International Business - Chapter 13
What are two advantages of turnkey projects?
Entering markets where FDI is limited by host government Earning greater returns from valuable assets
What are three methods companies use for entering foreign markets?
Exports Franchising Joint Ventures
Which entry mode's major advantage is that a firm has more control over the kind of subsidiary it wants in a foreign market?
Greenfield venture
The foreign entry mode that is the most costly, with firms bearing the full capital costs and risks of operating overseas, is ______.
a wholly owned subsidiary
What are three disadvantages of exporting?
Tariff barriers can make exporting uneconomical Not taking advantage of location economies associated with manufacturing elsewhere High transportation can raise price of product
A firm enters a market on a(n) ______ scale when it commits significant resources to this effort.
large
The benefits of franchising are similar to the benefits of ______.
licensing
Acquisitions are considered _____ (slow or quick?) to execute.
quick
In a licensing deal, the licensor receives payment in the form of ____ from the licensee.
royalties
When a company decides that it will take too long to establish a sizable presence in a country, it will likely use ______ to enter the country.
an acquisition
A(n) ______ is a form of foreign direct investment where a parent company builds its operations in a foreign country from the ground up. In addition to the construction of new production facilities, these projects can also include the building of new distribution hubs, offices and living quarters.
greenfield strategy
A company that enters a country where there are no existing competitors may have to rely on ______ as the only mode of entry.
greenfield venture
What are two ways a company can set up a wholly owned subsidiary in a foreign country?
Acquire an established firm A greenfield venture
Which is an example of a major strategic commitment by a company?
Entering a foreign market on a significant scale
What are three disadvantages of greenfield ventures?
Slower to establish Risky to establish Preemption by other competitors
The three main disadvantages of turnkey projects include:
They may create competitors. They may lose the competitive advantage of their process technology. There is no long-term interest in the foreign country.
As pressures for cost reductions increase, the two most appropriate foreign market entry modes would be
exporting. wholly owned subsidiary.
Pioneering costs are associated with _____.
first-mover disadvantages
Who is typically responsible for the costs and risks in a franchise agreement?
franchisee
One way to control technology in a joint venture arrangement is for one company to
hold majority ownership.
Costs that companies entering a market early have to pay, but which firms late to the market do not have to bear, are called ______ costs.
pioneering
As an early entrant into the German market, Jason's company made several significant and expensive mistakes. Jason underestimated the financial liability the company would face as a foreign firm. This liability is an example of
pioneering costs
Cross-licensing agreements allow firms to do what two things?
protect technological know-how make the partner accountable
In which entry mode, does a firm own 100% of the stock?
wholly-owned subsidiary
What are three advantages of being a first-mover?
Building sales volume Creating switching costs Preempting rivals
What are three reasons that acquisitions fail?
Culture clashes between acquired and acquiring firms Not realizing gains from integrating operations Overpayment for assets of the acquired firm
What are three examples of intangible property?
Designs Patents Copyrights
According to the text, which three characteristics are important to consider when determining the long-run economic benefits of doing business in another country?
Purchasing power of consumers Size of the market Future wealth of consumers
What are three advantages of a joint venture?
Shared development costs and risks Lowers risk of adverse government response Local partner's knowledge of the host country
True or False: Though there are many advantages to acquisitions, acquisitions often produce disappointing results.
True
A type of entry mode that is common in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and petroleum-refining industries in which a contractor agrees to handle every detail of a project for a foreign client is called ______.
a turnkey project
Bob's Bicycle Company is planning to enter into foreign markets where there are already well-established incumbent enterprises and in which global competitors are also interested in establishing a presence. Based on these circumstances, Bob's Bicycle Company should enter the foreign markets via ______.
acquisition
Starting a subsidiary from "scratch" where nothing is established is called a(n)
greenfield venture.
What are two disadvantages of franchising?
lack of quality control franchiser cannot take profits out of one country to support another
what are three disadvantages to licensing for the licensor?
A licensor can lose control over its technology by licensing it. A licensor does not have control over manufacturing, marketing and strategy. Licensing limits the ability to coordinate strategic moves across several countries.
Which three statements are TRUE about franchising?
It is similar to a license but with a longer time commitment. The franchisee commits to abiding by strict rules on how it does business. The franchiser typically receives a royalty payment.
What three basic decisions must firms evaluate when considering foreign expansion?
