Kinesiology Final Review
Abductor Pollicis
ABduct the thumb. extend the thumb. ABduct the wrist.
Quadratus Lumborum action
Laterally tilt pelvis, flex vertebral column, extends vertebral column
Deep Palmar Muscles
Lumbricals Palmar Interossei Dorsal Interossei Adductor pollicis
Triceps Brachii
O: Humerus I: Olecranon of ulna A: extends forearm, extends shoulder N: Radial Nerve
Brachialis
O: Humerus I: ulnar tuberosity A: flexes forearm N: musculocutaneous
Insertion
On a moving bone
Vestibular nucleus
Recieves input from ears
What muscle is put into active insufficiency in Hip Flexion, Knee Extension
Rectus Femoris
Large abdominal muscles
Rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal & quadratus lumborum
Flexion at T and L spine
Rectus abdominus ext. oblique int. oblique
Abdominals
Rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal oblique, transverse abdominis
Suboccipitals
Rectus capitis posterior major, minor & oblique capitis superior & inferior
Transverse Abdominis
compress abdominal contents.
What compressive loads on the spine might cause to happen in pubertal teens.
compression of two adjacent vertebrae with such magnitude that annulus fibrosus ruptures causing disc herniation
Sacral curvature
concave anteriocaudally
Thoracic curvature
concave from middle of T2 to middle of T12
hypokinetic
conditions acquired from doing too little movement
Interspinal ligament
connect spines of vertebrae, extending from root to apex of spinous process
Supraspinal ligament
connects tips of vertebrae
Intertransverse ligament
connects transverse process to vertabrae
What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor
external rotation at GH joint
infraspinatus, teres minor
sesamoid bones
patella
running
point when neither foot is in contact with ground
eustress
positive stress
Spinous process of T4-T6 project where?
posterior and inferior
Spinous process of T1-T3 project where?
posteriorly
Primary curves
present at birth thoracic sacral
Compressive force
pressing or squeezing force directed along long axis of a structure
Functions of the spine
protection support/stability transmit forces btw U/LE stability/mobility locomotion/mobilit
Oblique Capitis Inferior
rotate the head to the same side.
torque
rotation around an axis
Location of ACL
runs from just anterior to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia to the posterior medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur
if you are learning a new sports skill, spectators are likely to decrease your performance
true
Longissimus
A: Extension, rotation, lateral flexion
carpals
Capitate, hamate, trapezium, scaphoid, pisiform, lunate, triquetrum
Origin of Semimembranosus
Ischial tuberosity
Speed stays the same, but resistance changes best describes:
Isokinetics
What type of muscle action takes place in the biceps brachia muscle as you lower yourself back down following a pull-up?
Isotonic eccentric
Erector spinae actions
Lateral flex vertebral column
Quadratus Lumborum Muscle
Lateral flexion
F = ma
equation for Force
Moment of inertia = mass x radius2
equation for the moment of inertia
Torque = force x moment arm length
equation for torque
Weight (on earth) = mass of object x acceleration of gravity
equation for weight of an object on earth
Peroneals peroneus longus-peroneus brevis
evert the foot.
Action force
ex. runner push against starting blocks
lordosis
exaggerated forward curvature in lumbar region
Anatomical analysis (movement at major joints only; don't worry about fingers, toes, etc.) including identification of:
examination of the skeletal joint action, a description of segment motion, and account of the muscle participation, and an identification of the neuromuscular mechanisms involved.
dynamics
examines systems that are being accelerated
Extensor Indicis
extend the 2nd finger. ADduct the 2nd finger.
Extensor Digitorum
extend the 2nd through 5th fingers.
heroine
induces relaxation, sleep, and relieves tension
Rectus Abdominis Muscle
lumbar flexion
first trimester
major organs are developing
crack
rock like form of cocaine
lumbricales
(4) flex index, middle, ring, & little proximal phalanxes extend middle and distal phalanxes of index, middle, ring & little fingers
General structure of the thorax
*cone shaped *post. wall-thoracic vertebrae *lat. wall- ribs *ant. wall-sternum and costal cartilage *floor-diaphragm
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
5 lumbar
12th rib - iliac crest, supports weight
walking
-Heel-strike occurs when landing on heel, foot should be in supination -Midstance immediately follows with foot moving into pronation Toe-off follows midstance, foots returns to supination prior to & during push off -point when one foot is in contact with ground
Ligamenta flava
-Yellow -interconnects lamina of vertebrae -80% elastin; 20% collagen
posterior arch
-attachment site -completes osseus ring forming vertebral canal -provides protection for neural structures
What is one of the most common concerns for new teachers
...
True Ribs
1-7
Floating ribs
10-12
hypokinetic disease
A condition or disease from a sedentary lifestyle or to "little movement'. obesity, diabetes, back pains, hyperlipidemia (excessively high level of fat in the blood), hypertension
Soft end feel
A firm sensation that has a slight give when taken to the end ROM
Tensile Force (tension)
A force that tends to stretch or elongate something.
What kinds of exercise are most likely to benefit from high muscle glycogen?
A long duration event like running a marathon
addiction
A physical dependence on a substance.
