JB Ch. 10 & 12 Study Guide
Sacrament
A Christian rite
The Crusades were fought by knights who were motivated by the promise of _________ and ________ zeal.
Adventure; Religious
Patrician
A wealthy, powereful landowner
Medieval popes controlled the ________ in Italy, and bishops were often _________ to nobles.
Papal States; Vassals
What were the first three European universities, and what subjects did they teach?
Bologna, Paris, and Oxford; They taught grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy
What is significant about the Song of Roland?
Earliest and best example of the heroic epic, poetry of battles
In the year ________, the ____________ recognized the rights and obligations of the king and vassals.
1215; Magna Carta
What change in crop rotation increased farm yeilds?
Changing from 2 field rotations, to 3 field rotations
Parliament
2 knights from every county, two people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England
How did Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica attempt to reconcile Aristotle with Christian doctrine?
Proved that science and reason agrees with religion
Carruca
A heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare
Vassal
A man who serves a lord in a military capacity
Scholasticism
A medieval philosophical and theoligical system that tried to reconcile faith and reason
Knight
A member of the heavily armored calvary
Estate
A social or political class
What were problems of the late Middle ages, and how did Europe recover from them?
-Black Death caused population to decrease by 1/3 -Great Schism caused a political split and decline of Church power -Hundred Years' War
By what means did European kingdoms develop in during the late Middle Ages?
-Developed through war and statecrafft -William of Normandy conquered England, and caused the intermarriying of Saxon and English -Expansion of territory
What was the purpose and focus of study in Europe's first universities?
Harmonize Christian teachings with Greek philosophers teachings
Vernacular
The language of everyday speech in a particular region
What were the rights and responsibilities of lords?
The lords had political authority over the land, they also had to protect the serfs
The _____________ order of monks was one of the first to take their religion to people outside the monastery.
Cistercian
King _______________ fought English dominance and gained control of several French territories, King _________ was known for trying to bring justice to the people, and King ________ created a French parliament.
Philip II Augustus; Louis IX; Philip IV
Proceed
To advance
Remove
To eliminate
What was the status of medieval women?
Women could hold property, but remained under the control of their husbands. Women also ran the households when the men were away
Contract
A binding agreement between two or more people
Chivalry
A code of ethics that knights were suposed to uphold
Corporation
A company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law
The monastic leader _________ inspired leaders such as _______ of France to enter into a failed Second Crusade.
Bernard of Clairvaux; Louis VII
Relic
Bones or other objects connected with saints; considered to be worthy of worship by the faithful
At the end of the "_____________," two ships sank in a storm. The children on the other five ships were sold into ____________ in North Africa.
Childrens Crusade; Slavery
In the Fourth Crusade, Western forces sacked __________ and destroyed the power of the ____________ Empire.
Constantinople; Byzantine
When the Carolingian Empire was divided in 843 into ______ sections, the western Frankish lands formed the kingdom of __________.
France
The __________ Controversy, which was initiated by a decree from Pope Gregory VII in 1075, ended in an 1122 compromise called the __________________.
Investiture; Concordat of Worms
How did the use of iron affect medieval farming?
Iron tools, such as the carruca, made farming more efficient. Since the carruca was expensive a whole village bought one and shared it, along with their animals
__________, the first Russian state, ended in 1169.
Keivan Rus
William of ____________ conqured England in the year ___________.
Normandy; 1066
In Europe, pilgrims often traveled to Rome or Santiago de Compostela, which housed the _________ of several of the __________.
Relics; Apostles
In the late 1000s and early 1100s, a wave of _________ enthusiasm led to a rise in monasteries and monastic _________.
Religious; Orders
Heresy
The denial of basic Church doctrines
Technology
The science or study of the pratical or industrial arts
Theology
The study of religion and God
Who initiated the Hundred Years' War, and how was it won?
The war began after King Philip VI of France seized the duchy of Gascony from King Edward III of England. Military victories by Joan of Arc and the use of the cannon contributed to France's victory
Infidel
An unbeliever
In the 1200s, Pope ______________, used tools such as the __________ to bring the Chruch to the height of its political power.