Which markets to enter When to enter markets On what scale to enter markets
Harrison Freight Inc. felt it was important to release their newest product to the European market before everyone else so they could establish their brand before their competition did. The company wants to benefit from _____.
a first-mover advantage
Not being able to take advantage of lower-cost locations for manufacturing, dealing with high transport costs, and facing tariff barriers are disadvantages of ______.
exporting
True or false: Foreign market entry decisions are based on the varying levels of risk and reward.
True
One disadvantage of a turnkey project is that a company might inadvertently
create a competitor
Quick Auto Parts does not want to establish a manufacturing facility in Mexico but does want to get component parts to the 75 dealers it has in that country. Which form of entry should it use?
exporting
Late entrants to a market can benefit from the pioneering costs associated with early entry. What are two of those benefits?
learning from the mistakes made by early entrants building on existing consumer education about the product
A turnkey project can be _____ risky than conventional foreign direct investment in a country with an unstable political climate.
less
John's U.S.-based company is considering doing business in London, England. The costs and risks associated with doing business in London are considered ____ because it is economically advanced and politically stable. (Choose high or low.)
low
What are two disadvantages of operating a wholly owned subsidiary?
Bearing all the cost Bearing all the risk
True or False: A commitment that is strategic has a short-term impact and is easy to reverse.
False
What three factors help a company determine which entry mode is most appropriate?
Trade barriers Firm strategy Transportation costs
True or false: Many acquisitions fail because of a clash between the cultures of the two organizations.
True
Among other things, being first typically enables a company to establish ______ and ______ before other entrants to the market arrive.
brand recognition customer loyalty
According to Bartlett and Ghoshal, a late mover company should try to learn as much as it can from competitors and _____ in order to succeed.
differentiate its product offering
What two things did Christopher Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal say a late mover company should do to succeed against well-established competitors?
differentiate its product offering benchmark competitor operations
If a business wants lower costs and less risk when doing business in a foreign country, it should consider those countries that are
economically advanced.
Exporting, licensing and joint ventures with a host-country firm are examples of ______ for serving global markets.
entry modes
When a company enters a market early, it usually has a(n) _____ advantage.
first-mover
Kettle-Bright Corp. was the first company to introduce electric teapots in South America. The company had to establish production standards and educate customers about the benefits of the product which cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to do. These expenses are examples of _____.
first-mover disadvantages
Something of worth that cannot be touched or held, such as a formula, is considered to be ______ property.
intangible
An association of two or more companies engaged in a solitary business enterprise for profit without actual partnership or incorporation is called a(n) ______.
joint venture
A shared business risk and shared resources and responsibility are both advantages of ______.
joint ventures
Higher risk and lack of flexibility are drawbacks of ____ -scale (large or small?) entry into a foreign market.
large
When entering a global market using a(n) ___ -scale (large or small?) entry strategy, a firm may be able to capture first-mover advantages associated with scale economies.
large
Company ABC is unwilling to commit the necessary capital to construct a facility in Malaysia. However, they have determined that they want to enter that market. One option for the company might be a
licensing agreement.
Firms that do not have access to the capital necessary to develop overseas operations should engage in a(n)
licensing agreement.
In order to make sure that a foreign enterprise has organizational customs and behaviors that are NOT antagonistic to an acquiring enterprise, it is vital that the acquiring enterprise screen the
management culture.
Many service firms base their competitive advantage on
management know-how.
What are three advantages of acquisitions?
quick to execute preempt the competition less risky than greenfield ventures
Using a(n) ___ -scale (large or small?) entry strategy to enter global markets, a firm can take time to gather information to determine if it should enter the market should on a more significant scale.
small
An early strategic commitment to large scale entry may mean that a firm can benefit from what three things?
switching costs demand preemptions scale economies
According to _____, top managers typically overestimate their ability to create value from an acquisition because they have an exaggerated sense of their own capabilities.
the hubris hypothesis
When considering the three basic decisions a firm must make when it decides to enter a foreign market, it must determine the market to enter, the timing of entrance, and
the scale
The most typical joint venture involves a ____ stake in ownership between two companies.
50-50
Parul believes her company's newest technology product will be quickly imitated by others. When a company's competitive advantage is based on control of proprietary technological know-how, that company should AVOID a(n) ______ arrangement as it might lead to losing control of the technology.