Muscle guarding
A protective response in muscles that results from pain or fear of movement
End feel
A subjective assessment of the quality of the feel when slight pressure is applied to the end of the joints passive ROM
female athlete triad
A syndrome in which eating disorders, amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea, and decreased bone mineral density (osteoporosis and osteopenia) are present
examples of community settings for coaching
A) YMCA, YWCA,Boys and girls clubs
Hypothenar Muscles
Act of the 5th digit
Memory
Allows one to plan and execute the correct sequence of actions
The sternum is _____ to the vertebral column
Anterior
(LLM) dorsal flexors
Anterior ankle & foot
Lower leg divided into 4 compartments
Anterior compartment Lateral compartment Superficial posterior compartment Deep posterior compartment
Origin of Tensor Fascia Latae
Anterior iliac crest and surface of the ilium
12 thoracic
Articulate 12 ribs
_____is another name for a joint
Articulation
Origin
Attachment to a fixed (stable) bone
Which term did we discuss that had to do with static and dynamic systems?
Biomechanics
What is therapeutic exercise and how dos it relate to rehabilitation and habilitation
Bringing the client to a level of function not previously attained, or reducing risk of the injury occurring again
Inferior
Below
Sacs found around areas of excess friction are called____
Bursae
Active assisted ROM
Client and therapist doing together
Vertebrae location
Deep to layers of muscle
Multifidi
Directly accessible in lumbar spine - lie across posterior surface of sacrum
The femur is _____ to the tibia
Distal
Origin of Brachioradialis
Distal 2/3 of the lateral condyloid ridge of humerus
Increase
Does anterior pelvic tilt increase or decrease lordosis of the spine ?
Decreased
Does posterior pelvic tilt cause increased or decreased lordosis?
Compartment 2
ECRB, ECRL
Internal Intercostal action
Exhalation
hippocrates
Father of Medicine
Biceps Femoris (Knee)
Flex knee, Internal rotation of flexed knee Exercises: Leg curls (emphasize with internal rotation)
Rectus abdominis action
Flex vertebral column
Ulnar joint
Funny bone
HIP/PELVIS
HIP/PELVIS
With-it-ness
Knowing whats happening in the learning environment and by displaying this awareness through oral or other communication with students
Origin of Gracillis
Medial ramus of pubis
(LLM)invertors
Medially
Sports coach
More time with supplemental responsibilities
7 cervical
Most mobile & accessible
Abduction
Movement away from the trunk
Accessory motions
Movement occurring between joint surfaces when produced by forces applied by an examiner
Explain scapula/humeral rhythm and the relationship ratio
Need for efficient arm movement. For every 2 degrees you shoulder is in flexion, your shoulder will rotate 1 degree.
The most important system needed for developing mature supine to stand is?
Nervous system
Transverse Abdominus
O: Iliac crest, inguinal ligament lumbar fascia cartilage of inferior 6 ribs I: Xiphoid process, linea alba, pubis A: Compresses abdomen Innervation: T8-T12, iliohypogastric n. , ilioinguinal n.
Scalenus Anterior
O: Vervical vertebrae I: 1st Rib
What is the function of the lymphatic system
One way system. Rids the body of excess fluid
Open chain, closed chain or both: Biceps curl
Open
Open chain, closed chain, or both: tennis swing
Open
Open chain, closed chain or both: MMT
Open chain 99% of the time
Mechanical systems
Operationally defining the system of interest
Supinator
Origin - lateral epicondyle and neighboring posterior ulna Insertion - proximal lateral radius Action - supination
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Origin - lateral epicondyle, mid posterior ulna Insertion - base of 5th metacarpal Action - extension, adduction
C spine main movement
PM of flexion
Definition and example of triaxial joint
Permits movement in three planes, about three axes. Example: hip joint
Extra pyramidal system
Polysynaptic; involved with posture
Mass:
Refers to the amount of matter a body or object has
Damage to the Tibial nerve will cause what gait deviation
Sore foot
Arthrokinematics
Specific movements of joint surfaces
Semispinalis capitis muscles form
Speed bumps
Thorax location
Sternum & rib cage
The perception of objects shape, size, and textures is known as..
Sterognosis
The component of the SEE principle that does not apply when training for (as opposed to demonstrating) strength gain.
The efficiency component doesn't apply when training, since want to be inefficient as possible to use a lot of effort
Why is it effective to consume carbs soon after exercise?
The enzyme glycogen synthase is very active
concentric contraction
The force generated is sufficient to overcome the resistance, and the muscle shortens as it contracts.
Anterior
The front
Executive function
The highest level of cognitive processes. Allows people to set goals, modify movements and behaviors
Active insufficiency
The inability for a multi-joint muscle to exert enough tension to shorten sufficiently to complete full range of motion in both joints simultaneously.
Passive insufficiency
The inability for a multi-joint muscle to stretch enough to complete full range of motion in both joints simultaneously.
femoral offset
The most frequent and simplest used measurement is the perpendicular distance between the center of the femoral head and a line drawn down the center of the femoral shaft.
isometric contraction
The muscle remains the same length. An example would be holding an object up without moving it; the muscular force precisely matches the load, and no movement results.
