Juvenile Delinquency CH.1-2 Test

The term ________ is used to describe young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality

"at risk" youth

If you wanted to examine the changes in the number of juveniles arrested each year , the best source of this data would be found in which of the following? A. UCR B. NIBRS C. MTF D. NCVS

A. UCR

Which of the following best describes the discovery of the phenomenon known as the chronic youthful offender? A. a small number of youth offenders commit a significant percentage of all serious crime B. A small number of youthful offenders commit a small percentage of all serious crime C. A large number of youthful offenders commit a significant percentage of all serious crime D. A large number of youthful offenders commit a small percentage of all serious crime

A. a small number of youthful offenders commit a significant percentage of all serious crime

It was determined that any criminal activities perpetrate by the respondents would, for obvious reasons, not be included. it was also believed that forgetfulness, embarrassment, and/or fear might be problematic. What type of error would this constitute? a. underreporting error b. question formatting error c. sampling error d. over reporting error

A. underreporting error

False

According to official statistics, minority youths are arrested for serious criminal behavior at a rate that is proportionate to their representation in the population. T or F

true

After adolescence, age is inversely related to criminality; as youthful offenders mature, their offending rates decline. T or F

___________ is the research technique that employs graphic representations of crime data patterns

Crime Mapping

_______________ refers to the willful and repeated harm inflicted through Internet social media sites, such as Facebook.

Cyberbullying

Which type of secondary data sources regarding crime and delinquency uses multiple advanced computational methods (i.e using computers) to analyze large data sets that usually involved one or more data sources? A. Experimental Data B. Crime mapping C. Meta-analysis D. Data mining

D. Data mining

What was the primary method of punishment used by teachers to discipline students for academic mistakes and moral lapses during the 17th and 18th centuries? a. wearing a dunce hat b.starvation c. locked in a closet d. flogging

D. Flogging

Crimes designed to improve the financial or social position of the offenders are referred to as: A. Status offense B. expressive crimes C. equality enhancement crimes D. Instrumental Crimes

D. Instrumental Crimes

The University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research annual survey of 2500 high school seniors, which is considered to be the national standard to measure substance abuse trends among American teens, is known as the: A.YCPS B. NYS C.DDS D.MTF

D. MTF monitoring the future

In colonial america what law permitted a youth to be put to death if he or she could not be controlled by his or her parents? A. Chancery Court Act B. Wayward Minor Act C. Parens Patraiae Doctrine D. Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law

D. Massuchetts Stubborn Child Law

English Statues taht allowed the courts to appoint overseers over destitute and neglected children, allowing placement of these children as servants in homes of the affluent were referred to as: A. Chancery laws B. Refuge laws C. Juvenile laws D. Poor Laws

D. Poor Laws

A child also become subject to state authority for committing _________ offenses; actions that would not be considered illegal if prepetrated by an adult

Status

In colonial america, ________ laws were passed that required children to obey their parents

Stubborn Child

False

Involuntary apprenticeship, indenture, and binding out of children did not become response to the problems of indigent, delinquent, or orphaned children until the late eighteen century. T or F

__________ is the federal program that collects data on each reported crime incident and requires local police to provide at least a bried account of each incident and arrest

NIBRS- National Incident Based Reporting System

True

Some states grant the juvenile court judge discretion to substitute a status offense for a delinquency charge T or F

In the United States, _______ is the third leading cause of death among young people ages 15-24

Teen Suicide

C. Age of Onset

The age at which youths begin their delinquent careers is referred to as a. age of progression b.age of inception c. age of onset d. age of persistence

True

The age at which youths begin their delinquent ecareers is called the age of onset? T or F

True

The concept of the chronic offender is most closely associated with the research efforts of marvin Wolfgang and associates T or F

False

The study of juvenile delinquency involves a variety of social problems face by youth; it doesn't extend to the analysis of the various components of the justice system such as law enforcement T or F

False

The superego, according to Freud, is formed when youths develop a full sense of the self, combining how they see themselves and how they fit in with others? T or F

Collected by the FBI and reported quarterly and annually, the __________ is considered to be the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics in the United States

UCR

True

Under parens patriae delinquent act are not considered criminal violations T or F

False

Unfortunately, Criminologists have not been able to distinguish chronic offenders from other delinquent youths. T or F

Also known as bind over or removal, _________ is the legal term commonly used to describe transferring legal jurisdiction over the most serious and experienced juvenile offenders to the adult court for criminal prosecution

Waiver

Now referred to as status offender, ___________ was the term used to describe the early legal designation of youths who violated the law because of their minority status

Wayward Minors

False

When considering the validity of self-report student studies, researchers do not consider the phenomenon of missing cases to be of major concern T or F

False

While males still commit more crimes than females, the arrest rate for both sexes has increases in the past decade. T or F

As early as 1535, the english parliament created statues known as ________ laws that allowed the courts to appoint overseers to place destitute or neglected children as servants in the homes of the affluent

poor

Males are significantly more delinquent than females with one exception, that exception being that girls are being more frequently arrested for _________?

runaways

_______________ crimes as criminal offenses that have no real purpose except to accomplish the behavior at hand

Expressive crimes

True

Children who engage in disruptive behaviors when they are 5 or 6 year old are most likely to exhibit disruptive behaviors throughout adolescence. T or F

True

As a means to deal with fear of peer rejection or loneliness, research indicates some kids turn to crime T or F

True

As soon as they physically able to do so, children of peasants were expected to engage in adult roles. T or F

The idea that chronic offenders are likely to continue violating the law as adults is referred to as: A. Crime Consistency B. Continuity of crime C. Offender constancy D. Offender-enhanced labeling

