kin 201 final

To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to external validity True False

True

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of epidemiological research? Answers: A. To test the effectiveness of an intervention in bringing about health behavior change B. Quantify the magnitude of health problems C. Identify the factors that cause disease D. Provide quantitative guidance for the allocation of public health resources

A

Involves the examination of a large disease-free population over a period of several years -Assessment of relevant exposures is obtained • End of follow-up period, number of people who died and were diagnosed with disease outcome is tabulated EX: Individuals with lower physical activity were significantly more likely to get a heart attack

Cohort Study Design

Participants suffering from sport-related knee injuries are given a treatment and then the effectiveness of that treatment is measured using a test. There is no prettest or control group

Cross Sectional

- participants receive treatment followed by test to evaluate treatment - All that can be said is that at a certain point in time this group of participants performed at a certain level

Cross Sectional study (pre experimental design)

Attrition, or the loss of participants through a research study, is a threat to internal validity True False

True

Of the surveys frequently used for measuring physical activity in epidemiological research, the shortest (one to four items) is the global questionnaire

True

-reactive or interactive effects of testing: pretest may make participants sensitive to treatment -treatment may work only on participants selected on specific characteristic -reactive effects of experimental arrangements

threats to external validity

The cause must precede the effect in time. - The cause and effect must be correlated with each other. - The correlation between cause and effect cannot be explained by another variable.

three conditions for establish cause and effect

increasing control control will decrease generazability

increasing internal validity will decrease external validity

Did the treatments (IV) cause the change in the outcome (DV)?

internal validity

One group of participants is given a physical fitness pretest, participate in a training program intended to increase physical fitness, and are then posttested. The pretest and posttest scores are compared to examine the growth in physical fitness.

one group pre test post test

- Cannot conclude improvement due to treatment - Rival hypotheses from maturation and learning effect

one group pre test post test (pre experimental design)

participants to say whatever they want rather than choosing from preplanned answers

open ended questions

Both groups are randomly formed and give a pretest as well as a posttest - Determine amount of change produced by treatment - Testing/learning effect is controlled because of comparison of control before/after as well as experimental before/after

pre test post test (true experimental)

-events that are not part of treatment -maturation: events due to passage of time -effects of more than 1 test administration -instrumentation issue -regression -selection bias -attrition -selection-maturation interaction -expectancy

threat to internal validity a

Additional Considerations Survey

-identifying the sample (have a large enough sample to match analysis) -conduct a pilot test

A mixed methods study in which the qualitative research precedes the quantitative aspects of the study is referred to as which of the following A. Sequential exploratory design B. A matched pairs study design C. Parallel study design D. Sequential explanatory design

A

In research, an extraneous variable is: A. Not measured, but could influence the relationship among the variables of interest B. The experimental or treatment variable C. The outcome variable D. Measured so that it can be controlled in order to look at the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable

A

The one characteristic of true experimental designs that preexperimental and quasi-experimental designs do not have is A. Random assignment to groups B. A pretest and a posttest C. The application of statistical tests D. The use of a control group

A

• Used to test hypotheses regarding the causal links between exposures and mortality using observation Understand how exposures to physical activity early in the disease process alters the course of the disease

Analytical Studies

A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease-free population who are then classified as exercisers and nonexercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called a(n) Answers: A. Case-control study B. Cohort study C. experimental study D. Experimental study

B

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the Answers: A. Split-pilot study B. Case-control study C. experimental-control study D. repeated-measures stud

B

In experimental design, when comparisons are made of groups that have been selected on the basis of their extreme scores, the posttest means of the groups tend to move toward the mean of the entire population from which the extreme groups were selected. This threat to internal validity is called Answers: A. Interaction of selection B. Statistical regression toward the mean C. Differential selection D. Experimental mortality

B

Consider the following questionnaire item (which uses a yes/no format): "Do you swim or jog to get in physical activity?" What rule regarding item construction does it violate? Answers: A. Do not lead the respondent to answer in a certain way B. Short questions are easier to understand C. Avoid using negative items D. Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item

D

Patients with chronic kidney disease often suffer from which of the following co-morbid conditions? A. Muscle wasting B. Cardiovascular disease C. Bone disorders D. All of the above

D

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of Answers: A. New cases of a disease, whereas incidence relates to the number who presently have the disease B. New cases of a disease, whereas incidence relates to the number who die in a certain period of time C. People who die from a disease in a certain period of time, whereas incidence relates to new cases D. People who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

D

The major weakness of epidemiological studies is Answers: A. The small number of people as participants B. Insufficient time to collect data C. Insufficient information on disease D. The inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

D

double-blind experiment is one in which Answers: A. Neither the experimental nor control groups know which participants receive the experimental treatment, but the experimenter knows B. Both experimental and control groups receive the same tests C. Both experimental and control groups are exposed to identical pretesting and posttesting conditions D. Neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment

D

Descriptive epidemiology is the relationship of basic characteristics (e.g., age, race, sex, occupation) and disease status • Seek to quantify specific health problems and examine specific subgroups that are at greater risk for disease • Often inexpensive because they rely on existing data sources of those easily obtained EX: men are more likely to have this disease 20 year olds have this disease

Descriptive Study

Use existing data for exposure and disease outcomes • Contrast rates of disease by characteristics in an entire population EX: Individuals who work heavier activity jobs are less likely to have heart disease, especially as they get older

Ecological Study Designs

To what populations, settings, or treatments can the outcome be generalized?

