IU Intro To Criminal Justice Exam 4

What are the conditions in jail?

-low priority item in the criminal justice system -County level administration results in lack of regulation -physical deterioration

What are the tasks of probation officers?

1) Investigation -presentence investigation serves as a basis for sentencing. It determines if someone is eligible for probation and what the rules during will be 2) Intake -Informing the defender of the rules and what the consequences are 3) Diagnosis -Used to select appropriate treatment modes 4) Treatment supervision -On probation an undergoing the treatment program they have been assigned to during the length of their probation 5) Risk Classification -Assessment of the risk level probationers pose to the community and themselves. Looking at their history is one way to do this, but there all also assessment instruments -LSI-R 54 items -Evaluations of instruments show that when they are used properly, they can be highly valid -The neighborhood where probationers reside must be considered in their individual risk classification

What percent are sentenced to a split sentence?

10%

What is community sentencing?

A collective name in criminal justice for all the different ways in which courts can punish a defendant who has been convicted of committing an offense, other than through a custodial sentence (serving a jail or prison term)

What is a halfway house?

A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright release so that they can become gradually acclimated to conventional society. Commonly used when someone is exiting prison. In halfway houses, felons spend a portion of their day at work in the community but reside in the halfway house during nonworking hours

What are private prisons?

A confinement center that is owned and operated by a third party and is contracted by the local, state, and federal government Late 1980's, many states negotiated with private prison corporations to relieve overcrowding and save tax dollars; In Texas, these facilities, built and operated by private corporations, are overseen by the TDCI; many were built in rural counties looking for new revenue sources or opportunities for economic development (ex. new jobs)

What is jail?

A correctional facility designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants serving their criminal sentence. Typically stayed for under a year.

What are Maximum Security Prisons?

A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world. -In maximum security, anything beyond confinement is considered a privilege. Rehabilitation services are also considered a privilege -They are designed to eliminate hidden corners so there is maximum surveillance. There is not very much privacy -The majority of prisons in this country are classified as medium-security, but more than half of all inmates are held in large maximum-security prisons. This means that many of the prisons are overcrowded.

What is judicial reprieve?

A delay in sentencing following a conviction that eventually became permanent

What are Super Maximum Security Prisons?

A form of a maximum-security prison, which uses high-level security measures to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day. -These can be independent correctional centers or locked wings of existing prisons -Many aren't sentenced to a super-maximum- security prison, but they start off in a regular maximum security prison -May be sent here for their own safety, such in the case of gang violence -One person in a room, locks inmates in their cells 22 to 24 hours a day -effectiveness has achieved mixed reviews. There is fear that long hours of isolation may be associated with mental illness and psychological disturbances.

What is house arrest? How does electronic monitoring aply to it?

A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home Electronic monitoring frequently accompanies house arrest to ensure compliance

what are Medium Security Prisons?

A less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world. -promotes greater treatment efforts -Usually property or public order crimes like drug crimes -Inmates have more freedom to move around the prison

What are the trends for women in jail?

15% of jail inmates are women During the past two decades the percentage of adult females in jail have increased at a faster pace than males

What percent are sentenced to a suspended sentence?

20%

How many people are on probation?

4 million

About how many inmates are in jail at one time?

738,000 jail inmates at any one time

Why does individual violence occur in prisons?

History of prior violence. Psychological malady. Prison conditions. Lack of dispute-resolution mechanisms. Basic survival.

What does the prison inmate population look like?

Inmate populations are disproportionately young, male, minority, and poor.

What assessment is used in risk classification? Does it work?

Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) It consists of 54 items that are believed to be related to future criminal behavior. Evaluations of risk assessment instruments show that when they are used properly, they can be highly valid and effective. However, there is room for further improvement.

What is inmate social code?

Unwritten guidelines that expressed the values, attitudes, and type of behavior that older inmates demanded of younger ones. It is passed on from one generation of inmates to the next.

Why do some people enter into a sexual slave situation?

Weaker inmates may agree to this arrangement for protection

What factors lead to sexual victimization?

