on this understanding, which type of worker would claim the most personal liberty and freedom?
Farmers
Colonial English women were defined by their legal status as "feme covert" (married) or "feme sole" (single). Identify the unique privileges feme sole women enjoyed.
Feme sole women could make contracts and conduct business. Feme sole women could own land.
It took convincing to get Queen Elizabeth I to support colonization. Identify the ideas that were reflected in Richard Hakluyt's A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, which listed twenty-three reasons why Queen Elizabeth I should support the establishment of colonies.
Hakluyt argued that the English could compete against the Spanish Catholics for converted Indian souls in the New World. Hakluyt argued that colonies would be a solution for unemployment. Hakluyt argued that the New World needed to be rescued from the Spanish empire.
Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton were denounced for Antinomianism, or putting their own judgment or faith above the teachings of the church. Identify the statements that describe the significance of Anne Hutchinson to the region's religious culture.
Hutchinson demonstrated how Puritan belief in each individual's ability to interpret the Bible could lead to criticism of the establishment. Although religious tolerance as a concept would not take root in the colonies for many years, Hutchinson showed other interpretations of the Bible and critiqued preachers.
Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton were denounced for Antinomianism, or putting their own judgment or faith above the teachings of the church. Identify the statements that describe the significance of Anne Hutchinson to the region's religious culture.
Hutchinson demonstrated how Puritan belief in each individual's ability to interpret the Bible could lead to criticism of the establishment. Although religious tolerance as a concept would not take root in the colonies for many years, Hutchinson showed other interpretations of the Bible and critiqued preachers.
Identify the statements that describe the significance of the headright system and the House of Burgesses to the development of Virginia.
In order to attract more settlers, the Virginia Company introduced the headlight system that awarded land to individuals who paid for their passage to the New World. The House of Burgesses was the first elected assembly in colonial America, and it was established in place of the governor's militaristic regime.
What does this image reveal about the subtle changes that took place in Indian life as Indians became integrated into the Atlantic economy?
Indians adopted English-made attire and products, including those made of metal. Although settlers tried to impose their way of life on the Indians, the Indians did maintain their cultural identities and practices.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the early history of English colonialism. Just as the "reconquest" of Spain from the Moors established patterns that would be repeated in Spanish New World colonization, the methods used in Ireland anticipated policies England would undertake in America. Some sixteenth-century English writers directly compared the allegedly barbaric "wild Irish" with American Indians.
Ireland, American Indians
Identify the reasons why land ownership was so important to English settlers.
It gave men the right to vote in most colonies. It gave men control over their own labor.
Maryland in the 1640s verged on total anarchy. Identify the statements that describe the Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act) and its impact on society at that time.
It guaranteed all Christians the "free exercise" of religion, institutionalizing the principle of religious toleration that had been applied since the colony's beginning. The law was a milestone in the history of religious freedom in colonial America. The act did not establish religious toleration and liberty in the sense we know it today, as people who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ were punished.
Identify the statements that describe John Winthrop and his beliefs about the concept of liberty.
John Winthrop believed that true freedom required individuals to submit to both religious and secular authorities. John Winthrop was the first governor of Massachusetts.
In the mid-seventeenth century, some Puritan leaders began to worry about their society's growing commercialization and declining piety, or "declension." Identify the statements that describe the Half-Way Covenant and its impact on the church.
Massachusetts churches were forced to deal with a growing problem—the religious status of the third generation. This led to the creation of the Half-Way Covenant The Half-Way Covenant made ancestry, not religious conversion, the pathway into the church and inclusion among the elect.
There were many demographic differences when looking at the early settlers of Virginia and those who settled in Massachusetts. Identify the characteristics of the two colonial settlements.
Massachusetts: - The majority of the population consisted of families. - Family farms produced a diverse array of crops along with fish and timber. - The population was healthier due to the climate. Virginia: - Tobacco was the most common cash crop. - The majority of the population was made up of single men. - The House of Burgesses was its first body of government.
The idea of freedom suddenly took on new and expanded meanings between 1640 and 1660. Identify the statements that describe the Levellers and their contributions to the expanded idea of freedom during this time.
Offered a glimpse of the modern definition of freedom as a universal entitlement based on equal rights, not a function of social class. Was the first democratic political movement that proposed a written constitution, which proposed to abolish the monarchy and expand the right to vote.
Traders, religious missionaries, and colonial authorities all sought to reshape Indian society and culture. Identify the statements that describe the recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians.
The conflicts resulted in feelings of superiority from the colonists and further encouraged their creation of boundaries between the two cultures. Colonists frequently forced out Indians, and then settled on the land that they had cleared.
Identify the characteristics of colonial Virginia
The majority of the population was single men. Tobacco was the most common cash crop. The House Burgesses was their first body of government.
England had many internal problems that caused both a civil war and persecution throughout the 1500s. Identify the primary conflict during this time.
The struggle to unify under one church
Identify the statements that describe the English Civil War in 1642.
There were religious disputes about how fully the Church of England should distance its doctrines from Catholicism. There was conflict over the concept of "English Liberty." There was conflict over restrictions to liberties, including the king issuing taxes without parliamentary consent.
As a result of the Pequot War, which was caused by the massacre of the Pequot tribe for its actions against a fur trader, all remaining members of the tribe were killed or sold into slavery. The final treaty that ended the conflict stated that as punishment the tribe's name would be wiped from historical record.