Distal
The part furthest away from the midline
Habilitation
The processes and treatments leading to the acquisition of skills and functions that are normal and expected of an individual of a particular age and status
isotonic contraction
The tension in the muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle length. This can occur only when a muscle's maximal force of contraction exceeds the total load on the muscle.
What is there a drop on flexion at C7-T1?
The thoracic spine is more rigid than cervical spine
What is the duty of a university compliance officer
To enforce campus rules
List 2 types of parallel muscles:
Trapezoid, strap
A large rounded projection is?
Trochanter
A well-fitting splint, upon removal, may leave a red area on the person's skin
True
Determining a person's lifestyle needs for splint design and material is important
True
If a person has a wound that requires dressing, the therapist should fabricate the splint over the dressing and instruct the person to apply new dressings at appropriate interval.
True
In many hospital, patient pain is considered the fifth vital sign?
True
Main reason for dynamic splinting is to substitute for loss of motor function
True
True or false Bicarbonate is produced by the liver and its function is to neutralize stomach acid.
True but it is produced in the pancreas
torsion
Twisting force with one end of bone fixed
What seperates the nucleus pulposis and the annulus fibrosus from the bodies?
Two hyaline cartilaginous plates
concurrent forces
Two or more forces acting on a common point but pulling or pushing in different directions.
Which ligament is most important in stabilizing the flexed elbow to prevent abnormal adduction?
Ulnar MCL
Hypothenar muscles innervated by
Ulnar nerve
List 2 types of oblique muscles:
Unipennate, bipennate
Name 2 ways to measure edema
Volumetric Gerth measurement
Significant Tibialis Anterior weakness will effect what functional task of gait?
Weight Acceptance and swing limb advancement
...
What is apparent leg lengthu
Females
Who had wider pelvis makes or females?
Males Narrow hips
Who tends to lean more toward 8 degrees of angle of tortion? Males or females?
Is rolling an important part of bed mobility?
Yes
What makes the sciatic nerve unique?
because of its position and length, it is often subjected to trauma as a result of direct force, stretching, or impingement.
Bucket handle movement direction
medial/lateral
stress
the force that acts on an object to distort it
android shapes
"apple shapes", excess body fat on upper body and trunk and has greater risk of developing chronic disease
LDL cholesterol
"bad" blood cholesterol, delivers plaque to the arterial walls. < 100 mg/dl
HDL cholesterol
"good" blood cholesterol, helps remove plaque from the arterial walls, returning it to the liver. 60 mg/dl or more
gynoid shapes
"pear shaped", excess body fat in the lower body
dorsal interossei
(4) flex & abduct index, middle, and ring proximal phalanxes
nucleus pulposus
-gel w/ 80% water -loves water -loses water from compression -absorbs at night from decompression
pedicles
-joins arch post/lat -concavities in U/L surfaces for vertebral notches
vertebral foramen
-surrounded by parts of body, spinous process, pedicles, lamina
Intercarpal Joint
0 degrees of freedom
List the muscles of the superficial superior compartment of the lower leg
1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus 3. Plantaris
List the muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg
1. Peroneus longus 2. Peroneus brevis
Normal sequence of breathing
1. easy onset, subtle rise of abdomen 2. lateral costal expansion 3. gentle rise of upper chest in sup/ant planes
List the order of the entire airway, starting from initial inhalation through the entire respiratory tree
1. mouth 2. nose 3. pharynx 4. larynx 5. trachea 6. bronchi 7. bronchioles 8. respiratory bronchioles 9. alveolar ducts 10. atria 11. air sacs
What four muscles make up the rotator cuff?
1. subscapularis (anterior) 2. supraspinatus (posterior) 3. infraspinatus (posterior) 4. teres minor (posterior)
What are the key parts of the "depletion/repletion" method of glycogen loading?
1.) A long period of exercise to greatly reduce muscle glycogen 2.) low carb diet for a few days to reduce glycogen 3.) Cutting back on training and eating a big carb diet right before the event
Which of the following are true?
1.) Dietary fiber contains no energy 2.) simple sugars contain 4 kcal/gram 3.)digestible starch contains the same amount of energy as simple sugars
The advantage of energy gels compared with sports drinks or energy bars are
1.) gels digested and absorbed more quickly than bars 2.) Gels are more concentrated form of carbohydrate than sports drinks
The goals of digestion and absorption are to what?
1.)Keep toxins outside the body 2.) Allow nutrients to enter the body cells
what influences rebound?
1.)initial velocity 2.)elasticity 3.)angle of rebound 4.)spin
Angle of trunk rotation for diagnosis of scoliosis
10 degrees
During Terminal Stance how many degrees of Hip Ext, Ankle DF and MTP extension
10, 10, 30
According to Nancy Clark; What portion of kilocalories in your habitual diet should come from fat?
10-20%
angle of trunk rotation for monitoring
10-24 degrees
How much knee flexion is required to perform a sit to stand?
100º knee flexion
Floating ribs
11-12
During quiet breathing, average movement of the diaphragm is?
12.5mm on the right 12 mm on the left
What is the normal BP range and stage 1 hypertension?
120/80 is normal 139/149 is stage 1 hypertension <120/80> normal <120/80-129/89> <139/99-149/100> stage 1 hypertension <160+> stage 2 hypertension
There are about 300 grams of glycogen stored in the muscle. How many kilocalories does this represent?