Inocent III; Intridict
The Crusades provided a backdrop for the persecution of ________, who suffered periodic ________, or deflamatory statements, attacks, and expulsions.
Jews; Libels
How did Ferdinand and Isabella unify Spain?
Made it a unified Catholic state
In return for fighting in the Crusade, the pope promised forgiveness of _________.
Sins
What conditions and factors led to the growth of independent medieval cities?
-Changes in climate and technology resulted in the development of farming villages -Increased farm production then freed some of the population to engage in crafts and in trade -The growth of trade led to the development of trading centers -Trading centers grew into walled cities, which developed their own customs and rules -Over time, cities developed their own governments and became completely independent of lords
In what ways was the medieval Church involved in political as well as spiritual struggles?
-The Church was involed with feudalism and international politics -The status of many bishops and abbots as vassals to nobles -The complexities of lay investure, which gave secular authorities power over clergy and sparked the Investiture Controversy -The influence of religious orders upon devout believers throughout Europe
How did the Crusades affect the political development of Europe?
-The Crusades inadvertently helped to break down feudalism -Kings levied taxes and raised armies to fight the Crusades, and nobles met their obligations by selling thier lands and freeing serfs -Nobles lost power, and kings created stronger cental governments -Kings gained new wealth as a result of trade with the East -Developments paved the way for the emergence of nation-states -By the mid 1400s, Spain, England, and France became strong European nations
Fief
A grant of land made to a vassal
Serf
A pesant legally bound to the land, who has to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control
The Church's _________ sometimes used ____________ to extract confessions of heresy and used executions to punish it.
Inquisition; Torture
Who owned the land that serfs farmed?
Lords owned most of the land, but serfs were granted some land where they could plant their own crops
Crusades
Military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims
Technical
Of or pertaining to a techinque
What features characterized the basilicas of the late Roman Empire?
Rectangular buildings with flat wooden roofs
How does Chaucer's Canterbury Tales provide both historical and literary insight into medieval England?
Shows the points of view from 29 pilgrims on their way to Canterbury
Magna Carta
The "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymeade in 1215
What was the feudal contract?
The feudal contract was a set of unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal
Pursue
To follow up or proceed with
Pope ________ framed the Crusades as a quest to free Jerusalem and the ________ from ________, or unbelievers.
Urban II; Holy Land; Infidels
Where were Europe's main medieval trading centers?
Venice, Genoa, Piza, and Flanders
How feudalism develop?
Vikings attacked European lands, so people fled to seek safety on the lands of local lords, where they became serfs
Chanson de geste
A type of vernacular literature that described battles and politcal contests
How did the concept of chivalry influence medieval life?
Chivalry was a code of ethics by which knights pledged to defend the Church and defenseless people, treat captives as guests, and treat aristocratic women with respect
Manor
An agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked
Taille
An annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provied a regualr source of income for the French monarchy
Period
An interval of time
Document
An orginal or official paper that gives proof of or support to
What was Anslem of Canterbury's most significant contribution to scholaticism?
Anslem made one of the first attempts to demonstrate how the truths of faith are compatible with reason. He used reason to argue the existence of God
In the First Crusade, Europeans capture _______ in 1098. In June 1099, they reached _________ and killed many of its inhabitants.
Antioch; Jerusalem
What features characterized Romanesque churches?
Arched vaulted roofs in the shape of a cross, massive pillars, thick walls, intersecting barrel vaults, and little windows
How did increased trade give rise to commercial capitalism?
As an economy based on money developed, a no usary rule was put in place for Christians, so Jews loaned money to crusaders and merchants
The last two Crusades ended in France's defeat by ____________. King Louis IX later died of the __________.
Baybars; Plague
What benefits did guilds offer craftspeople?
Craft guilds set standards for quality, and fixed the prices of finished goods. They also set the number of people who could enter a trade
Who were the nobility during the Middle Ages?
Kings, dukes, counts, barons, and bishops who had large estates and political power
In what ways were knights central to feudalism?