True
As a result of the Pequot War, which was caused by the massacre of the tribe for their actions against a fur trader, all remaining members of the tribe were killed or sold into slavery. The final treaty that ended the conflict stated that as punishment the tribe's name would be wiped from historical record.
True
Tobacco played a transformative role in the colonies. Both the crown and colonial planters grew rich from the sales of tobacco to the ever-expanding mass market in Europe. As such, it became Virginia's substitute for gold.
True
Identify the statements that describe Oliver Cromwell and his policy of colonial expansion.
describes Oliver Cromwell: English ruler who assumed power after the execution of Charles I led an aggressive policy of colonial expansion, extending English control over Ireland and Jamaica does not describe Oliver Cromwell: peacefully negotiated the expansion of English power over Ireland and Jamaica strong proponent of religious liberty, establishing laws regarding religious tolerations that serve as the foundation for our modern understanding of freedom of religion
What was the enclosure movement?
landlords displacing small farmers from their lands and fencing in their holdings to keep commoners away.
Native and English colonial groups traded many goods and ideas. Identify the goods and ideas Indians shared with the colonists.
native farming techniques. furs and animal skins. free, uncultivated land.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage below describing John Smith and his historical significance. John Smith was one of the first leaders of the Jamestown Colony. He applied the same strict discipline he learned from his military background to the rule of the colony. For example, he imposed forced labor on company land in order to produce enough food to feed the colony. After being injured, he was replaced by a successor who continued his strong leadership.
the Jamestown Colony, discipline, forced labor
Identify the characteristics of colonial Massachusetts
the majority of the population consisted of families. the population was healthier due to the climate. family farms produced a diverse array of crops along with fish and timber.
In the video, Dr. Foner discusses the cultural and political impact of the mid-seventeenth-century conflict between the English monarchy and parliament. Using information from the video, complete the following passage. The English Civil War led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and the execution of Charles I. Amidst the political crisis, radical new ideas found expression, such as those of the Levellers, who advocated for universal male suffrage and religious freedom.
the monarchy, Charles I, the Levellers, religious freedom
In English Liberties, Or, The Free-Born Subject's Inheritance (1680), British journalist Henry Care describes various forms of government. Match each one to the country he cites as a specific example. Note that some countries and/or descriptions may not have a match.
"Arbitrary tyranny...whose wills (or rather lusts) dispose of the lives and fortunes of their unhappy subjects.": Turkey, France "...each man having a fixed fundamental right born with him as to the freedom of his person and property in his estate, which he cannot be deprived of, but either by his consent, or some crime for which the law has imposed...": England
Place the following events in chronological order to describe early English colonization.
01. Hakluyt wrote A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, arguing that Queen Elizabeth I should support colonies in the New World. 02. Roanoke Island was settled but ultimately failed due to lack of planning. 03. Jamestown, Virginia, was established in hopes of turning a quick profit but ultimately faced numerous challenges. 04. Pilgrims settle in Plymouth, Massachusetts. 05. The Mayflower Compact, the first written frame of government in what is now the United States, is created.
European powers were slower to take an interest in North America than in South America and the Caribbean. Place the following North American settlements in chronological order according to their establishment.
01. The Virginia Company finances Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in America. 02. Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in North America is founded. 03. Henry Hudson's exploration leads to the founding of New Netherlands, the first permanent settlement in North America. 04. The Spanish settle Sante Fe as the capital of New Mexico.
The Spanish and the English used the language of religion to explain their campaigns of North American conquest, but each used it differently. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage comparing the two. Just as Spain justified its empire in part by claiming to convert Indians to Catholicism, England expressed its imperial ambitions in terms of an obligation to liberate the New World from the tyranny of the pope. The first justification James I offered for the English settlement of Virginia was "propagating of the Christian religion [by which he meant Protestantism] to such people as yet live in darkness and miserable ignorance of the true knowledge and worship of God."
Catholicism, the pope, Virginia
Analyze the map below. What does it reveal about English settlements in New England, circa 1640?
Settlements did not spread farther west than the Hudson River at this time. The Connecticut settlement spread along the Connecticut and Thames rivers. Massachusetts was the largest settlement, extending along the coast from the present-day state of Maine to Massachusetts.
What would a map of New England reveal about English settlements in 1640?
Settlements didn't spread farther west than the Hudson River at this time. Massachusetts was the largest settlement, extending along the coast from the present-day state of Maine to Massachusetts. The Connecticut settlement spread along the Connecticut and Thames Rivers.
Identify the rights and responsibilities of people living in Massachusetts as outlined in the Body of Liberties.
Slavery was allowed in the Body of Liberties. Liberties were viewed as privileges connected to one's place in the social order. A separate list of rights and restrictions existed for those who were "dependent" on others, including women, children, and servants.
The establishment of Virginia and Maryland shared many similarities and also some notable differences. Identify which of the following characteristics correspond to either Virginia, Maryland, or both settlements.
Virginia: This settlement was established by a company of investors. Maryland: Indentured servants were more likely to become landowners. People of Catholic faith could find refuge and were encouraged to settle here. Both: Tobacco was the leading cash crop. The headlight system was in place. Indentured servants were relied upon for the majority of labor in the early years. Conditions were unhealthy, leading to a high death rate for adults and children.