Licensing
If a firm is determining which foreign entry strategy to use, but is concerned with maintaining control over its proprietary technology, which two entry modes should it AVOID?
Licensing Joint ventures
What are two reasons a firm would choose NOT to enter a new market on a large scale?
May not have the resources available to commit to a large scale Prefer to enter slowly so they can become more familiar with the market
What are two advantages of exporting?
Not having to establish manufacturing operations in host country Helps a firm achieve experience curve and location economies
______ costs arise when the foreign business system is so different from that in the home market that the firm must devote considerable time, effort and expense to learning the rules of the game.
Pioneering
______ might be one disadvantage on acquisitions.
Increased debt
Henry's company decided to introduce a line of winter clothing to its product mix available in South Africa. One year later, the line was removed, since it failed to sell. What was the MOST LIKELY reason this product failed to sell in South Africa?
The products were not suitable for the market.
True or false: Transportation costs would have an effect on which entry mode a company uses.
True
One serious risk associated with licensing is the risk of losing competitive advantage because of licensing a company's _____.
technology
An international business can create value when bringing products to another country; however, this primarily depends on the attractiveness of the product being offered and
the existence of competition.
what are two types of intangible property that can be associated with a licensing agreement?
trademark patent
______ generally occur(s) between companies that hold patents over different aspects of the same product. By entering into an agreement, both companies can avoid litigation over infringement disputes.
Cross-licensing
True or false: As the pressure to reduce costs increases, a firm will focus on location and experience curve economies. These firms would MOST LIKELY consider franchising and joint ventures entry modes. True false question.
False
True or false: Greenfield ventures are more risky than acquisitions because there is greater potential for unpleasant surprises.
False
______ involves one firm selling intangible property to another firm and insisting that the receiver of the intangible property abides by strict rules on how it does business.
Franchising
What are two disadvantages of joint ventures?
Giving up control of technology to the host country partner Not having tight control over a local partner to realize experience curve or location economies
At Jackson Electric, the company's core competence is based in the proprietary technology it has developed for kitchen appliances. Which foreign entry mode should Jackson Electric avoid in order to protect this technology?
Joint venture
If a service firm's core competency is managerial know-how, which two foreign entry modes make the most sense?
Joint ventures Franchising
What are three advantages of a wholly owned subsidiary?
The firm can retain competitive advantage based on technology. The firm may realize location and experience curve economies. The firm has tight control over foreign operations.
When determining whether or not to engage in a business in a foreign country, analysts should consider that future economic growth rates within any country are a function of both ______ and ______. (Check the two that apply.)
a free market system a country's capacity for growth
A company that gains entry into a foreign market through ______ has total control over the products or services manufactured or sold.
a greenfield venture
If a firm is highly concerned about choosing a politically acceptable entry mode, the firm should choose
a joint venture.
Prior to purchasing a foreign company, it is imperative that the potential buyer screens the financial position and management culture of the foreign company and obtains a detailed audit of operations. These are all vital steps in the ______ strategy.
acquisition
What are two disadvantages of small-scale entry?
difficult to build market share difficult to capture first-mover advantages
A company that enters a foreign market on a large scale must consider the lack of _____ associated with significant commitments.
flexibility
Quiet-Night Hotel Corp. has developments around the globe. Customers expect the same experience in every hotel but that has been a problem as not every hotel follows the expectations set down by the company. Quality control is a significant disadvantage of ______.
franchising
Slim-Stuff Yogurt would like to enter into a foreign market and build a production facility. The company knows there are currently no competitors or similar companies currently in that market. Which entry mode would be most appropriate for the company to use?
greenfield venture
Entering a large developing nation like China before most other international companies, and entering on a large scale, will be associated with ____ levels of risk. (Choose high or low.)
high
Conrad's US based company entered the European market long after its competitors had established themselves. This is known as ________ entry.
late
When a business enters a foreign market after other foreign firms, the situation is defined as ______ entry.
late
The drawbacks of a ____ -scale (large or small?) entry strategy include the inability to capture first-mover advantages.
small
The strategy that allows firms to take their time to acquire information about a prospective market so they can determine how best to enter the market is
small-scale entry.
Lisette works for Southwest Petroleum Corp. Her company is responsible for every aspect of setting up a refinery location for its clients. Southwest Petroleum builds the site, trains personnel, and notifies the client when the refinery is ready for operation. What foreign entry mode does this represent?
turnkey project