1200
During Initial Swing how many degrees of Hip Flexion, Knee Flexion, and Ankle Plantar Flexion
15, 60, 10
What is the functional normal degrees of shoulder flexion and shoulder abduction?
180
Insertion of abductor pollicus longus
1st metacarpal
1st CMC Joint
2 degrees of freedom
MCP Joint
2 degrees of freedom
Radial Carpal Joint
2 degrees of freedom
How much hip flexor strength is required during initial swing?
2/5
Safe degrees of mouth opening
20
spinal column
24 intricate & complex articulating vertebrae -31 pairs of spinal nerves -24 articulating & 9 fused vertebrae
Vertebral column
24 vertebrae
During Loading Response how many degrees of Hip Flexion, Knee Flexion, and Ankle Plantar flexion
25, 15, 10
During Midswing how many degrees of Hip Flexion and Knee Flexion
25, 25
angle of trunk rotation for back bracing
25-49 degrees
What is the total ROM at the Ankle during gait?
25º
What is the critical event of PreSwing?
40º knee flexion
How much axial rotation is at C1-C2?
47'
Ratio of mouth opening
4:1:1, 4 degrees of opening, 1 deg of lateral deviation, 1 deg of protrusion
During Midstance how many degrees of Ankle DF
5
binge drinking
5 for men and 4 for women (per two hours)
Cortical bone is hard and compact with only ________% being porous.
5-30%
During Preswing how many degrees of Knee Flexion, Ankle Plantar flexion and MTP extension
60
What is the amount of MTP extension during Preswing
60 degrees
The stance phase is what portion of the gait cycle?
60%
How much MTP flexion is required for normal gait?
60º
68kg = ____ N
68kg x 9.81m/sec= 667 N
Vertebrae
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 3-4 coccygeal
Cut off angle for the angle of trunk rotation for physician referal
7 degree
Bucket handle movement at what ribs
7-10
Diaphragm involvement in supine
75%
Suboccipitals #
8
False Ribs
8-10
False ribs
8-10
Total hip rotation during gait is?
8-10º
Transverse Abdominals
A: compresses abdomen
External Obliques
A: compresses abdomen Internal downward fiber direction
Walking/standing
A: mobility D: less stable; make able to fall
Lying down
A: most stable D: cant be independent
Abductor Digiti Minimi
ABduct the 5th finger.
Cognition
Ability to organize knowledge about one's self and the environment. Results in action and decision making
What is the main function of the jejunum?
Absorption of single nutrients into the intestinal cells
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force causing it, is in the same direction as the force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Thenar Muscles
Act on the thumb
The flexor digitorum is named for its____?
Action
What contributes to stability during single limb support?
Action of the Calf to prevent tibial collapse
Gluteus Medius
Action: ABduction Exercises: ABduction against resistance
Adductor Brevis
Action: Adduction Exercises: Adduction against resistance
Gluteus Minimus
Actions: ABduction, Internal rotation Exercises: ABduction against resistance
Pectineus
Actions: Adduction, Hip flexion, External rotation Exercises: Hip flexion or adduction against resistance
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Actions: Hip ABduction, flexion Exercises: Hip ABduction against resistance
Biceps Femoris
Actions: Hip extension, external rotation Exercises: Leg curls (emphasize with external rotation)
Gluteus Maximus
Actions: Hip extension, external rotation Exercises: Lunges, Deadlift, Squats, Leg press
Sartorius
Actions: Hip flexion, ABduction, external rotation, knee flexion Exercises: Leg raises (from dip or parallel bars). Straighten legs to add resistance
Iliopsoas
Actions: Hip flexion, external rotation Exercises: Leg raises (from dip or parallel bars). Straighten legs to add resistance
Expiration
Air out of lungs Chest depresses
Describe/explain the main purpose of the rotator cuff muscles
Allows your shoulder to rotate 180 degrees. Stabilizes the shoulder joint.
Why is practical experience important in sports management
Always build your resume. more opportunities later on
Validity
An assessment or evaluation actually measures what it claims to measure
Autonomic dysreflexia
An uninhibited and exaggerated reflex of the autonomic nervous system to stimulation.
Define isotonic muscle contraction
Angle changes, concentric or eccentric. Resistance stays the same
Define Isokinetic muscle contraction
Angle changes, resistance changes, speed stays the same. requires special machines.
Tibial movement over the fulcrum of the ankle is called?
Ankle Rocker
Origin of Rectus femoris
Anterior inferior iliac spine, grove above the acetabulum
Insertion of Sartorius
Anterior medial condyle of tibia
Insertion of Gracillis
Anterior medial surface of tibia
Origin of Adductor longus
Anterior pubis just below crest
Origin of Sartorius
Anterior superior iliac spine
Femoral nerve
Anterior thigh
Force:
Any action or influence that moves an object
Public law 94-142
Appropriate public education for children with disabilities
Coxa Verus < 125
Are girls usually coxa Verus or coxa Valgus?
Coxa Verus >125
Are males typically more coxa Verus or Valgus?
What makes up the glenohumeral joint?
