Introduction to Philosophy

3)What do all arguments contain?

A conclusion and a premise. Recognize an argument when you see one.

Philo

One of several greek words that can mean love

Philosophy, like all other studies, aims primarily at knowledge

The knowledge it aims at is the kind of knowledge which gives unity and system to the body of the sciences.

Political Philosophy

from the time of Socrates and Plato, has always been regarded as the queen of the philosophical enterprises because it mostly pertains to the question of being human. Hence, political philosophy is necessarily tied to anthropology, and more specifically, ontology.

Ethics or moral philosophy

is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior". The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns matters of value, and thus comprises the branch of philosophy called axiology.

Epistemology (/ɪˌpɪstɪˈmɒlədʒi/ ; from Greek ἐπιστήμη, epistēmē 'knowledge', and -logy)

is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. Epistemologists study the nature of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues. Epistemology is considered one of the four main branches of philosophy, along with ethics, logic, and metaphysics.

Logic

is the science of how to evaluate arguments and reasoning. Critical thinking is a process of evaluation that uses logic to separate truth from falsehood, and reasonable from unreasonable beliefs. If you want to better evaluate the various claims, ideas, and arguments you encounter, you need a better understanding of basic logic and the process of critical thinking.

Political philosophy or political theory

is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, if they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

Epistemology (/ɪˌpɪstɪˈmɒlədʒi/ ; from Greek ἐπιστήμη, epistēmē 'knowledge', and

logy) -the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge.

What kind of good (or need) does philosophy meet?

philosophy feeds the goods of the mind

What sort of needs does Russel think that the "practical" man recognizes?

recognizes material needs and realizes that men must have food.

Epistemologists

study the nature of knowledge, epistemic justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues. Epistemology is considered one of the four main branches of philosophy, along with ethics, logic, and metaphysics.

Aesthetics

the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty and good taste. It has also been defined as " critical reflection on art, culture and nature"

Aesthitc

the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty and good taste. It has also been defined as " critical reflection on art, culture and nature"

2)Ethics, also called moral philosophy

the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong.

Metaphysics

the most abstract branch of philosophy. It's the branch that deals with the "first principles" of existence, seeking to define basic concepts like existence, being, causality, substance, time, and space. Within metaphysics, one of the main sub-branches is ontology, or the study of being.

Epistemology the term is derived from the Greek epistēmē ("knowledge") and logos ("reason"), and accordingly the field is sometimes referred to as the theory of knowledge.

the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge.

Epistemology

the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. The term is derived from the Greek epistēmē ("knowledge") and logos ("reason"), and accordingly the field is sometimes referred to as the theory of knowledge.

Logic

"Logic, captain, is the general science of inference. Deductive logic, in which a conclusion follows from a set of premises, is distinguished from inductive logic, which studies the way in which premises may support a conclusion without entailing it.... Aristotle is generally regarded as the first great Earth logician, and Aristotelian logic dominated the subject on your planet until the 19th century."

Philosophy

A lover of Wisdom,

Is a practical man likely or unlikely to think that philosophy has value?

A practical man is oblivious of the necessity of providing food for the mind.

Sophia

Ancient Greek word for Wisdom

2)

Define these areas of philosophy: Ethics, Aesthetics, Political Philosophy, Metaphysics, & Epistemology. Provide examples of the kinds of questions these areas ask.

3)

Define this area of philosophy: Logic- "Just as philosophy... underlies all other branches of human enquiry, so logic is the most fundamental branch of philosophy. Philosophy is based on reasoning, and logic is the study of what makes a sound argument, and also of the kind of mistakes we can make in reasoning.

3)

Define this area of philosophy: Logic. What do all arguments contain? Recognize an argument when you see one. Be able to provide a brief example of an argument.

1)

Define: Philo, Sophia, & Philosophy.

3)

Is the study of philosophy very useful even to those who do not study it personally? If so, why is this the case? If not, why is this the case? Illustrate his points with examples.

2)

Is the study of physical science very useful even to those who do not study it personally? If so, why is this the case? If not, why is this the case? Illustrate his points with examples.

Logic

Just as philosophy ... underlies all other branches of human enquiry, so logic is the most fundamental branch of philosophy. Philosophy is based on reasoning, and logic is the study of what makes a sound argument, and also of the kind of mistakes we can make in reasoning. So study logic and you will become a better philosopher and a clearer thinker generally."

Logic

Logic is not a matter of opinion: When it comes to evaluating arguments, there are specific principles and criteria that you should use. If you use those principles and criteria, then you are using logic; if you aren't, then you are not justified in claiming to use logic or be logical. This is important because sometimes people don't realize that what sounds reasonable isn't necessarily logical. This reasoning process—using principals of logic in your reasoning, thinking, and arguments—is critical to the practice of philosophy.

