IWS9-H Chapter 13
3 events that signaled the final defeat of the Central Powers
surrender of Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks, revolution in Austria-Hungary,mutiny in Germany and the forced resignation of the Kaiser
in World War I, the nations of Great Britain, France, Russia, and the other nations that fought on their side
Allies
Which country was the first to declare war on another country in what would come to be called the Great War (World War I)?
Austria-Hungary
Which country's heir to the throne was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914?
Austria-Hungary
Which TWO non-Balkan countries competed for dominance in the Balkans?
Austria-Hungary and Russia
Which THREE countries belonged to the Triple Alliance?
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy
What is the effect of The Allies are unable to ship war supplies to Russia's ports.
Because Russia is not heavily industrialized, its war effort is short of supplies and near collapse.
What is the effect of Two days after declaring war on Russia, Germany declares war on France, August 3, 1914.
Britain and France declare war on Germany.
in World War I, the nations of Germany and Austria-Hungary, along with the other nations that fought on their side
Central Powers
in World War I, the region along the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.
Eastern Front
True or False: Trench warfare was the primary form of warfare used on the Eastern Front.
False; trench warfare was the primary form of warfare used on the Western Front.
True or False: Under the Schlieffen Plan, Germany was to focus first on defeating Great Britain before concentrating its efforts on France.
False; under the Schlieffen Plan, Germany was to focus first on defeating France before concentrating its efforts on Russia.
True or False: As a result of their defeat, all of the lands Germany controlled in Africa and the Pacific were declared colonies to be administered by the United States.
False;as a result of their defeat, all of the lands Germany controlled in Africa and the Pacific were declared mandates to be administered by the League of Nations.
a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I
Fourteen Points
Which country did Otto von Bismarck believe was the greatest threat to peace for his country, if not also to all of Europe?
France
Which country greatly regretted its loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in 1870?
France
Which THREE countries belonged to the Triple Entente?
France, Russia, The United Kingdom
prime minister of France (1917-1920) and one of the "Big Four" at the Paris Peace Conference; at the conference, he was driven by the desire to punish and humiliate Germany in the name of French security
Georges Clemenceau
• premier of France; one of the members of the Big Four, the group who made the decisions at the Paris peace conference
Georges Clemenceau:
Which country annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908?
Germany
Which country was unified by the schemes and actions of "the Iron Chancellor," Otto von Bismarck and was later ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm II?
Germany
What is the effect of Russian forces attack both Austria-Hungary and Germany, August 17, 1914.
Germany counter-attacks, forces Russia to retreat, and regains East Prussia; Austro-Hungarian forces drive the Russians from Austria-Hungary.
What is the effect of Russia begins to mobilize along its shared border with Germany.
Germany declares war on Russia and on France.
an international association formed after World War I with the goal of keeping peace among nations
League of Nations
Why did the United States Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles on November 19, 1919?
Many Americans believed the U.S.' best hope for peace was to stay out of European affairs, Many Americans felt joining the League of Nations would nullify America's sovereign ability to choose staying out of and/or joining future wars (as it had exercised during World War I), Having gained control of the Senate in the 1918 elections, senate Republican, still angry that Wilson did not consult them while negotiating at the Paris Peace Conference, rejected a peace treaty for the first time in America's history.
13.1 Essay: ★ summarize the events that set World War I in motion;
Nationalism (see definition). This force helped unify the people of a country. It also helped promote competition between countries. By 1900, six nations were rivals for power in Europe (see triple alliance and triple entente). Imperialism (see definition).Such competition bred mistrust.The third factor leading to war was militarism (see definition) and the growing arms race between the Great Powers of Europe. Each country in Europe—except Great Britain—built a large army. Growing rivalry led the nations to make alliances with one another.Fearing that France would want revenge for its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Otto von Bismarck set out to isolate France. In 1879, Bismarck formed the Triple Alliance.Wilhelm II became Kaiser (emperor) of Germany, in 1888. Forced Bismarck out. Triple Entente formed. Serbian by the name of Gavrilo Princip kills heir to throne of Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
Ways the Treaty of Versailles changed the world map
New, independent countries were created out of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire, The Ottoman Empire was forced to give up all of its imperial lands, except for present-day Turkey, Russia lost land, and some of it became new, independent nations.
. Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia
Schlieffen Plan
How was the fourteenth point of Wilson's Fourteen Points incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles?
The treaty created the League of Nations, whose goal was to keep peace.
Why did many countries feel bitter and cheated as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?
