Intro to Psychology Cognition and Language

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

dual processing

A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers BEST illustrates the importance of:

recognition

A multiple-choice test is a good example of testing retention using:

anterograde

After a severe bout of encephalitis, Clive Wearing could no longer develop new memories. Clive suffered from _____ amnesia.

misexpression effect

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates:

linguistic determinism.

Ahote is a 25-year-old Hopi. The Hopi have no past tense for their verbs, and it is very difficult for Ahote to readily think about the past. Benjamin Whorf would suggest that this is caused by:

aphasia

An impairment in language is called _____.

iconic

As Jenny was watching television the electricity went out. For a few tenths of a second, she was still able to see the last images from the screen. This is an example of _____ memory.

working memory

As Trent reads a textbook, he actively integrates sentences with the memory representation of earlier sentences that he is maintaining in memory. Trent's active processing is taking place in _____ memory.

10 months

By the age of _____ months, an infant's typical babbling has changed so that a trained ear can identify the language of the household.

psychologists of the cognitive perspective, but not by those of the behaviorist perspective.

Consciousness is considered an important topic of study by:

relearning

Cori studied French in high school but has not heard or spoken French in years. Her friend introduces her to someone from France. He begins speaking French and Cori cannot understand a word. A week later after study, she understands and can respond correctly. Cori was able to improve so rapidly due to:

change blindness

Failing to notice alterations in the environment is called _____.

selectibely permeable

Gerri ignores the sound of the television to focus on a telephone conversation. Gerri's experience BEST illustrates:

semantics; phonemes

Homonyms, such as bank (financial institution) and bank (the side of a river) differ in _____ but not _____.

The cerebellum and the basal ganglia are both involved in implicit memory.

How are the cerebellum and the basal ganglia involved in memory?

cognitive neuroscience

How consciousness arises from the material brain is a mystery at the heart of an interdisciplinary field called:

a fraction of a second to several seconds

How long does information last in sensory memory?

state-dependent memory.

If one learns a list of chemistry terms while one is in a great mood, one has a better chance of recalling that list if one is in the same kind of mood when one takes the exam. This is known as:

retrograde; anterograde

In _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident.

retrieval

In daily life, when one says one remembers some information or a piece of knowledge, one means that one is able to use it. Memory, therefore, entails not only encoding and storage but also _____.

language

Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

The MOST common response to a traumatic experience involves:

changeability of memory.

The misinformation effect highlights the:

similar; interference

The more _____ information is in two memories, the more likely it is that _____ will occur.

frontal lobes; hippocampus

The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the _____ and _____.

Recall

The retention of encoded information over time is called _____.

grammar.

The set of rules for establishing meaning from sounds and the placement of words into sensible sentences is known as:

implicit

The unconscious memory for learned skills is known as _____ memory.

encode

To get information into one's brain is to:

aware of oneself and the environment.

When one is conscious, one is:

reconsolidation.

When they are retrieved, memories are often altered before they are stored again. This process is called:

One remembers exactly what one was doing when one heard about the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012.

Which statement is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory?

storage is before retrieval

Which statement is true regarding the order in which memory processes occur?

retroactive; proactive

With respect to interference, backward-acting is to forward-acting as _____ is to _____.

Anterograde

_____ amnesia involves an inability to form new memories.

Amnesia

_____ is a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease.

one's first kiss

Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory for:

Retrival

Jake is describing a chance encounter with an acquaintance. "I couldn't remember her name, yet it was on the tip of my tongue!" he exclaims. Jake is experiencing a failure of a memory process called:

left hippocampus

James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. He may have suffered damage to his:

it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time.

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although she was not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because:

phoneme

Native German speakers pronounce the English word that as dat. This demonstrates their difficulty pronouncing an English:

morphemes

Prefixes and suffixes are examples of:

act in one's long-term interests.

Rather than just seeking pleasure and avoiding pain, consciousness helps one to:

cocktail party effect

Romina is at a large event with lots of music and conversations going on simultaneously. While talking to a friend about her latest romantic breakup, Romina hears her name spoken from the other side of the room. Romina immediately looks in the direction of the voice and sees the person who spoke her name. This ability to detect one's name being spoken in this situation is an example of:

two-word stage

Sheila is experiencing telegraphic speech and says things like "me go," "mama bye," and "dada go." She is in the _____ stage of language acquisition.

infantile

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as _____ amnesia.

Hippocampus

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the: