Introduction to logic
Some primates are humans. Question 5 options: 1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed. 2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed. 3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed. 4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
(I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
INSTRUCTIONS: Select the conclusion that follows in a single step from the given premises.Given the following premises: 1.Q > (H · L)2.H > ~Q3.L > ~Q Question 3 options: (Q > H) > L 1, Exp L > (H · L) 1, 3, HS Q > ~Q 1, 3, HS H > L 2, 3, HS (L > ~Q) · (H > ~Q) 2, 3, Conj
(L > ~Q) · (H > ~Q) 2, 3, Conj
Some ants are not sheep. Question 1 options: 1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed. 2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed. 3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed. 4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
(O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed.
INSTRUCTIONS: Select the conclusion that follows in a single step from the given premises.Given the following premises: 1.(S > R) > (J > T)2.(P > R) > (S > R)3.R > J Question 2 options: (P > R) > (J > T) 1, 2, HS S > J 1, 3, HS P > J 2, 3, HS (S > R) · (P > R) 1, 2, Conj R > T 1, 3, HS
(P > R) > (J > T) 1, 2, HS
Some primates are not monkeys. Question 8 options: 1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed. 2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed. 3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed. 4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed.
Some taxi cabs are not cars. Question 6 options: 1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed. 2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed. 3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed. 4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed.
Which of the following is the converse of "All even numbers are numbers that are divisible by two."? 1) All numbers that are divisible by two are even numbers. 2) All even numbers are non-numbers divisible by two. 3) All non-even numbers are numbers divisible by two. 4) All even numbers are numbers that are divisible by two.
1) All numbers that are divisible by two are even numbers.
Black clouds on the horizon imply that a storm may be approaching. Question 11 options: 1) B > S 2) S > B 3) B = S 4) B * S
1) B > S
Being a factorable polynomial is a neccesary and sufficient condition for the polynomial having rational roots. Question 2 options: 1) F = R 2) F > R 3) F * R 4) F v R
1) F = R
Lake Murray will return to its original level if and only if sufficient rain falls in the upstate. Question 1 options: 1) L = R 2) L * R 3) L v R 4) L --> R
1) L = R
Either we go to the matinee show or we will pay full price. Question 7 options: 1) M v P 2) M * P 3) M > P 4) M = P
1) M v P
Which of the following is the converse of "No textbook is the complete authority on a subject."? 1) No complete authority on a subject is a textbook. 2) All complete authority on a subject is a non-textbook. 3) All non-complete authority on a subject is a non-textbook. 4) No non-complete authority on a subject is a non-textbook.
1) No complete authority on a subject is a textbook.
Some lions are not alligators. No alligators are puppies. Thus, no puppies are lions. 1) OEE-4 2) OEE-3 3) OEE-2 4) AEE-4
1) OEE-4
It is rainig; still the sun is shining. Question 5 options: 1) R * S 2) R v S 3) R > S 4) S > R
1) R * S
I must refinance my mortgage or I will miss out on the low interest rates. Question 9 options: 1) R v I 2) R * I 3) R > I 4) I > R
1) R v I
It is false that computers have simplified life. Question 15 options: 1) ~ C 2) ~ ~ C 3) ~ C * S 4) C
1) ~ C
All adults are living rooms. All living rooms are tuna. Thus, some tuna are adults. 1) AAI-4 2) AII-4 3) EII-3 4) AAA-2
1) AAI-4
All reptilians are dragons. Some dragons are not possums. Thus, no possums are reptilians. 1) AOE-4 2) AEO-3 3) AAA-2 4) AOE-1
1) AOE-4
No bicycles are villages. Some bicycles are students. Thus, some students are not villages. 1) EIO-3 2) EEI-3 3) AEI-2 4) EOI-1
1) EIO-3
All daisies are shepherds. No shepherds are capitols. Thus, no capitols are daisies. 1) valid 2) invalid, undistributed middle, 3) invalid, drawing a negative conclusion from an affirmative premise. 4) invalid, drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise.
1) valid
No students are dandelions. Some cubs are students. Thus, some cubs are not dandelions. 1) valid 2) invalid, undistributed middle, 3) invalid, drawing a negative conclusion from an affirmative premise. 4) invalid, drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise.
1) valid
In the previous question both the original statement "Some cats are friendly animals." and its obverse are true. 1) True2) False
1) True
In the previous question, the original statement "All even numbers are numbers that are divisible by two" and its contrapositive are true. 1) True2) False
1) True
In the previous question, the original statement "All even numbers are numbers that are divisible by two" is a true statement 1) True2) False
1) True
In the previous question, the original statement "No textbook is the complete authority on a subject" is true but its contrapositive is not. 1) True2) False
1) True
All humans are mortals. Question 10 options: 1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed. 2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed. 3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed. 4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed.