Articulation of the scapula and humerus
Occupational therapist
Assists people with physical, emotional, or mental disabilities, to restore or maintain as much independence as possible in daily living and work throughout their lives
Lower motor neuron lesion
Atrophy; slower/not at all reflex
The point around which motion occurs in a plane is called _____
Axis
psychologist from Penn State who began research focused on women in sport
B) Dorothy Harris
Vestibular system
Balance in ears
Insertion of Flexor Pollicus Longus
Base of distal phalanx of thumb on palmar surface
Where is C7 located?
Base of neck
Name 3 values of proper body mechanics during transferring
Being able to support patient (keep knees and hips bent) Preventing them from falling Keep hands on the patient at all times (use gait belt) Energy conservation
Like starch cellulose is a polymer of repeating glucose units. Why can't we digest is as humans
Beta 1,4 bonds in cellulose cannot be broken by human amylase.
____ joints allow for 2 directions of movement
Biaxial
Give an example of the following: groove
Bicipital groove of the humerous
Explain the importance of bile in digestion of fat. Additionally what is the connection between fiber bile and lower cholesterol?
Bile:stored in gall bladder, released to emulsify fat and break into smaller fat droplets to be digested Soluble fibers lower blood cholesterol is thru its ability to reduce the amount of bile reabsorbed in intestines. When fiber interferes with absorption of bile in intestines, bile is excreted in feces. To make up for loss of bile, liver makes more bile salts. Body uses cholesterol to make bile salts therefore more bile salts are made from liver more LDL cholesterol is pulled from blood(lowering ur cholesterol)
Buccinator does what
Blow and Suck and Swallow
functional anatomy
Body components necessary to achieve goal. focus on function
Describe the anatomical position and why it's so important
Body standing erect, palms facing forward. It creates a universal standard position to base movements and locations off of.
Open chain, closed chain or both: Walking
Both
Distribution
Building relationships and distributors and retailers, securing optimal shelf space and maintaining optimal shelf space, and maintaining low-cost product transportation systems
Kinesiology Professor
C) help develop theory, teach courses, develop health promotion programs and conduct workshops on motivation
Cervical spine
C1-c7
Brachial
C5-T1
When walking away what part of gait is best observed?
Calcaneal inversion/eversion
The products of oxidative glycolysis are what?
Carbon dioxide and water
Major categories of tests
Cardiovascular and pulmonary function Musculoskeletal function Energy balance assessment Body composition measurement Blood collection Injury rehabilitation Motor performance Behavioral and psychological function
The basis of bone composition include all of the following constituents except: CaCO3 Cartilage Ca3(PO4)2 H2O Collagen
Cartilage
What is the epihyseal plate made up of in a child?
Cartilage
Breaking down polymers to smaller molecules to release energy is called?
Catabolism
On a quadruped, what term describes towards the tail?
Caudal
Which level of the CNS controls provides for the creation of voluntary movement and resembles a flattened tendon?
Cerebral cortex
antioxidant
Chemical compounds that nullify the effects of oxygen free radicals by forming a bond with their unattached oxygen electron.
Name 4 interventions for managing pain (other than medications)
Chiropractic, aromatherapy, yoga, music therapy
Close pack vrs loose pack
Close pack joint surfaces have max. Contact and are tightly compressed. Loose pack: the position where the joint surfaces are in its resting position
Transverse abdominis action
Compress abdominal contents
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
Condyloid
The Carpal Tunnel
Consists of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Flexor Digitorum Profundus Flexor Pollicis Longus Median Nerve
What is the insertion of the pectorals minor?
Coracoid process
Rib cage components
Costal cartilage & 12 pairs of ribs
Origin of diaphragm
Costal, lumbar, sternal
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Covers anterior surface of vertebrae from C2 to sacrum. Closely attached to disks and margins of vertebral body
tarsals
Cuneiform(3), cuboid, navicular, talus, calcaneus
professor at U of Illinois who started sport psychology research in North America
D) Coleman Griffith
The greatest demand torque at any point in the gait cycle is?
DR in terminal stance
Quadratus lumborum location
Deepest muscle of abdomen, but feel posteriorly
Name the largest muscle of the shoulder and what main movements does it assist with
Deltoid-Flextion for every 2 degrees your shoulder is in flexion, your shoulder will rotate 1 degree.
strength
Demonstrating a degree of muscle power when movement is resisted, as with objects or gravity
Serratus posterior inferior
Depress ribs during exhalation
Which of the following actions is not performed by the rhomboids? Elevation Downward rotation Adduction Depression
Depression
The area of the skin served by the spinal nerves that exists between two vertebras is called what?
Dermatomes
rehabilitation
Describes processes and treatments that restore skills or functions that were previously acquired but have been lost due to injury, disease, or behavioral traits such as voluntary inactivity
Kinetics:
Description of what causes motion
Strength and conditioning specialist
Design weight training programs and cardiovascular conditioning programs based on the demands inherent to specific needs of individual athletes
Describe the function of the vestibular system
Detects movement and balance
What is your kinesthetic sense
Determines muscle/joint movement
Moving to one side and coming back to middle
Deviation
Muscle involvement in inspiration during quiet breathing
Diaphragm 67% Int/Ext Intercostals 30% Accessory 3%
The medullary canal is located in the _______ section of long bones and is filled with yellow marrow.
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone is termed?