External validity

Effective surveys should only include leading questions so the participant knows what the research is asking about T or F

F

Longer surveys typically have similar response rates to shorter surveys T or F

F

A qualitative research technique involves interviews of small numbers of participants in a group setting. These groups are called individual interviews True False

False

Forced-choice survey questions allow participants to write out information related to their experiences or beliefs

False

In a parallel mixed methods design, the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the study receive equal attention but do not have to occur at the same time True False

False

Selection bias occurs when there is selection based on extreme scores and participants become more similar over time True False

False

When sending a survey online it is not important to consider the time of year or the season because everyone is always busy T or F

False

1-4 items that present general classification of a person's habitual activity patterns Most accurate for classifying according to one's vigorous-intensity physical activity

Global Self report questionnaire

Scaled responses to questionnaire items such as strongly agree, agree, no opinion, and so on are referred to as ________ scale items.

Likert

participants are asked to indicate their agreement or report the frequency of behavior, ANAYLSIS OPTIONS EXAMPLE: strongly agree, disagree, neither agree or disagree

Likert scale

15-60 items reflecting frequency, intensity, and duration of activity in categories such as occupation, household, transportation, family care Appropriate for dose-response studies

Quantitative History

A study design that seeks to enhance generalizability to real-world settings (external validity), involves both experimental and control conditions, and includes a pretest and posttest, but does not involve group randomization, is referred to as

Quasi Experimental

A group of researchers is interested in understanding the influence of a recess intervention intended to increase total daily physical activity among elementary school students. They recruit two schools to the study. Students at both schools are observed during recess and pretest data are collected. Then, in one school the students receive the intervention and in the other, they continue to have a standard recess with no intervention. The researchers conduct a pottest to examine the influence of the intervention at both the control and experimental school.

Quasi Experimental Design

See to fit the design to settings more like the real world while still controlling as many threats to internal validity as possible - Focused on increasing external and ecological validity so that the conditions match the real world • There are still experimental and control conditions, but limited randomization • Deal with the challenges of randomizing in real-world settings - An educational researcher interested in studying the effects of curriculum is probably not able to randomize students into treatment and control

Quasi Experimental Designs

Participants who experience work-related back pain are randomly assigned to receive either standard therapy or a new, innovative approach to pain management. All participants complete a test to evaluate pain after the end of the intervention period. There was no pretest.

Randomized groups

5-15 items that reflects recent physical activity during past week or month Effective for classifying people into categories (e.g., inactive, insufficiently active, or regularly active)

Short recall

According to Dr. Sean Mullen, the definition of self-regulation is: "an umbrella term for several skills (e.g., planning, prioritizing, and pushing yourself to achieve goals) that are acquired through experience, and are influenced by personal, social and environmental stressors." True False

True

offer participants only two choices, force participants to choose and do not provide flexibility in responding, quicker and easier

categorical question

-placebo -blind set up -incentivization

control internal validity

need this information to describe and define the sample of participants, necessary to examine inclusion criteria and to understand representativeness of the sample, EXAMPLE: what is your class rank

demographic survey

Participants are pretested on the extent to which they enjoy being physically active. They are then randomized into either an experimental or control condition. The experimental group gets a motivational coaching intervention while the control group gets standard recommendations for activity. Both groups are then posttested and the pretest and posttest scores are compared to examine change over time.

pre test post test randomized

Allows assumption that groups are not different and can increase internal validity • Real randomization - individual are allocated to experimental and control groups randomly • Matched-pairs - matches participants and then randomly assign each to a different group • Within-subjects design: participants used as their own controls

randomization

- Similar to static group design, except randomized - One group receives treatment and other does not - Can conclude that differences between groups are due to the treatment

randomized-groups (true randomization design)

participants are asked to place items in order based on some criteria, participants make value judgements based on the in order in which they put items

ranking questions

- Compares two groups, one receives treatment and other does not, but no random assignment

static group comparison

One group of participants receives an exercise intervention and the other group receives standard advice related to how to improve physical activity levels. Both groups are then compared on their fitness levels. There is no group randomization.

static group comparison