All oaks are trees. Question 3 options: 1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed. 2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed. 3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed. 4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed.
If k is an even number, then k-1 is an odd number. Question 10 options: 1) K * O 2) K > O 3) O > K 4) O = K
2) K > O
Which of the following is the contrapositive of "No textbook is the complete authority on a subject."? 1) All non-complete authority on a subject is a non-textbook. 2) No non-complete authority on a subject is a non-textbook. 3) No complete authority on a subject is a textbook. 4) All complete authority on a subject is a non-textbook.
2) No non-complete authority on a subject is a non-textbook.
The sky is clear and the moon is bright. Question 4 options: 1) S v M 2) S * M 3) M > S 4) S > M
2) S * M
Which of the following is the obverse of "Some cats are friendly animals."? 1) No cats are non friendly animals. 2) Some cats are not non friendly animals. 3) Some non-cats are not friendly animals. 4) All cats are non friendly animals.
2) Some cats are not non friendly animals.
Three is not an even number. Question 13 options: 1) T * ~T 2) ~T 3) E * T 4) E v T
2) ~T
No restaurants are computers. All earthlings are computers. Thus, some earthlings are restaurants. 1) AAI-2 2) EAI-2 3) EAA-2 4) EII-2
2) EAI-2
Some shepherds are girls. Some girls are not bakers. Thus, all bakers are shepherds. 1) IIO-4 2) IOA-4 3) AII-3 4) OAI-2
2) IOA-4
Some vicars are not cows. Some stars are vicars. Thus, all stars are cows. 1) AIO-1 2) OIA-1 3) OEA-4 4) OEI-2
2) OIA-1
All cows are fish. Some fish are females. Thus, some females are not cows. 1) valid 2) invalid, drawing a negative conclusion from affirmative premises 3) invalid, undistributed middle 4) invalid, illicit minor
2) invalid, drawing a negative conclusion from affirmative premises
Some dragons are not nuns. No villages are dragons. Thus, some villages are not nuns. 1) valid 2) invalid, exclusive premises 3) invalid, undistributed middle 4) invalid, illicit major
2) invalid, exclusive premises
In the previous question, neither the original statement nor the obverse statement are true. 1) True2) False
2) False
No cats are dogs. Question 9 options: 1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed. 2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed. 3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed. 4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed.
No dogs are cats. Question 4 options: 1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed. 2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed. 3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed. 4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed.
No humans are monkeys. Question 7 options: 1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed. 2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed. 3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed. 4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed.
The American presence in Iraq will decrease unless fighting escalates. Question 8 options: 1) A > F 2) A * F 3) A v F 4) A = F
3) A v F
Which of the following is the contrapositive of "All even numbers are numbers that are divisible by two."? 1) All non-numbers that are divisible by two are even numbers. 2) All numbers that are divisible by two are non-even numbers. 3) All non-numbers that are divisible by two are non-even numbers. 4) No non-numbers that are divisible by two are non-even numbers.
3) All non-numbers that are divisible by two are non-even numbers.
In South Carolina, high school students graduate if and only if they pass the exit exam. Question 3 options: 1) G > P 2) G * P 3) G = P 4) G v P
3) G = P
Which of the following is the converse of "Some cats are friendly animals."? 1) All friendly animals are cats. 2) Some cats are friendly animals 3) Some friendly animals are cats. 4) No friendly animals are cats.
3) Some friendly animals are cats.
It is not the case that there is a direct flight from Columbia to Hong Kong. Question 14 options: 1) ~~C 2) ~ (C * H) 3) ~ C 4) C
3) ~ C
No spiders are apes. All apes are pencils. Thus, some pencils are spiders. 1) AAA-1 2) AEI-4 3) EAI-4 4) EEI-2
3) EAI-4
Some caterpillers are not ministers. Some caterpillers are dandelions. Thus, no dandelions are ministers. 1) AIE-4 2) OOE-2 3) OIE-3 4) AOE-3
3) OIE-3
All houses are wagons. No houses are brownies. Thus, some brownies are wagons. 1) valid 2) invalid, existential fallacy 3) invalid, drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise 4) invalid, illicit minor
3) invalid, drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
All daughters are taxi cabs. All taxi cabs are magicians. Thus, all magicians are daughters. 1) valid 2) invalid, undistributed middle 3) invalid, illicit minor 4) invalid, illicit major
3) invalid, illicit minor
Some ants are sheep. Question 2 options: 1) (O)Particular, Negative, predicate term is distributed. 2) (A) Universal, Affirmative, subject term is distributed. 3) (E) Universal, Negative, subject and predicate terms are both distributed. 4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
4) (I) Particular, Affirmative, no terms are distributed.