White inmates are attacked more than any other race. Nearly 60 percent of the 43 "sustained" incidents—those proved to be true by an investigation—involved a white victim. Victims are generally younger than their assailants. The average age of victims in "sustained" cases was 3 years younger than the average age of the assailants. Mentally ill or intellectually impaired inmates are more likely to be victimized. Although only 12 percent of the allegations involved a mentally ill or intellectually impaired prisoner, this percentage is 8 times the proportion of mentally ill inmates in the general prisoner population (1.6 percent). Cellblocks with solid cell fronts may contribute to sexual assault. Solid cell fronts, while permitting privacy for the inmates and reducing noise within the unit, also provide the degree of privacy that permits sexual assaults to occur. Unlike older prison designs, in which the cell fronts consist of bars, solid doors limit visual observation by staff and soundproof the cells enough so that staff have difficulty hearing what is going on in individual cells.

Who is most likely to get their probation revoked?

Young males who are unemployed or who have a very low income, a prior criminal record, or a history of instability are most likely to be arrested.

What is a day reporting center?

a community correctional center where an offender reports each day to comply with elements of a sentence

What is boot camp? How is it different or related to shock incarceration?

boot camp A short-term, militaristic correction facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline. shock incarceration A short-term correctional program based on a boot camp approach that makes use of a military-like regime of high-intensity physical training. Boot camps were very popular in the 1980s and 1990s. A boot camp is a short-term, militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline. This shock incarceration program was designed to "shock" the inmates into stopping their criminal behavior. Shock incarceration is a short-term correctional program based on a boot camp approach that makes use of a military-like regimen of high-intensity physical training.

What is inmate subculture?

is the loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and languages

Be familiar with the make believe family ideas in women's prisons.

make-believe family: In female prisons, substitute family groups with a faux father, mother, and siblings.

What is the inmate balance theory?

violence suggests that riots and other forms of collective action occur when prison officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms.

What is administrative-control theory.

Administrative-control theory. Collective violence is caused by prison mismanagement, lack of strong security, and inadequate control by prison officials. Poor management may inhibit conflict management and set the stage for violence. Repressive administrations give inmates the feeling that nothing will ever change, that they have nothing to lose, and that violence is the only means for change.

What is risk classification?

An assessment of the risk level probationers pose to the community and themselves. classifying probationers so that they may receive an appropriate level of treatment and control

Why is community sentencing popular?

Community sentencing is the most common form of correctional treatment. -They are less costly than a sentence to jail or prison. -They help the offender maintain family and community ties. -They can be structured to maximize security and maintain public safety. -They can be scaled in severity to correspond to the seriousness of the crime. It's flexible. -They can feature restoration and reintegration rather than punishment and ostracism. -They give convicted offenders a "second chance" that can enable them to resume a more productive lifestyle.

Who is the biggest contactor of private prisons?

CoreCivic houses over 70,000 inmates in more than 70 facilities GEO Group is responsible for the management and/or ownership of about 70 correctional, detention, and residential treatment facilities and house around 80,000 inmates

What is prison?

Correctional facilities designed to hold convicted felons while they serve their criminal sentence. The only way to get to prison is to be sentenced to it.

What is a fine? What is a day fine?

Fines: Money owed by offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds Day Fines: Geared to the average daily income of the convicted offender in an effort to bring equity to the sentencing process.

What are the latest trends in incarceration?

For the first time in decades the prison population is on the decline

What is restitution?

Restitution: A condition of probation in which the offender repays society for the victim of the crime for the trouble the offender inflicted. monetary restitution: A sanction requiring that convicted offenders compensate crime victims by reimbursing them for out-of-pocket losses caused by the crime. Losses can include property damage, lost wages, and medical costs. community service restitution: An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such tasks as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.

What are intermediate sanctions?

The group of punishments falling between probation and prison ("probation plus"). Community-based sanctions, including house arrest and intensive supervision, serve as alternatives to incarceration.

How prevalent are private prisons?

There are about 400 correctional facilities run by private firms

What are some issues with private prisons?

There is little sounds evidence that private prisons are cheaper to run, or that they produce better results - Morally distasteful - Doesn't save money - Performance problems - Lobbying and/or political contributions - Linked to numerous cases of violence, escapes, and bad conditions

What are the advantages of intermediate sanctions?