B. Continuity of crime

One way jurisdiction have attempted to maintain greater control over wayward youth has been the implementation of what type of laws? A drug and alcohol B.Curfew C. School Truancy D. Vandalism

B. Curfew

Today what term is used to describe the legal status of a minor child who has been found to have violated the penal code? A. status offenders B. Juvenile delinquents C. abhorrent youth D. At- Risk Children

B. Juvenile Delinquents

The concept of the "chronic career offender" is most closely associated with the research efforts of: A. Edwin Sutherland B. Marvin Wolfgang C. Robert Merton D. Steven Levitt

B. Marvin Wolfgang

Which of the following supreme court cases provided the possibility of parole for a youth under the age of 18? a. Tennessee v. Garner B. Miller v. Alabama C. Roper v. Simmons D. In re Gault

B. Miller V. Alabama

Which of the following refers to youths who are spread out too thin, experience personal uncertainty. etctetctetc A. ego confusion B. Role diffusion C. conduct disorder D. identity crisis

B. Role Diffusion

Which type of crime data collecting method uses questionnaires or surveys that ask subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts? A. Uniform Crime Report (UCR) B. Self-reporting surveys C. Monitoring the future survey (MTF) D. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

B. Self- Reporting Survey

The creation of english poor laws, the apprenticeship movement, and chancery court system in Britain have been credited with eventually impacting which nation's emergence of their own juvenile justice system? A. France B. The United States C. Germany D. Spain

B. The United States

False

Based on current social mechanisms that have been put in place over the last decade, child poverty in the united states no longer has a long-lasting negative effect on children's cognitive achievement, educational attainment, and overall physical and mental health. T or F

___________ offenders is the term used to describe youths who have been arrested four or more times during their minority and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts?

Chronic Delinquent

_______________ is a philosophical view point that encourage the state to take control over wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior

Best interest of the child

The historical period that ushered in a new age for children and their families is referred to as: A. Renaissance B. Middle Ages C. Enlightenment D. Inquisition

C. Enlightenment

Crimes that have no purpose except to accomplish the behavior at hand, such as shooting someone, is known as: A. non-instrumental offense B. status offense c. expressive crime D. Instrumental crime

C. Expressive Crime

The unequal distribution of household or individual income across the various participation in an economy is known as: a socioeconomic disparity B. economic inequity C. Income Inequality D. Wealthy discrepancy

C. Income Inequality

which of the following refers to a theory that states as the size of the black population increases the perceived threat to the white population increases, resulting in a greater amount of social control imposed against african Americans by police? A. Institutional racism theory B. Racial profiling Theory C. Racial Threat theory D. Racial fear theory

C. Racial Threat theory

Which of the following would best describe a crime-related survey error where the respondents didn't represent a wide demographic picture of the nation's population? A. underreporting error B. Question Format error C. Sampling Error D. Over reporting error

C. Sampling Error

Which of the following phrases best exemplifies a youth who has been retained in school involved with deviant peers and experiment with drugs? a. throwaway youth b. chronic delinquent c. at-risk youth D. juvenile delinquent

C. at-risk youth

according to erik erikson, what is formed when a person develops a firm sense of self? a. personality B. Id formation c. ego identity d. role diffusion

C. ego identity

While investigating Part 1 crimes you find that little over 20% of all reported part 1 crimes are cleared by one of the following methods. What is that method? A. exceptional clearance b. dropped charges c. elimination of false reports D. arrests

C. elimination of false reports

Which of the following represents areas of the united states where there are the most victimization of juveniles? a . midwest and north east b. eastern and southern c. southern and western d. midwest and western

C. southern and western

one of the major problems with the NCVS is _____ due to embarrassment of reporting to the interviewers, fear of getting in trouble, or simply forgetting about an incident. A misinformation B. Inadequate question C. underreporting d. sampling error

C. underreporting

the early legal term used to describe status offenders was: a. insolvent children b. corrupted adolescents c. destitue youth d. wayward minors

D. wayward minors

__________ is an alternate means of collecting data about delinquent behavior whereas multiple advanced computational methods are used to analyze large data sets

Data mining

The number of juvenile arrest has _______ significantly during the past decade?

Decreased

____________ refers to analyzing the relationship between two or more independent variables while controlling for the influence of dependent variable

Disaggregated

True

During the Middle Ages high infant mortality rates kept parents from emotionally bonding with their children T or F

False

Early english jurisprudence held that children under the age of 6 were legally incapable of committing crimes. T or F

_________ crimes are described as offenses that are designed to imrove the financial or social position of the offender

Instrumental Crimes

________ is a comprehensive, annual natiowide survey of victimization carried about by the federal government, whereas individual citizens are asked to report whether or not he/she has been a victim of a crime during a certain period of time

NCVS

False

NCVS data indicate that the number of people who break the law is, indeed, greater than the number projected by official statistics T or F

true

NCVS data tells us that teenage victimization is not interracial. T or F

In reference to the UCR, forcible rape would be placed in the category of ______ crimes.

Part I crimes

During the Middle Ages, the ______________ family structure was predominant, wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises complete control over his wife and children

Paternalistic

________ refers to the process by which juvenile offenders continue in their delinquent careers rather than aging out of crimes

Persistence

During the Middle AGes, the right of the first born son referred to as ____________ was invoked allowing for him to inherent all lands and titles, leaving his born brothers the option of either military or religious service

Primogeniture

The process by which juvenile offenders continue on with their delinquent careers rather than aging out of crime is refereed to as : a.revolution b. persistence c. rebellion d. predestined

b. persistence

According to Erik Erikson, ______ is formed when youths develop a full sense of the self, combining how they see themselves and how they fit in with others

ego identity