intro to the lab
subcatergories for clinical chemistry
-general or routine chemistry -endocrinology -Immunology -pharmacology -toxicology
type of departments
-hematology -coagulation -clinical chemistry -urinalysis -Immunology -Immunohematology -microbiology -pathology -cytology
common physician office labs
-urinalysis -hematocrit, hemoglobin -blood cell count -blood glucose -cholestrol -pregnancy -strep throat and mononucleosis
three levels of lab tests defined by CLIA
-waivd -moderate complex -highly complex
CLIA established three levels of testing.
-waived tests -moderate- complexity tests -high-complexity test.
Quality control (QC)
Method to evaluate the proper performance of testing procedures, supplies, or equipment in a laboratory
moderate level tests
Microscopic urinalysis, manual white blood cell count differentials gram staining.
External control
Monitors the test from applying the specimen to result interpretation; controls the performance of the test
Centrifugation
Process of separating blood or other body fluid cells from liquid components using a centrifuge
Melissa Miller must compare lab results with reference intervals each day as part of her medical assisting duties. What are reference intervals, and how are they significant to patient care?
Reference intervals are normal ranges for a healthy population. They are significant in determining the health of body systems or organs.
analytes
Substance or constituent for which a laboratory conducts testing
oncology
The medical treatment of cancer
Product insert
Written product information usually supplied by the manufacturer with each test kit or test system containing instructions and critical details for performing the test; aka package insert
control
a device or solution used to monitor the test to ensure correct test results.
Media
a liquid semisolid or solid nutrient used for growing bacteria from culture specimen
Unitized test device
a self-contained test device to which a specimen is added directly and in which all steps of the testing process occur. A unitized device is used for a single test and must be discarded after testing
cytogenetics
a type of cytology in which the genetic structure of the cells obtained from tissue, blood,or body fluid.
confirmatory tests
an additional, more specific test performed to rule out or confirm a preliminary test result to provide a final result.
quality assurance
an evaluation of health care services as compared to accepted standards.
what is another name for the immunohematology department in a laboratory?
blood bank
whole blood
blood containing all it cellular components.
whole blood
blood containing all its cellular components
non waved testing
complex tests that do not meet the CLIA criteria for waiver and require training and specific quality measures to ensure accuracy and reliability of test results.
autoimmunity
condition in which the immune system attacks its own host's body
critical values
considered to be live threatening test results
internal control
control built into the testing device
qualitative
has positive or negative results; not a specified amount.
High complexity test
histopathology, cytology (pap)
Microscope
identifies and counts cells and microbes
physician office laboratory (POL)
laboratory in medical office
panel
laboratory tests organized into standard groups to effectively evaluate disease processes or organ system
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)
law passed in 1988 to establish standards for quality of laboratory testing for all facilities
immunodeficiency
parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response.
provider
performed microscopy- direct examination of a patient specimen using a microscope
Aliquots
portions of the original patients specimen that have been placed into separate container to be routed to the appropriate laboratory work station for testing.
antigens
protein markers on the surfaces of cells and viruses that help the immune system identify a foreign cell or virus
centrifuge
separation of liquid into components parts
cytology
study of the microscopic structure of cells
Aerosol
suspended particles in gas or air
How does the centrifuge work, what is its purpose?
swings its contents in a circle to separate liquids into their components parts. Centrifugation is the process of separating blood or other body fluid cells from liquid components using a centrifuge.
therapeutic range
test results range the physician wants for the patient.
why would the physician want Melissa miller to record lab test result on a flow sheet?
the flow sheet is used to collect and track data it can assist the physician in providing quality care.
Quantitative
the measuring of an amount
which OSHA standard requires employers to provide gloves for the medical assistant working in POL?
the occupational exposure to Bloodborne pathogens standard requires employers to provide gloves
How does a medical assistant determine when to run quality controls on a test?
the product insert or instrument manual describes the minimum requirement for control testing
Reference interval
the range of laboratory test values expected for healthy individuals.
immunology
the study of antigen-antibody reactions
hematology
the study of blood and blood-forming tubes (WBC, RBC, platelet count,hemaglobin hemoglobin,hematocrit)
immune-hematology
the study of blood typing and compatibility testing for transfusion
Microbiology
the study of pathogens identification and antibiotic susceptibility determination
Coagulation
the study of the blood ability to clot
histology
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Toxicology
the study of the presence and measurement of drugs in the blood.
Clinical chemistry
the study of the presence and measurement of substances in the blood.
purpose of a quality assessment (QA)
to prevent problems before they occur and to document procedure when an error or problem is detected
What is the purpose of CLIA
to standardize laboratory testing and enforce quality protocols anywhere tests are performed on patients.
Serum
top liquid layer of a blood specimen if the specimen was allowed to clot.
plasma
top liquid layer of a blood specimen if the specimen was anti coagulated and not allowed to clot.
waived test
urine pregnancy test, urin dipstick
trends
when controls results progressively increase or decrease over time.
Commission on Office Laboratory Accreditation (COLA)
works to support the health care industry by providing knowledge and resources for mining quality laboratory operations.
Referral laboratory
A range established for test results assumed to be typical for a population asymptomatic for disease process.
specimen
A sample such as blood or urine used for testing to elevate a patients condition.
shifts
A situation in which quality control results make an obvious change in performance levels
chain of custody
Accurate written record to track the possession handling and location of samples and data from collection through reporting.
What POL laboratory duties are performed by MELISSA Miller in the family practice office?
Collecting samples, performing test, managing QC manintaining instruments, keeping accurate records, and reporting results.
reconstitution
Adding water to bring a material back to its liquid state
Anticoagulant
A chemical compound introduced to the blood sample to prevent clotting.
Who is authorized to order a laboratory test on a patient?
A physician, a physician assistant, or a nurse practitioner are the only health care professionals who may order a laboratory test.
Surgical pathology
The primary subspecialty of anatomic pathology. Studies are performed on tissue and body fluid specimens from aspirations, autopsies, biopsies, organ removal, and other procedures to identify or evaluate the effects of cancer and other diseases
calibration
The standardization of any measuring instrument or testing procedure