- Less expensive than incarceration -Equitable community sentences -Increased control over probationers whose serious or repeat crimes make a straight probation sentence inappropriate, yet for whom a prison sentence would be unduly harsh and counterproductive. -Reduced overcrowding in prisons and jails -Use with different classes of offenders.

What are the typical characteristics of women who are in prison?

-Young -Minorities -Unmarried -Parents -Undereducated -Unemployed or underemployed -troubled family lifes -physical/sexual abuse survivors -substance abuse -Health issues -mental health issues -suicide

What are the elements of the inmate social code?

-Don't interfere with inmates' interests; don't be nosy! -Don't lose your head; play it cool! -Don't exploit inmates; don't steal from cons! -Be tough and don't lose your dignity. -Don't be a sucker.

What are the primary purposes of jail?

-They detain accused offenders who cannot make or are not eligible for bail prior to trial. -They hold convicted offenders awaiting sentence. -They serve as the principal institution of secure confinement for offenders convicted of misdemeanors. -They hold probationers and parolees picked up for violations and waiting for a hearing. -They house felons when state prisons are overcrowded.

What is residential community corrections?

A nonsecure facility, located in the community, that houses probationers who need a more secure environment. Typically, residents are free during the day to go to work, school, or treatment, and return in the evening for counseling sessions and meals.

What is probation?

A type of community sentencing. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court (in the form of a probation officer), subject to certain conditions for a specified time.

What is intensive probation supervision?

A type of intermediate sanction involving small probation caseloads and strict monitoring on a daily or weekly basis. It places a probationer under tighter control that they might experience under regular probation

What is restorative justice?

A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state. Justice should involve all parties affected by crime—victims, criminals, law enforcement, and the community.

What is a suspended sentence?

Another term for probation, a sentence based on the fact that convicted offenders must serve their full sentence if they violate their terms of release A prison term that is delayed while the defendant undergoes a period of community treatment. If the treatment is successful, the prison sentence is terminated.

What is the overcrowding issue?

Budget cutbacks caused the closing of many minimum security prisons and prison camps. Half of the states have closed prisons or reduced the number of beds so prisons are becoming overcrowded.

Why does collective violence occur in prisons?

Inmate-balance theory. Riots and other forms of collective violence occur when prison officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms. Crackdowns occur when officials perceive that inmate leaders have too much power and take measures to control their illicit privileges, such as gambling or stealing food. Administrative-control theory. Collective violence is caused by prison mismanagement, lack of strong security, and inadequate control by prison officials. Poor management may inhibit conflict management and set the stage for violence. Repressive administrations give inmates the feeling that nothing will ever change, that they have nothing to lose, and that violence is the only means for change. Prison overcrowding theory. As the prison population continues to climb, unmatched by expanded capacity, prison violence may increase. Overcrowding caused by the rapid increases in the prison population has also been linked to increases in both inmate substance abuse and prison violence.

What attitude and behavioral changes occurs when an inmate first enters and then adjusts to prison?

Inmates go through a variety of attitude and behavior changes, or cycles, as their sentence unfolds. During the early part of their prison stay, inmates may become easily depressed as they consider the long duration of the sentence and the loneliness and dangers of prison life. They must learn the ins and outs of survival in the institution: Which persons can be befriended, and which are best avoided? Who will grant favors and for what repayment? To avoid victimization, inmates must learn to adopt a defensive lifestyle.

About how many inmates in jail (male and female) have histories of sexual abuse?

Many jail inmates are sexual abuse survivors 50% of female inmates 10% of male inmates

About how many inmates in jail have a mental illness?

Many jail inmates suffer from mental illness More than 100,000 suffer from severe psychosis More than 400,000 have a mental disorder

When do people typically violate their probation?

Most revocations occur for technical violations during the first three months of the probation sentence so this is when probationers are most seriously scrutinized.

What percent of people successfully complete probation? What percent have their probation revoked?

National research suggests 65 percent of probationers successfully complete their probationary sentence. 35 percent are arrested, violate probationary rules, or abscond.

What are new generation jails?

New Generation Jails have two key components. They utilize a rounded or "podular" architecture for living units and the "direct" supervision of inmates by staff. To reduce overcrowding and improve effectiveness, many new jails have been built. New-generation jails are built using modern designs and are constructed with surveillance in mind.