The war guilt clause left a legacy of bitterness and hatred in hearts of German people, especially towards Britain and France, Africans and Asians living in mandated territories felt their desire for independence and self-determination was ignored, A key reason that both Japan and Italy had entered the war was to gain territory, but both gained less than they had wanted and expected.
the peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after World War I
Treaty of Versailles
a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding World War
Triple Alliance
a military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I
Triple Entente
Concerns or aims of France and Britain
concerned with their national security, wanted to strip Germany of war-making power, not so interested in Wilson's vision of peace
The purpose behind the Gallipoli campaign was that Allies believed that if they could secure the Dardanelles—the narrow sea strait that was the gateway to the ottoman capital of Istanbul (Constantinople)—they would be able to
defeat the Turks, take Istanbul, and establish a supply line to Russia.
an agreement to stop fighting
armistice
Serbian nationalist murders Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Archduchess Sophie
assassination in Sarajevo
the freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live
self-determination
Guiding principles of Wilson's "Fourtene Points" plan
self-determination—letting people decide for themselves under what government they wished to live, end to secret treaties, promoting the "freedom of the seas," and favoring free trade, creating a "general association of nations" to peacefully negotiate solutions to world conflicts
True or False: Great Britain was represented at the Paris Peace Conference by Georges Clemenceau.
False; Great Britain was represented at the Paris Peace Conference by David Lloyd George. France was represented by Georges Clemenceau.
True or False: Although Japan had originally been part of the Triple Alliance, it refused to join the Central Powers when the war began.
False; Italy had originally been part of the Triple Alliance, it refused to join the Central Powers when the war began.
True or False: After Russia began mobilizing troops on its western border, Serbia declared war on Russia. Two days later, Serbia also declared war on France.
False; after Russia began mobilizing troops on its western border, Germany declared war on Russia, and two days later, Germany also declared war on France.
True or False: The Battle of the Marne, the Battle of the Somme, and the Battle of Verdun were all fought along the Eastern Front on Austro-Hungarian soil.
False; the Battles of the Marne, the Somme, and Verdun were all fought along the Western Front on French soil.
True or False: The Paris Peace Conference was aided by a strong consensus of ideas between Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, and Georges Clemenceau.
False; the Paris Peace Conference was hindered by strong differences of opinion between Woodrow Wilson and the duo of David Lloyd George and Georges Clemenceau.
True or False; The right of nations to self-determination was a guiding principle of the Treaty of Versailles.
False; the right of nations to self-determination was a guiding principle of the Fourteen Points.
Ways the Treaty of Versailles punished Germany
Germany had severe restrictions placed on its military, The treaty placed sole responsibility (war guilt) on Germany, All of Germany's colonies in Africa and the Pacific were declared mandates (territories to be managed by League of Nations) until ready for independence.
13.3 Essay: ★ explain why the U.S. finally entered the war and the effects of their entry;
Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare. U.S. President Woodrow WilsonLinks to an external site. had protested Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare before, and did so again. When American ships were sunk as a result of the renewed German policy, the American people grew angry. British intercepted Zimmerman Note (see definition). Offered to help Mexico regain US land if they allied with Germany. US had good trade agreements/benefits with lots of Allies (countries). In April 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany, and Congress obliged.By the time the United States entered the conflict, the war had been exacting a terrible toll on all sides, killing millions and radically changing the lives of millions more—people at home as well as soldiers.
What is the effect of The Allies defeat the Germans in the First Battle of the Marne, September 12, 1914.
Germany's loss saw its Schlieffen Plan (which required quick victory in the west) stalled, meaning it may be stuck in a long, two-front war.
the last Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia (r. 1888-1918), he ruled Germany for thirty years up until his abdication just prior to the 11/11/1918 armistice
Kaiser Wilhelm II
How did the Senate's rejection of the Treaty of Versailles affect the League of Nations moving forward?
The U.S. never joined the League of Nations, and the League would suffer from the lack of U.S. support, and later, the support of other world powers, In time, the League proved to be unable to take effective, direct action on complaints; a dog with no teeth.
What is the effect of Machine guns, tanks, poison gas, and airplanes are used in battles along the Western Front.
The new technology turns the Western Front into a horrible and horrifying "terrain of death" in which huge numbers of soldiers died.