Interest rates will continue to rise provided that the economy continues to improve. Question 12 options: 1) E v I 2) E = I 3) I > E 4) E > I
4) E > I
Which of the following is the obverse of "All even numbers are numbers that are divisible by two."? 1) All non-even numbers are numbers that are not divisible by two. 2) All even numbers are non-numbers that are divisible by two. 3) No non-even numbers are number thqat are divisible by two. 4) No even numbers are non-numbers that are divisible by two.
4) No even numbers are non-numbers that are divisible by two.
The store is advertising a half-price sale but it only applies to items marked with a red dot. Question 6 options: 1) S * M 2) S v M 3) M > S 4) S > M
4) S > M
All tarantulas are butchers. No butchers are poets. Thus, some poets are not tarantulas. 1) AEI-4 2) AEO-2 3) EEO-3 4) AEO-4
4) AEO-4
All airplanes are pups. Some bowls are not airplanes. Thus, some bowls are not pups. 1) AEO-3 2) AOE-2 3) AEO-1 4) AOO-1
4) AOO-1
All lawyers are horses. Some knights are not horses. Thus, some knights are not lawyers. 1) IAO-3 2) EAO-2 3) AAO-3 4) AOO-2
4) AOO-2
Some spacemen are not apartments. Some flowers are not spacemen. Thus, no flowers are apartments. 1) valid 2) invalid, undistributed middle 3) invalid, existential fallacy 4) invalid, illicit minor
4) invalid, illicit minor
Some kitchens are not trees. Some kitchens are butchers. Thus, all butchers are trees. 1) valid 2) invalid, illicit major 3) invalid, drawing a negative conclusion from affirmative premises 4) invalid, undistributed middle
4) invalid, undistributed middle
The Second Amendment to the Constitution guarantees everyone the right to bear arms. Therefore it should be legal for those undercover Al Qaeda members to buy a carload of surface-to-air missiles.
Accident.
One morning in Africa, Captain Spaulding shot an elephant in his pajamas. Therefore, it is dangerous for large animals to wear human clothing.
Amphiboly
The former Governor believes that aliens have landed in the Arizona desert, so aliens must have landed in the Arizona desert.
Appeal to Unqualified Authority
Congressman Baxter, I know you will want to support our application to clear-cut the old growth timber in the Great Northern forest. After all, surely you don't want the media to find out about that affair you've been having with a certain Capitol Hill intern.
Appeal to force.
The F.B.I. investigation was never able to establish that Smith was not at the scene of the crime on the night of June 25th, so we may safely conclude that he was there.
Appeal to ignorance
Judge, surely I'm not obligated to pay that $400,000 in back taxes. If you were to decide against me, it would really put a crimp in my finances. I wouldn't be able to afford that new Rolls Royce, and my social status in our upscale neighborhood will drop like a rock.
Appeal to pity.
The idea that fast food is unhealthy is a lot of hooey. Why, 90% of America eats fast food.
Appeal to the people.
The war in Iraq is justified beyond any question. America was founded in the spirit of freedom and self-determination, and it finds its destiny in liberating the victims of tyranny wherever they languish! America is a beacon of hope for the oppressed, a refuge for the downtrodden, a shining star of freedom for the whole world! The hand of the Almighty points the way! Every true patriot will heed the clarion call of freedom for all humankind!
Appeal to the people.
Floyd Conway has given us his reasons for unrestricted logging in our national forests. But it's obvious why he says these things. Floyd is a lumberjack, and he just wants to ensure that he'll have a job in the years ahead.
Argument against the person, circumstancial.
Since firefighters must be strong men willing to face danger every day, it follows that no woman can be a firefighter.
Begging the Question
If you don't think that God created the universe, then what did?
Complex question
Come on, you like beef, potatoes, and green beens, so you will like this beef, potato, and green been casserole.
Composition
INSTRUCTIONS: Use ordinary truth tables to answer the following problems. Construct the truth tables as per the instructions in the textbook. Given the pair of statements:~(R = M) and M ·~R These statements are: Inconsistent. Invalid. Logically equivalent. Consistent. Contradictory.
Consistent.
Exhibit 3A Use an ordinary truth table to answer the following problems. Construct the truth table as per the instructions in the textbook. Given the following statement:(N > K) = (K > N) The statement in Exhibit 3A is: Contingent. Inconsistent. Consistent. Tautologous. Self-contradictory.
Contingent.
Today's newspaper has a lot of grocery ads, so each page of today's newspaper has a lot of grocery ads.
Division
Exhibit 4A Use an ordinary truth table to answer the following problems. Construct the truth table as per the instructions in the textbook. Given the following statement:[~H v (E · D)] = [(H ·~E) v (H ·~D)] The truth table for the statement in Exhibit 4A has how many lines? Four. Eight. Twelve. Six. Nine.
Eight.
Odd things arouse human suspicion. But seventeen is an odd number. Therefore, seventeen arouses human suspicion.