Logic

Reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity

What two "influences" might lead someone to think that philosophy is useless?

The uncertainty of philosophy is more apparent than real, no definite answer can be given

7)

What does Russel think is true of many of the most profound questions human beings ask? Where is the value of philosophy to be found? What does the study of philosophy keep alive? Illustrate his various points with examples.

7)

What does Russel think is true of many of the most profound questions human beings ask? Where is the value of philosophy to be found? What does the study of philosophy keep alive? Illustrate his various points with examples.The word philosophy comes from ancient Greek (Philo & Sophia) and literally means: The love of wisdom. Philosophers make many arguments on many subjects: Arguments are attempts to persuade. An argument always contains at least two claims: one of which must be the conclusion, and the others, the premises of the argument. A conclusion is the point of the argument, or that which the arguer is attempting to persuade his audience of. The conclusion may be a claim the speaker (or writer) wants you to believe. Or, the conclusion may be something the speaker wants you to do. The Premises of an argument provide reasons for accepting a conclusion. Technically, arguments are never true or false. But their premises and conclusions can be!

3)

What does Socrates tell Euthyphro he desires to become? (10). Why? Why is this amusing?

7)

What is "Euthyphro's" third def. of piety? (15). Why, according to Socrates, is it wrong? (16). If Socrates is right, is "the right thing to do" dependent or independent of the gods?

5)

What is Euthyphro's first definition of piety? (11). Why, according to Socrates, is it wrong? (11-12).

6)

What is Euthyphro's second def. of piety? (12). Why, according to Socrates, is it wrong? (12-14).

6)

What is the primary aim of philosophy? What is embarrassing (my word) for the philosopher compared to the mathematician or the historian? Illustrate his points with examples.

5)

What kind of good (or need) does philosophy meet? Illustrate his points with examples.

8)

What question does Socrates ask Euthyphro to answer after their discussion is over? (17). What does Euthyphro answer? (17). Is it possible that Euthyphro has learned something from this conversation? (17). If so, what might Euthyphro have learned? (17).

4)

What sort of ancient Greek stories about the gods can Socrates not accept that may help to explain why he is accused of impiety? (11).

4)

What sort of needs does Russel think that the "practical" man recognizes? Is a practical man likely or unlikely to think that philosophy has value? Illustrate his points with examples.

1)

What two "influences" might lead someone to think that philosophy is useless? Illustrate his point.

1)

Who is Euthyphro taking to court?

1)

Who is Euthyphro taking to court? (9). What crime has the man done that Euthyphro is taking him to court for? (9). What crime did the man's victim do? (9).

2)

Why is Euthyphro's family angry at him?

2)

Why is Euthyphro's family angry at him? (10). What does Euthyphro tell Socrates that his family knows very little about (that he knows a lot about)? (10).

Is the study of physical science very useful even to those who do not study it personally?

Yes

Aesthetics, or esthetics

a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines subjective and sensori-emotional values, or sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.

historia sztuki

art history

Aesthetics, or esthetics (/ɛsˈθɛtɪks, iːs-, æs-/),

branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines subjective and sensori-emotional values, or sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.

Metaphysics The word "metaphysics" comes from two Greek words that, together, literally mean "after or behind or among [the study of] the natural".

is the branch of philosophy that examines the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, between substance and attribute, and between potentiality and actuality. The word "metaphysics" comes from two Greek words that, together, literally mean "after or behind or among [the study of] the natural". It has been suggested that the term might have been coined by a first century AD editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works into the treatise we now know by the name Metaphysics (ta meta ta phusika, 'after the Physics ', another of Aristotle's works).

Metaphysics

is the most abstract branch of philosophy. It's the branch that deals with the "first principles" of existence, seeking to define basic concepts like existence, being, causality, substance, time, and space. Within metaphysics, one of the main sub-branches is ontology, or the study of being.

Ethics

moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior". The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns matters of value, and thus comprises the branch of philosophy called axiology.

Metaphysics

the branch of philosophy that examines the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, between substance and attribute, and between potentiality and actuality. The word "metaphysics" comes from two Greek words that, together, literally mean "after or behind or among [the study of] the natural". It has been suggested that the term might have been coined by a first century AD editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works into the treatise we now know by the name Metaphysics (ta meta ta phusika, 'after the Physics ', another of Aristotle's works).

political philosophy

the study of fundamental questions about the state, government, politics, liberty, justice and the enforcement of a legal code by authority

Political philosophy, also known as political theory

the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, if they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

What is the primary aim of philosophy?

to illuminate the ways our soul has been infected by unsound beliefs, untrained tumultuous desires, and dubious life choices and preferences that are unworthy of us. Self-scrutiny applied with kindness is the main antidote.