What are Prison Farms and camps?

Prison farms and camps are used to detain offenders. Today, numerous farms, forest camps, road camps, and similar facilities (vocational training centers, ranches, and so on) exist in the nation. In these facilities prisoners do various types of labor, usually manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining. -Found primarily in the South and the West -Been in operation since the nineteenth century -Criticized for being modern day slavery

What are counseling programs?

Prison inmates typically suffer from a variety of cognitive and psychosocial deficits, such as poor emotional control, social skills, and interpersonal problem solving. Modern counseling programs help inmates to control emotions. Some counseling programs use traditional techniques such as group therapy, whereas others employ nontraditional artistic and spiritual activities, such as visual and performing arts, meditation, and yoga.

What is prions-overcrowding theory

Prison overcrowding theory. As the prison population continues to climb, unmatched by expanded capacity, prison violence may increase. Overcrowding caused by the rapid increases in the prison population has also been linked to increases in both inmate substance abuse and prison violence.

Why do we have private prisons? Do they work for this purpose?

Private prisons reduce overcrowding in public prisons.

How successful is probation? Especially compared to the same offenders in incarceration

Probation is successful, especially in comparison to offenders in incarceration. Even the most serious criminals who receive probation are less likely to recidivate than those who are sent to prison for committing similar crimes.

What is work release?

Programs that allow inmates to be released during the day to work in the community, returning to prison at night. An alternative to total incarceration

Does rehabilitation work? What are elements of successful rehabilitation programs?

Rehabilitation DOES work -Teach Interpersonal skills -Provide Individual Counsel -Make use of behavior modification techniques -use cognitive behavioral theory -Stress improving moral reasoning -Combine in-prison therapeutic communities with follow-up community treatment

What is a split sentence?

Requires convicted criminals to spend a portion of their sentence behind bars and the remainder in the community

What is shock probation? How is it different from a split sentence?

Shock Probation: A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation, to impress them with the pains of imprisonment. A Split Sentence: Requires convicted criminals to spend a portion of their sentence behind bars and the remainder in the community In shock probation, the offender is originally sentenced to jail, then brought before the judge after 30, 60, or 90 days and re-sentenced to probation. In split sentencing, probation is part of the original sentence requiring no additional appearance before the judge.

What are the substantive rights of inmates?

Substantive Rights Civil rights that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion. -Access to courts, legal services, and materials -Freedom of the press and of expression -Freedom of religion -Medical rights -No Cruel and unusual punishment -No Physical abuse -No Racial segregation -Certain Minimum Overall prison conditions

What is parole?

The conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served. After imprisonment, not a sentence. Otherwise similar to probation.

What are Minimum Security Prisons?

The least secure correctional institution, which houses white-collar and nonviolent offenders, maintains few security measures, and has liberal furlough and visitation policies. -for white collar and nonviolent offenders -has liberal furlough and visitation policies -inmates are allowed a great deal of personal freedom -criticized for being too relaxed

What is the hands-off doctrine?

The legal practice of allowing prison administrators a free hand in running the institution, even if correctional practices violate inmates' constitutional rights; this practice ended with the onset of the prisoners' rights movement in the 1960s.

What is revocation?

The revocation of a probation if the conditions of the probation were violated. Probation rules and conditions operate as contracts between the offender and the court. If the offender breaks their promise by not complying with the rules or committing another crime, the probation can be subject to revocation. In other words, the contract is terminated, and the original sentence is imposed on the accused.

What is forfeiture?

The seizure of personal property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.

What is a furlough?

The temporary release of an inmate from a correctional institution for a brief period, usually one to three days, for a visit home. Such programs help maintain family ties and prepare inmates for release on parole.

How are female institutions different from male institutions?

smaller then male prisons Women's facilities, especially those in the community, commonly offer inmates a great deal of autonomy and allow them to make decisions affecting their daily lives. Less violent then men's prisons Women in prisons direct their anger inwards while men direct it outwards

What is parole?

the conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served Parole is similar to probation, but it is not a sentence like probation and happens after the original sentence of imprisonment.

What is recognizance?

this is an Obligation entered into before a court to do an act required by law A party's acknowledgement in court that he or she will pay a specified sum of money if a certain event occurs