Diaphysis
Name 2 therapy roles that a COTA would be involved with a patient with an orthotic
Donning/Doffing the othotics Making sure patient follows doctors orders for ADL functioning.
What nerve innervates the rhomboids?
Dorsal scapular nerve
Peroneus Tertius (fibularis) Muscle ll
Dorsiflexion of ankle Eversion of foot
Tibialis Anterior Muscle ll
Dorsiflexion of ankle inversion of foot
Non-coaching levels at a secondary level
Driving a bus. Managing equipment.
Damage to the Deep Peroneal nerve will cause what
Drop foot
What piece of equipment would you use to measure a patients grip strength?
Dynomometer. Patient will squeeze tool with hand as hard as they can while keeping their arm by side of their body. Should be sitting down in upright position. Elbow should be flexed at 90 degrees
identification of: kind of contraction (i.e., concentric, eccentric or isometric).
Eccentric Muscle Action - Muscle lengthens because it gives in to an external force that is greater than the contractile force it is generating. Muscle acts as a brake or resistive force against opposition of gravity or other external forces. Concentric Muscle Action - Muscle shortens because tension generated is sufficient to overcome a resistance and to move the body segment of one attachment toward the segment of its other attachment. Isometric Muscle Action - Static muscle action where muscle generates tension without any appreciable change in length Can be performed against the opposition of another force (e.g., pull of gravity or external force) or the isometric muscle action of an antagonist muscle
Functional ROM
Enough to perform a task
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Enthrodial (ball and socket)
Origin of Adductor Magnus
Entire ramus of pubis, ischium and ischial tuberosity
Which is required to make ATP from fatty acids?
Entry into mitochondria
What is the advantage of storing glucose as glycogen, a molecule with many branches?
Enzymes break it down from the ends of the branches so energy is quickly released when we need to move quickly
Shortly after adolescence, _________ disappear & close , signaling the end of bone growth in length.
Epiphyseal plates
How often should a patient who is able to reposition themselves perform a pressure relief in order to prevent pressure sores
Every 15 minutes
Patients who are at risk for pressure sores and are dependent; should be repositioned in bed how often?
Every 2 hours
The distance between a muscles max elongation and max shortening is
Excursion
What muscles provides the hour glass contour and helps keep internal organs in place?
Ext/Int. Obliques
Transversospinalis location
Extend at varying lengths from the transverse & spinous processes
Erector spinae bilateral
Extend vertebral column
Muscles in the 3rd compartment
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Individual issues to control
Factors that could affect subjects, patients, or clients so that accurate results are obtained
List 5 safety concerns/precautions when assisting a patient with a transfer
Falling Hurting pt in any way Gait belt Hazards Transfer level Make sure pt is stable Privacy
Short narrow splints apply less pressure to the skins surface than long, wide splints and are therefore better
False
T/F Each muscle is innervated by a single motor neuron that controls its action.
False
before the age of 5 there is a single mature supine to stance pattern.
False
Research has identified the most consistent pattern for persons to get up out of bed.
False. there is no consistent pattern for getting up out of bed
fusiform muscle
Fascicles are in parallel form. Provides a faster muscle action. A spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends Strap, triangular/convergent, and circular are three types of fusiform arrangements.
Type 2 muscle fibre
Fast twitch, lactid acid cycle, quick bursts
What molecules contain useable energy?
Fat Carbs Protein
Semimembranosus (Knee)
Flex knee, Internal rotation of flexed knee Exercises: Leg curls (emphasize with internal rotation), swiss ball leg curls, glute/ham raises
Which is not a muscle property that provides forces and or movements in joints? Contractibility Elasticity Extensibility Irritability Flexibility
Flexibility
fortified foods
Foods in which nutrients are added that did not originally exist in foods or existed in insignificant amounts.
Shear Force
Force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance.
bending
Force applies no direct support, weight bearing different points of bone
Friction:
Force developed by 2 surfaces, which tends to prevent motion of one surface across another
shear
Force parallel to surface, compression force or tension force application
Compressive force (compression)
Force that tends to shorten or squeeze something, decreasing its volume.
Transversus Abdominis Muscle
Forced expiration
Manipulation
Forced movement into the joint
parallel forces
Forces in same plane and direction with a counter force in the middle and going in opposite directions. ex seesaw
Renshaw cell
Forms closed loop on a motor neuron on the spinal cord. Limits amount of action potentials going through neuron
identification of: starting position
Fundamental Standing Position -Standing Erect w/ feet parallel , Arms hanging at side w/ palms facing medially Anatomical Standing Position- Standing Erect w/ feet parallel , Arms hanging at side w/ palms supinated
introduces coaching philosophy, instructional technique and safety
G) Rookie coach program certification
Insertion of Tensor Fascia Latae
Gerdy's tubercle
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Ginglymus (hinge)
Manual muscle testing can be tested in which 2 positions
Gravity and gravity eliminated
Give an example of: trochanter
Greater trochanter of the femur
Give an example of: tubercle
Greater tubercle of the humerous
Osteokinematics
Gross movement of bones at the joint.
The most superior part of the body is the ____
Head (cranium)
Pygmalion effect
Higher expectations lead to increase in performance
Why is it important that patients follow their hip precautions?
