Intro to Business CH.10
What is the difference between Frederick Herzberg's motivator and hygiene factors?
Company polices, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and salary
What levels of need did Maslow identify?
Starting at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy and going to the top, the levels of need are physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization
Theory X
The average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible Because of this dislike, workers must be forced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment to make them put forth the effort to achieve the organizations goals
What led to the more human-based managerial styles?
The greatest impact on motivation theory was generated by the Hawthorne studies in the late 1920's and the early 1930s. IN these studies, Elton Mayo found that human factors such as feelings of involvement and participation led to greater productivity gains than did physical changes in the workplace
Hawthorne Effect
The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied
According to Herzberg's study, which of the following were listed by workers as among the top 5 factors that create motivation instead of being dissatisfies on the job?
sense of achievement earned recognition for a job
An assumption about people made by a Theory Y manager is that people:
naturally like to work
Which element in the work environment was found to be dissatisfying when not present, but when present did not serve as a motivator for workers?
pay and job security
Which of the following are included in Maslow's hierarchy of Needs?
physiological safety social
Which type of management became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s?
Scientific
Motivation:
moves people to action
Select assumptions made by Theory X managers about people.
people prefer to avoid work people must be controlled and forced to work People are motivated to avoid punishment
Select assumptions made by a Theory Y manager about people.
people seek responsibility and people like to work
According to Herzberg, interest in the work itself is a(n) _______ .
motivator
Who developed Theory X and Theory Y?
Douglas McGregor held that manager have one of two opposing attitudes toward employees. He call them Theory X and Theory Y.
Which of the following theories of motivation is the basis for Management by Objectives?
Drucker's Goal-setting theory
When you receive something in recognition of good work, such as a bonus or pay raise, is it an example of an intrinsic or extrinsic reward?
Extrinsic
Job enrichment theory is based on the higher level motivators of which theorists?
Frederick Herzberg and Abraham Maslow
The tendency of people to behave differently when they know they are being studied is the:
Hawthorne Effect
Hygiene Factors
In Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased.
How can managers encourage open communication?
Manager can create an organizational culture that reward listening, train supervisors and managers to listen, use effective questioning techniques, remove barriers to open communication, avoid vague and ambiguous communication, and actively make it easier for all to communicate.
What did Abraham Maslow find human motivation to be based on?
Maslow studied basic human motivation and found that motivation was based on needs. He said that a person with an unfilled need would be motivated to satisfy it an that a satisfied need no longer served as motivation
What are some common characteristics of Millennials?
Millennials tend to be adaptable, tech-savvy, able to grasp new concepts, practiced at multitasking, efficient, and tolerant. They often place a higher value on work-life balance, expect their employers to adapt to them, and are more likely to rank fun and stimulation in their top five ideal-job requirements
Theory Y
Most people like work; it is as natural as play or rest Most people naturally work toward goals to which they are committed The depth of a persons commitment to goals depends on the perceived rewards for achieving them Under certain conditions, most people not only accept but also seek responsibility People are capable of using a relatively high degree of imagination, creativity, and cleverness to solve problems
Scientific Management
Studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques
Equity Theory
The idea the employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions
What characteristics of work affect motivation and performance?
The job characteristics that influence motivation are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback
Intrinsic Reward
The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals
Reinforcement Theory
Theory that positive and negative reinforcements motivate a person to behave in certain ways. Variables: Positive reinforcers are rewards like praise, recognition, or raises that a worker might strive to receive after performing well. Negative reinforcers are punishments such as reprimands, pay cuts, or firing that a worker might be expected to try to avoid
Can mangers use Masiow's Theory?
Yes, they can recognize what unmet needs a person has and design work so that it satisfies those needs
Small businesses can motivate their workers without increasing costs by giving them:
a collaborative work environment and stock options
The belief that your work makes a difference and gives you satisfaction is an example of:
an intrinsic reward
What is theory Y?
assumes people like working and will accept responsibility for achieving goals if rewarded for doing so.
What is Theory X?
assumes the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. Therefore, people must be forced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to accomplish organization goals.