Knights were members of the heavily armed calvary that dominated warefare in medieval Europe. Lords supplied them with expensive horses, armor, and weapons. Thorugh their service theu could win land that would support their families
King __________ and his successors attempted to rule both Germany and ________ as the ______________ Empire.
Otto I; Italy; Holy Roman
In the Middle Ages, the Church played a large role in everyday life; the ___________ guided people from birth to death, and included baptism, the Eucharist, and marriage.
Sacraments
Medieval Christians dedicated churches to _______ and venerated ________ objects connected with saints.
Saints; relics
The ______ peoples of _________ Europe divided into three major groups, each of which formed new kingdoms.
Slavic; Central
Lay investure
The practice by which secular rules both chose nominees to Church offices and gave them symbols of their office
Enable
To make possible
What was the most popular vernaculat literature of the 1100s?
Troubadour poetry, stories from nobles and knights about love for a lady who inspired both courage and poetry
What did King Louis XI do to strenghten the French Monarchy?
Used taille, curbed the power of French nobles, added new territory, and promoted industry and commerce
What was the status of medieval vassals?
Vassals ranged all the way from being lords to simple knights with little land.
The eastern Slavs who lived in present day Ukrain and Russia were conquered by __________, who were in turn conquered by ___________.
Vikings; Mongols
Who were the Norsemen, and what effect did they have on western Europe?
Vikings; They invaded Western Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries, destroyed towns and churches, defeated local armies, and eventually they built their own settlements
Challenge
A summons that is often stimulating, inciting, or threating
The abbess ____________ was an important contributor to a type of music known as __________ chant.
Hildegard of Bingen; Gregorian
Anti Semitism
Hostility toward or discrimination agianst Jews
What was feudalism, and how did it influence medieval Europe?
The socio-economic-political system that influenced trade, money development, loyalty to ones lord, and protection by ones lord
Libel
A written or oral defamatory statement
Bourgeoise
The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
How did the bubonic plague spread throughout Europe?
Carried by flea-infested black rats along the trafe routes from Kaffa, on the Black Sea, to the rest of Europe
How did King Henry VII strengthen the English monarchy?
He abolished private armies and refrained from overburdening the nobles and middle class with taxes
Crucial
Essential
What were the consequences of the Black Death?
1/3 population killed, and Jews were blamed and killed
When did townspeople gain new rights, and why?
1100s, becasue the merchants wanted freedom to go sell their goods, which benefits the lords economically
Interdict
A decree by the pope that forbade priests from giving the sacraments of the Chruch to the people
Common Law
A uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes
How was the Carolingian Empire divided after Charlemagne's death in 814?
After Charlemagne's death, the Carolginian Empire divided into the western Frankish lands, the eastern Frankish lands, and the Middle Kingdom, each ruled by a grandson
What caused the Great Schism?
After the death of Gregory XI, Italian cardinals and French cardinals each elected their own pope. An effort to resolve the problem resulted in the election of a third pope
__________ monks preached simplicity, took vows of poverty, and aided the poor, while _________ also lived in poverty and battled ____________.
Franciscan; Dominicans; heresy
New monarchy
Government in which power had been centralized under a king or queen
King Henry II expanded the power of the English _________; he strengthened the power of the royal __________ and struggled for power over the _________.
Monarcy; Court; Catholic Church
Christians also made _____________ to shrines, the greatest of which, they believed, was the Holy City of _____________.
Pilgrimages; Jerusalem
Feudalism
Political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects
Some eastern Slavic peoples were converted to _____________ by the missionary brothers, ____________ and ____________.
Orthodox Christianisty; Cyril; Methodius
The establishment of the ________ brought representative government to England.
Parliament
Caught up in disputes with ________ in Italy, and the ___________ in German lands, the emperor had no real power in either part of his empire.
Pope; lords
The Crusades benefited some Italian __________ cities, and helped cause the end of __________ and the emergence of nation-states.
Port; feudalism
What features chracterized Gothic churches?
Tall towers, round ribbed vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and stained glass windows
What events in European Christianity set the stage for Martin Luther's reformation?
The Great Schism lead to calls for reform
Consequence
The effet or result of an action
Feudal contract
The unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a vassal and his lord