Hip could come out of socket if they do not follow precautions. What was done in surgery could be ruined and risk of infection.
To make the hamstrings passively insufficient you should put your patient in the following position:
Hip flexion and knee extension
In a swayback posture the pelvis is in a posterior tilt, which muscles are long/short?
Hip flexors and RF are long Hamstrings are short
Quadratic lumdorum nickname
Hip hiker
Inability to flex the knee would cause what gaits
Hip hiking, Vaulting, Circumduction
Which of the following actions do the posterior fibers of the deltoid perform? Horizontal abduction Flexion Internal rotation All of the above
Horizontal abduction
Stretch the hip flexors , and lumbar spine extensors Strengthen hip extensors and abs
How would you treat tight hip flexors?
Articulate cartilage is ____ cartilage
Hyaline
What kills or stuns most of the bacteria and viruses that coat the food people eat?
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Upper motor neuron
Hyperreflexia, clonus
exercise psychology
I) the study of psychological aspects of fitness, exercise, health and wellness
Occupational performance skills
Identifies the motor and process skills required to perform the occupations
When should you NOT test for MMT on a patient
If patient has: amputation, injury, ROM is affected, severe pain, or orthorsis
Right leg
If you have a lateral pelvic tilt to the left , which leg will appear shorter?
Tight- hip flexors Tight spine extensors Weak - hip extensors Abs.
If you have an anterior pelvic tilt what muscle groups are tight ? What are weak?
Decrease
If you have coxa Valgus will your q angle increase or decrease?
Sacrospinalis muscles
Iliocostalis thoracis longissimus thoracis spinalis thoracis iliocostalis lumborum
Erector spinae group
Illiocostals, longissiums, Spinalis
motor unit
Include a single motor neuron and muscle fibers it innervates
Public law 108-265
Increased access to food and nutrition assistance for children
Academic learning
Increased emphasis on making sure that students are appropriately engaged in the sport
Mobility of the thorax in breathing
Increases inferiorly Increases anteriorly
Name the 7 levels of assistance and their percentages if needed
Independent Standby assist Contact guard assist (CGA) Total dependence-pt gives less than 25% Max assist-pt gives 25-49% Mod assist-pt gives 50-74% Min assist-pt gives 75% or more
Open-Loop Theory
Individuals do not receive feedback from the joints, proprioceptors, and muscles of the body during movement. Body movements are completely preplanned prior to the initiation of the movement
Where Is T7
Inferior angle of scapula
Origin of Tricep Brachii long head
Infraglenoid tubercle below inferior lip of glenoid fossa of the scapula
External intercostal action
Inhalation
State 5 benefits of PROM (passive range of motion)
Inhibit pain Improve circulation Sensory awareness Skin and muscle integrity Prevent contractures
What factors determine how much ATP is required to power movement?
Intensity of exercise Duration of exercise
cancellous bone
Interior to cortical bone Contains plates or trabeculae Can absorb more energy
motion occurring in transverse plane
Internal/external rotation External rotation begins during extension Internal rotation occurs during flexion
Origin of Vastus Lateralis
Intertrochanteric line, inferior border of greater trochanter and upper portion of linea aspera
What does dynamic mean?
Involving multiple parts working together to perform a single task
The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus is
Irritability
Vector:
Is a quantity having both magnitude and direction
Higher
Is the angle of inclination higher or lower when you are younger?
Convex femoral head on concave acetabulum
Is the hip joint concave on convex or convex on concave?
Closed pack
Is the hip more congruent, stable and most taught in the open pack or closed pack position?
Origin of Biceps Femoris
Ischial tuberosity
What is the definition of isometric exercises and isotonic exercises and give an example of each
Isometric exercises-no lengthening or shortening of the muscle. i.e. doing a plank Isotonic exercises-muscles move to perform tasks. i.e. bicep curls
What type of joint is the scapulothoracic joint?
It does not have a classification
What is pepsin and what does it do?
It is an enzyme that digest protein to amino acids
works on helping athletes enhance performance
J) sport psychology specialist
What is the name for forces that cause movement?
Kinematics
Vastus Intermedius
Knee extension Exercises:Leg extensions, leg press, squats
Lumbar
L1-L5
Pronation begins right after initial contact to assist with shock absorption, when should Pronation end and supination begin?
Late Mid Stance
The radius is on the ____ aspect of the arm.
Lateral
Insertion of Vastus Lateralis
Lateral border of patella and tibial tuberosity
Insertion of Biceps Femoris
Lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula
What factors influence strategies chosen when moving from supine to stand?
Lifestyle Physical activity level
Insertion of Adductor Magnus
Linea aspera, condylar ridge and the adductor tubercle
When moving from supine to stand, the components of body movement include:
Lower extremities axial upper extremities
burnout
M) this happens when children are pipelined into 1 activity at a very early age
As a therapist why is it important to manage edema in a patient
Manage ROM Increase their activity in ADLs
Thenar muscles innervated by
Median nerve
What phases of gait are single limb support
Mid Stance and Terminal Stance
Origin of Flexor Pollicus longus
Middle anterior surface of the radius and nterior medial border of the ulna just distal to the coronoid process, medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion of Adductor longus
Middle third of linea aspera
Transversospinalis group
Multifidi, rotatores & semispinalis capitus
Isometric
Muscle is the same length
Describe proprioceptor sensory, what is the function of this sensory?