13.2 Essay: ★ describe the effects of Austria-Hungary's declaration of war and Germany's escalation of the conflict;
The system of alliances turned the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia into a wider war. Russia moved against Austria-Hungary. Figuring that Germany would support Austria-Hungary, Russia moved troops against Germany as well. Germany declared war on Russia. Soon after, it also declared war on France, Russia's ally. The Schlieffen plan into effect (see definition). Plan failed, First Battle of Marne between France and Germany, trench warfare. The system of alliances turned the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia into a wider war. Russia moved against Austria-Hungary. Figuring that Germany would support Austria-Hungary, Russia moved troops against Germany as well. Germany declared war on Russia. Soon after, it also declared war on France, Russia's ally.Russia had a huge population and could send millions to war. The large Russian army provided a constant threat to Germany, preventing it from putting its full resources against the allies in the west. Germany in 2-front war.
True or False: In the early weeks of the war, some European countries (and even some countries far removed from the main theaters of conflict, such as Japan) joined with the Triple Entente countries of France, Great Britain, and Russia to form the Allied Powers.
True
True or False: The territory between the trenches was known as "no man's land."
True
True or False: Woodrow Wilson proposed the "general association of nations" that would later become the League of Nations.
True
True or False; Article 231, also known as the "war guilt" clause, ordered Germany to pay huge war reparations to Allied nations.
True
True or False; Two nations deliberately excluded from the League of Nations were Germany and Russia.
True
in World War I, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other
Western Front
13.4 Essay: ★ explain why World War I is considered a major turning point in history in a multitude of ways (e.g., warfare, political boundaries, modern society, etc.);
Wilson's 14 points.e wanted to end secret treaties and alliances and give people the right to form their own nation. He also hoped to set up a world organization that could police the actions of nations and prevent future wars. Britain and France disagreed; they wanted to punish Germany. Treaty of Versailles. Treaty called for the League of Nations. It would include 32 nations, with the United States, Britain, France, Japan, and Italy making up the leadership. Germany and Russia were left out of the League. The treaty took away German land in Europe and took away its colonies. Limits were placed on the size of Germany's armed forces. Finally, Germany was given complete blame for the war, which meant it would have to make payments to the Allies for the damage caused. Germany's former colonies were given to the Allies to govern until they decided which were ready for independence. Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were all declared independent. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—once part of Russia—were made independent nations as well. The Ottoman Empire was broken up. The Ottomans kept control only of Turkey.United States Senate never approved either the treaty or joining the League of Nations.Germans bitterly resented the treaty.Colonial peoples in Africa and Asia had hoped that they could win their independence. They were angry when the treaty did not allow for that. Japan and Italy were also upset with the treaty. They had both joined the war in hopes of winning more land and were disappointed by getting few territorial gains.
the 28th president of the United States (1913-1921), he maintained America's neutrality until 1917 and developed a series of proposals outlining a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I
Woodrow Wilson
president of the United States; one of the members of the Big Four, the group who made the decisions at the Paris peace conference
Woodrow Wilson:
The armistice signed near Paris in November 1918 brought an end to
World War I.
The Zimmermann note, which pushed the United States to enter the war, exposed the German plan to
help Mexico regain U.S. territory.
The purpose of propaganda during World War I was to
influence public opinion.
3 outcomes of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
it ended the war between Russia and Germany, it established Russia as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR),it surrendered around 1 million square miles of Russian territory and nearly 1/3 of its population to Germany
In 1917, Germany returned to its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, hoping to
keep cargo ships from reaching Great Britain.
a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
militarism
3 significant outcomes of the Second Battle of the Marne
more than 2 million American troops took part in this battle, the German war effort had exhausted both men and supplies,Allied forces began to advance steadily toward Germany and the Central Powers began to crumble
a deep devotion to one's Nation
nationalism
3 reasons the United States entered the war
outrage over Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Note, inflammatory reports of German war atrocities, strong economic ties with the Allies
information or material spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponent's cause; one-sided information designed to persuade
propaganda
The system of rationing was designed to limit
purchases of consumer goods.
imperialism
quest for colonies
the limiting of the amounts of goods people can buy—often imposed by governments during wartime, when goods are in short supply
rationing
Which of the Great Powers did not have a large standing army by the war's beginning in 1914?
the United Kingdom
3 reasons that the czar's government collapsed and Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne
the czar was faced with civil unrest due to wartime shortages, the refusal of the army to continue fighting, the czar was faced with the growing prospect of revolution
World War I was a "total war" in the sense that
the nations involved devoted all their resources to it.
a conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
total war
a form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield
trench warfare
the use of submarines to sink, without warning, any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an enemy's waters
unrestricted submarine warfare