Equivocation
Exhibit 2A Given the following proposition:[(X > A) * (B >~Y)] > [(B v Y) * (A > X)] Given that A and B are true and X and Y are false, determine the truth value of the proposition in Exhibit 2A: True. False.
False
After drinking milk for twenty years, Melanie became addicted to cocaine. Therefore, drinking milk caused her cocaine addiction.
False Cause
Do you expect Peter to speak for thirty minutes or fifty? In either case, you acknowledge that he will be long-winded.
False Dichotomy
Exhibit 3A Use an ordinary truth table to answer the following problems. Construct the truth table as per the instructions in the textbook. Given the following statement:(N > K) = (K > N) The truth table for the statement in Exhibit 3A has how many lines? Six. Four. Two. Eight. Nine.
Four
It rained on my birthday this year and it rained on my birthday last year. Therefore, it always rains on my birthday.
Hasty Generalization
Exhibit 2A Given the following proposition:[(X > A) · (B >~Y)] > [(B v Y) · (A > X)] In Exhibit 2A, the main operator is a: Wedge. Tilde. Dot. Horseshoe. Triple bar.
Horseshoe.
INSTRUCTIONS: Select the conclusion that follows in a single step from the given premises.Given the following premises: 1.~~N2.K >~N3.~N v (K · S) Question 1 options: (~N v K) · S 3, Assoc K 1, 2, MT N > ~K 2, Trans K · S 1, 3, DS (~N · K) v (~N · S) 3, Dist
K · S 1, 3, DS
Katie has been squabbling with her fiancé about the details of their wedding. Thus, it would be a good idea for her to hire somebody to beat him up.
Missing the point.
There is a lot of talk these days about the need for greater fuel economy in SUVs. But today's SUV's are really beautiful. The Lexus LS 450 has clean lines, supple leather, and polished hardwood. The Lincoln Navigator features beautiful paint and the feel of strength and security. And the Mercury Mariner has wonderful styling and a great sound system. Who could ask for anything more?
Red herring.
Exhibit 4A Use an ordinary truth table to answer the following problems. Construct the truth table as per the instructions in the textbook. Given the following statement:[~H v (E · D)] = [(H ·~E) v (H ·~D)] The statement in Exhibit 4A is: Tautologous. Valid. Contingent. Inconsistent. Self-contradictory.
Self-contradictory.
If we pass laws against fully-automatic weapons, then it won't be long before we pass laws on all weapons, and then we will begin to restrict other rights, and finally we will end up living in a communist state. Thus, we should not ban fully-automatic weapons.
Slippery Slope
Morgan Mayfield gives a number of reasons why we should turn off our cell phones during class. It appears that Mayfield is one of those Luddites who are opposed to technology altogether. No computers, no iPods, no Palm Pilots--that's what Mayfield wants. But that's just ridiculous. It's clear that Mayfield is wrong.
Straw man
Most dogs are friendly and pose no threat to people who pet them. Therefore, it would be safe to pet the little dog that is approaching us now.
Suppressed Evidence
INSTRUCTIONS: Use ordinary truth tables to answer the following problem. Construct the truth tables as per the instructions in the textbook. Given the statement:(G > ~Q) = ~(Q · G) This statement is: Consistent. Self-contradictory. Tautologous. Contingent. Logically equivalent.
Tautologous.
Exhibit 1A Given the following proposition:[A > ~(B · Y)] = ~[B > (X ·~A)] In Exhibit 1A, the main operator is a: Tilde. Wedge. Triple bar (double bar). Dot. Horseshoe.
Triple bar (double bar).
Exhibit 1A Given the following proposition:[A > ~(B · Y)] > ~[B > (X ·~A)] Given that A and B are true and X and Y are false, determine the truth value of the proposition in Exhibit 1A: True False.
True
The American colonies justly fought for their independence in 1776. When the American Football Alliance fought for their independence, their cause was also just.
Weak analogy
Ed Jackson Ed Jackson argues that the war in Iraq is immoral. But look who's talking! Before his recent discharge, Jackson was participating in the very war he now condemns. Obviously his arguments can't be trusted.
You too. (tu quoque)
If a youth gets the driver's license, then they want to use the family car. My daughter want to use the family car, therefore she must have her driver's lisence.
invalid, unsound, deductive
No theocracies are true democracies. No secular governments are theocracies. Thus, some secular governments are true democracies.
invalid, unsound, deductive
It is usually cloudy when it rains. Somewhere it is raining now, thus that place is cloudy now.
strong, cogent, inductive
No mortal can halt the passage of time. You are mortal, therefore you cannot halt the passage of time.
valid, sound, deductive
Some pigs have wings. All winged things sing. Thus some pigs sing.
valid, unsound, deductive
Tom's car has a flat tire. Someone must have slashed it with a knife.
weak, uncogent, inductive