What is theory Z?
based on Japanese management styles and stresses long-term employment; collective decision making; individual responsibility; slow evaluation and promotion; implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized control; moderately specialized career paths; and a holistic concern for employees (including family)
Based on expectancy theory, before providing maximum effort to a task employees will ask themselves three questions. Which of these is the first question employees need to answer?
can I accomplish the task
Vroom's motivation theory states that the amount of effort that employees exert o a specific task is based on their ____ of the outcome.
expectations
Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?
feeling that your work contributes to the company, feeling that your work contributes to society, personal satisfaction
Positive and negative reinforces applied to motivate a person to behave in a certain way Is the application of:
reinforcement theory
According to Herzberg's study, motivators that gave employees satisfaction and motivated them:
related mostly to job content
When implementing management by objectives it is a managers responsibility to involve everyone, commit employees to the goals, monitor progress, and ____ accomplishments.
reward
According to Vroom, before committing maximum effort to task employees will first ask themselves three questions:
"Can I do this?" , "will I be rewarded?" , and "Do I like the reward?"
Job enlargement
A job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment
Job rotation
A job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from on job to another
Management by objectives (MBO)
A system of goal setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees
The theory of human motivation is often associated with _____ who believed that motivation arises from an unmet need.
Abraham Maslow
How are Generation X managers likely to be different from their baby boomer predecessors?
Baby boomers tend to be willing to work long hours to build their careers and often expect their subordinates to do likewise. Gen Xers may strike for a more balance lifestyle and are likely to focus on results rather than on how many hours their teams work. Gen Xers tend to be better than previous generations at working in teams and providing frequent feedback. They usually are not bound by tradition that may constrain those who have been with an organization for a long time and are willing to try new approaches to solving problems
Motivators
In Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased. These factors can be used to motivate workers: Work Itself Achievement Recognition Responsibility Growth and advancement
What is the difference between high-context and low-context cultures?
In hig context, people build personal relationships and develop group trust before focusing on tasks. In low context, people often view relationship building as a waste of time that diverts attention from the task
Name two forms of job enrichment that increase motivation
Job enlargement combines a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment. Job rotation makes work more interesting by moving employees from one job to another
How does open communication improve employee motivation?
Open communication helps both top mangers and employees understand the objectives and work together to achieve them
Principle of motion economy
Theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions
Masiow's hierarchy of needs
Theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self-actualization needs.
Expectancy Theory
Victor Vroom's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome. employee expectation can affect an individuals motivation. Key Elements: Can I accomplish that task? If I do accomplish it, what's lay reward? Is the reward worth the effort?
Giving employees the authority to make decisions and the tools to implement the decisions they make is called:
empowerment
Managers should try to avoid problems about ____ by ensuring that rewards are distributed on the basis of performance and that all employees clearly understand the basis for their pay and benefits.
equity
_____ ______ do not move people to action when present in the workplace.
hygiene factors
According to Herzberg, which of the following motivates workers instead of being a hygiene factors?
interesting work
Combining tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment for a worker is called:
job enlargement
The motivation strategy that motivates workers through the job itself it:
job enrichment
Moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating is called:
job rotation
A system of goal setting and implementation designed by Peter Drucker is called ____ _____ ______.
management by objectives (MBO)
Which of the following are examples of factors that contributed to increased worker productivity during the Hawthorne studies?
management respect and interaction, worker involvement in managerial decisions, and social group membership and informality
Which of these are basic elements of Taylors Scientific Method?
method rules of work time
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, after you have eaten, you are no longer _____ to find food.
motivated
Extrinsic reward
something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions
The management by Objectives system is most effective in _____ situations that allow long-range planning
stable
Time motion studies
studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task
Taylors method was to:
study the most efficient way to do a task, determine the one "best" way
Goal-setting theory
the idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational condition
Frederick Taylor wrote:
the principals of scientific management
Studies of the tasks performed in a job and the ____ needed for each is time-motion study.
time
What kind of study analyzes which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task?
time motion
What is Frederick Taylor known for?
was one of the first people to study management and has been called the father of scientific management. He conducted time motion studies to learn the most efficient way of doing a hob and then trained workers in those procedures. He published his book "The principles of Scientific Management" in 1911. Henry L. Gantt and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were followers of Taylor
Companies can minimize the perception of unfairness in the workplace by having clear and frequent communication?
with all employees
Job Enrichment
a motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself