Jordan midterm history flashcards 120

The majority of the Jewish population in Granada was forced to emigrate by __________.

1492

By the second half of the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was a vast multiethnic and multireligious state of some ______________ inhabitants.

15 million

Martin Luther protested the sale of indulgences in ________ with 95 theses addressed to his archbishop.

1517

Of the approximately 144,000 estimated Native Americans in New England in 1600, fewer than 15,000 remained by ______.

1620

A four-way struggle broke out among the sons of Shah Jahan upon his death in ________.

1657

Mehmet II besieged and conquered Constantinople within ________ in 1453.

2 months

By some estimates, there were more ________ slave uprisings involving 10 or more slaves during the four centuries of Atlantic slavery.

250

An estimated __________ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800.

300000

With __________ inhabitants in the sixteenth century, the capital of Kongo, M'banza, was comparable in size to many European cities at the time.

60000

The Karagöz was a:

A shadow puppet theater

The Golden Temple in the city of ________ became the religious center of the Sikhs, and they defended their faith against the repressive policies of Aurangzeb.

Amirstar

The Jewish community of ___________ excommunicated Baruch Spinoza for heresy, since he seemed to make God immanent in the world.

Amsterdam

In "chattel" slavery, the slave is, in legal terms:

An item of moveable personal property.

__________ reimposed the hated jizya tax on non-Muslims, which had been abolished by Akbar.

Aurangzed

A mathematician and assistant of Galileo, Evangelista Torricelli experimented with mercury-filled tubes to lay the groundwork for the first ___________.

Barometer

On St. _______'s Day in August 1572, the Catholic king and aristocracy of France perpetrated a wholesale slaughter of thousands of Huguenots.

Bartholomew

The ruler Ewuare was the first to rise to dominance over chiefs (azuma) and assume the title of king (obo) over _________.

Benin

From the middle of the seventeenth century, the pueblos de indios were fully functional, self-administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels.

Cabildos

Acquiring wealth with the help of money and thereby perhaps gaining a glimpse of one's fate became one of the hallmarks of ____________.

Calvinism

___ ______ inherited Habsburg territories throughout Europe and the Inca and Aztec Empires in the Americas when he became Emperor in 1516.

Charles V

In his preface, Cervantes claimed he had written Don Quixote of La Mancha to "ridicule the absurdity" of notions of ___________.

Chivalry

Indian _________ calicoes (named for the Indian port of Calicut) proved immensely popular in Europe for underwear and summer clothing.

Cotton

offeehouses allowed the literate urban public to meet, read __________, and exchange ideas.

Daily newspaper

The Mughals built fortresses at strategic points throughout their inner domains as well as along the frontier, and the largest was the Red Fort in _______.

Delhi

As part of the African ________, Africans moved to nearly all parts of the Americas primarily as a result of the transatlantic slave trade.

Diaspora

The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world

Diseases

Spain refused to recognize the "United Provinces of the ____________ Republic" until 1648.

Dutch

The Spanish quest for the mythical ____________ or "golden city" was fruitless.

El dorado

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World.

Encomiendas

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government ___________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas).

Encouraged

The "conquistadors" Francisco Pizarro, Hernán Cortés, and Alonso Ortíz all originated in the Spanish region of __________.

Estremadura

Around 1750, there were about 10,000 Boers (Dutch for "_______") in the Cape Colony, easily outnumbered by slaves.

Farmers

"Renaissance" thinkers and artists considered their period a time of "rebirth" (the literal meaning of the word in the _______ language).

French

Because _________ universities and scientific academies refused to admit women, in contrast to their counterparts in other countries, the salon became a bastion of well-placed and respected female scholars.

French

The most successful _________ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now Louisiana, where some 300 settlers and 4000 African slaves founded sugar plantations.

French

Despite his appearance in the city in 1536, it was well into the 1550s before John Calvin's form of Protestantism prevailed in __________.

Geneva

After the defeat of the Songhay, much of the trans-Saharan gold trade was siphoned off by the Portuguese on what became known as the Gold Coast (modern ________).

Ghana

Humanism was an intellectual movement focused on human culture, in such fields as philosophy, philology, and literature, and based on the corpus of ___________ texts.

Greek and Roman

A Native American reported an appearance of Our Lady of _________ in 1531, in a place where the native goddess Tonantzin used to be venerated.

Guadalupe

By the early seventeenth century, a powerful elite of Spanish who ___________, called Creoles, was in place to assist the Spanish administrators.

Had been born in the americas

__________ was the first institution of higher learning in North America, devoted to teaching the "correct" balanced Calvinist Protestantism.

Harvad College

Although they were under frequent attack by Songhay and Kanem-Bornu during the period 1500-1800, the _________ kingdoms enjoyed periods of independence during which many of the ruling clans converted to Islam.

Hausa

An expedition sent out the Portuguese king ___________ the Navigator captured the city of Ceuta on the North African coast in 1415.

Henry

Leading a motley force of about 530 Spanish men, _________ defeated a much larger indigenous force at Tabasco in 1518.

Hernan Cortes

The familiar term "pajamas" comes from the __________ word pajama, the lightweight summer garments worn in India and popularized as sleepwear in Europe.

Hindi

Aurangzeb spent much of the last two decades of his life campaigning against the _________.

Hindu Marathas

Akbar married the Rajput princess Manmati, despite her adherence to:

Hinduism

In the 1550s, Mughal forces secured the eastern, southern, and western flanks of their lands, anchoring Islam with the territory they called "__________".

Hinduism

A member of the _________ family of rulers, Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia enlarged his army and pursued an aggressive foreign policy.

Hohenzollern

The unequal relations between Tutsi cattle breeders and ______ farmers froze into a caste system during the nineteenth-century colonial occupation.

Hutu

Jahangir's son Khusrau was forced to watch as his comrades were put to death by ____________.

Impalement

Barbados was settled initially in 1627 by English planters, who grew tobacco, cotton, indigo, and ginger, employing English and Irish ____________.

Indentured Laborers

In 1498, the king of Portugal sent Vasco da Gama on a voyage to __________.

India

________ turned the running of his empire over to his wife, the striking Persian princess Nur Jahan, on several occasions, and she mediated the succession wars after his death.

Jahangir

As a proponent of Copernican heliocentrism, Galileo seemed to contradict the passage in the Hebrew Bible's Book of ___________, in which God stops the sun in the sky for a day.

Joshua

Copernicus began his studies at the University of __________, the only eastern European school to offer courses in astronomy.

Krakow

The end of the fourteenth century marked the stunning rise of Temur Gurgan, who was widely known from the Persian rendering of his name as Timur the

Lame

After being kidnapped by Christian pirates, Al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan was baptized under the name of Pope _________.

Leo X

Fought in the Eastern Mediterranean in 1571, the Christians won the Battle of _________ thanks to their superior naval tactics.

Lepanto

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at __________ in 1535.

Lima

By the late 13th and early 14th centuries, native shipwrights and their teachers from Genoa teamed up in the port of _____________ to develop new ships suited to the stormy Atlantic.

Lisbon

In 1649, a group of 70 mostly landless farmers and day laborers occupied "common" land about 25 miles south of ________ and set up a communal farm there.

London

Despite the appearance of his beaming benevolence at Versailles, the "absolutist" rule of ____________ was a complex mixture of centralized and decentralized forces.

Louis xiv

The main goal of Gustavus II Adolphus's intervention in the Thirty Years' War was the creation of a Swedish-_________ centralized state around the Baltic Sea.

Lutheran

The El Escorial palace complex was built by Juan Bautista de Toledo in _____________.

Madrid

The Mughals appointed members of the new _________ elite to positions in the provincial governments and state ministries.

Mansabdar

Isaac Newton's ___________ Principles of Natural Philosophy, published in 1687, was the towering achievement of the New Sciences.

Mathematical

Toward the first half of the fifteenth century, the Ottoman sultans equipped their Janissaries with cannons and _________.

Muskets

Juana Inés de la Cruz secretly studied Latin, Greek, and _________ in her maternal grandfather's library

Nahuatl

The resourceful Queen ________ of Ndongo sometimes negotiated with the Portuguese and fought guerilla campaigns against them at others.

Nzinga

The memoir of the former slave and abolitionist __________ would help push the movement of liberating slaves forward in the nineteenth century.

Olaudah Equiano

In the course of his 14th-century journeys, Ibn Battuta passed through western Anatolia and Constantinople and was impressed by the rising power of the ____________.

Ottomans

Zahir ud-Din Muhammad was better known by his nickname, Babur, which means "leopard" or "tiger" in __________.

Persian

Privateers were individual entrepreneurs who were virtually indistinguishable from:

Pirates

Auto-da-fé" means "act of faith" in the ___________ language.

Portuguese

Between 1434 and 1472, through a combination of private and public expeditions, _________ mariners explored the African coast as far east as the Bight of Benin.

Portuguese

For the English, the acquisition of Bombay (Mumbai) from the _________ in the 1660s gave the British East India Company a superb harbor.

Portuguese

The term "casta" originated in the desire of the Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of ___________.

Racial mixture

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation.

Rotating labor assignments

The Danish mariner Peter von Sivers rose to the position of admiral in the _________ fleet.

Russian

In the 1440s, Portuguese mariners raided the West African coast in the __________ region for slaves.

Senegambia

After staying three months on the first Bahaman island he found, Christopher Columbus returned to Iberia with ________ and a small quantity of gold.

Seven captured Caribbean islanders

Mughal relations with Safavid Persia, where _________ was the official state religion, meant a certain influence on the Mughal court was unavoidable

Shia Islam

Akbar wore his hair long under his turban like the __________.

Sikhs

the Shehzade and Süleymaniye mosques in Istanbul and the Selimiye mosque in Edirne were designed by __________.

Sinan

Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior.

Slave raids

In the seventeenth century, the process of manumission was:

Sometimes followed by the freedman's acquisition of his own slaves.

An example of a Creole language that has survived for centuries is Gullah, used by the isolated communities along the coastal islands of Georgia and _______.

South Carolina

_______ was the only North American colony, and later state, in which African Americans outnumbered those of European descent.

South Carolina

Mercantilist economic theory dictates that

States should keep their economies blocked off from competitors and import as little and export as much as possible.

When the city of ___________ was captured in November 1519, the emperor Moctezuma II was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V.

Tenochtitlan

Muhammad Ghauth Gwaliori's ___________ tapped sources from Hindu and Muslim astrology, Jewish Kabbala traditions, and Sufi mysticism.

The five jewels

Under Süleyman "the Magnificent" most of the Janissaries were stationed in barracks in and near the _____________.

Topkapi Palace

The Atlantic system or the "_________" trade connected the American colonies with Africa and Europe.

Triangular

Inconsolable after the loss of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan built a magnificent tomb complex in her honor near _________.

agra

The Ottomans benefited from the trade of a new commodity, _____________, which was produced in Ethiopia and Yemen.

coffee

Brazil produced a total of 1000 tons of _________ in the eighteenth century, a welcome bonanza for Portugal at a time of low agricultural prices.

gold

The portolan (nautical chart) drawn by Pedro Reinel is the earliest known map to include _____________.

lines of Latitude

Stationary theaters with stages, main floors, balconies, and boxes appeared in the main cities of Spain during the ________ century.

sixteenth

The Gunpowder empires, named for their reliance on cannons and small arms in their military campaigns, included all of the following except:

the habsburgs