Muscle strength. Senses where your body is at in space
Attention
Must be focused on the task during perceptual processing for recognition and must be maintained long enough to finish the task
aggression
N) usually happens when frustration is extreme
Pyramidal system
Neurons come down from cortex and cross to other side of the body through pyramids in the medulla
Name 3 hip precautions after THA
No adduction- do not cross your legs No flexion of hip beyound 90 degrees No internal/external rotation
Name 3 back precautions after surgery
No bending, lifting, twisting
qualitative
Non-numerical, based on direct observation, equipment not necessary, focus on time and space (rotation of femur during golf swing)
Which of the following are part of the rotator cuff group? Deltoid Teres major Anconeus Subclavius None
None
Screening
Not specific; gives a general idea of whats going on
Custodial care facility
Nursing homes provide services to assist in activities of daily living as well as to meet peoples specific medical needs
institutional setting
O) most common setting of coaching
Scalenus Medius
O: Cervical Vertebrae I: 1st Rib
Supinator
O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: radius A: supinates forearm N: radial nerve
Anconeus
O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: ulna A: Extends forearm N: Radial nerve
Stenocleidomastoid
O: Manubrium I: Mastoid process A: draws head to shoulder point
Pectoralis Major
O: Sternum, Clavicle I: greater tubercle A: flexion, adduction of arm N: Pectoral
Subscapularis
O: Subscapular fossa I: Lesser tubercle A: Rotates arm medially N: subscapular nerves
Subclavius
O: first rib I: Clavicle A:Depresses Clavicle N: Subclavius
Sternocleidomastoid
O: mastoid process I: clavicle/sternum A: Flex/Lat. Flex
bone hypertrophy
Occurs in response to physical activity Stimulated more by the magnitude of the skeletal loading than by the frequency of loading Reduces the risk of osteoporosis
impingement
Occurs when the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles become irritated and inflamed as they pass through the subacromial space, the passage beneath the acromion
Rhomboid
Origin - C7, T1-T5 Insertion - medial (vertebral) border of scapula Movements - adduction (retraction), downward rotation, elevation
External oblique abdominal
Origin - anteromedial aspect of ribs 5-12 Insertion - iliac crest, aponeurosis Action - lumbar flexion, lateral lumbar flexion and lumbar rotation
leading scholar in 1970's who began study of competitive anxiety in sport
P) Rainer Martens
An example of eccentric contraction is?
PF during midstance
Upper motor neuron
Part of CNS
Lower motor neuron
Part of PNS; synapse on skeletal muscle
Basal Ganglia
Part of coordination, makes movements smooth. Major disorder is Parkinsons
What Downward rotator cannot be palpated in Prone
Pectoralis Minor
During which phase of sit to stand does maximum DF occur?
Phase 2: Momentum transfer/initial lift
Which phase of sit to stand is the most challenging due to COM outside of BOS and results in greatest instability?
Phase 2: momentum transfer/initial lift
6 things that attach to the Pisiform
Pisohamate lig Pisometacarpal lig Transverse carpal lig Flexor Carpi Ulnaris FR Abductor Digiti Minimi
Peroneus Brevis (fibularis) Muscle ll
Plantar flexion of ankle Eversion of foot
Peroneus Longus (fibularis) Muscle ll
Plantar flexion of ankle Eversion of foot
The calcaneus is on the ____ aspect of the foot
Posterior
Most stable parts of thorax
Posterior and superior
Origin of abductor pollicus longus
Posterior aspect of the radius, mid shaft of ulna
Origin of Quadratus lumborum
Posterior inner lip of the iliac crest
Insertion of Semimembranosus
Posterior medial condyle of tibia
What is the last period of stance?
PreSwing
Life Span Stages
Prenatal Infancy Early childhood and late childhood Adolescence Adulthood older adulthood
State 4 main causes of pressure sores
Pressure Shearing Moisture Friction
Diaphram
Primary muscle of respiration
Advertising
Promote their events and sell their services or products
Walking-Midstance immediately follows with foot moving into
Pronation
Median nerve impinged at
Pronator Teres Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Carpal Tunnel
Unconscious balancing of your body?
Proprioception
Name one primary function of the scapula
Provide a socket joint for your shoulder Attach the upper arm to the thorax, or trunk of the body
Identfiy 3 types of patients who may be at risk for a pressure sore
Pts who are bed ridden, obese, in a wheelchair
pythagoras
Pythagorean theorem
study focus more on aspects of competitive sport participation
Q) sport psychology
What muscle stabalizes ribs 11-12
Quadratus Laborum
Hip flexion and knee extension would make what muscles actively insufficient?
Rectus femoris
Give 2 examples of oblique muscles:
Rectus femoris, seminembranosus
Subocciput triangle
Rectus straight
What defines energy balance?
Relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure
What is an orthotic
Restricts movement (brace)
Peroneal nerve lesion
Results in foot drop and numbness of skin on the lateral side of leg
Memory
Retaining and recalling facts, events, impressions, and remembering/recognizing previous experiences o Multistore memory model ♣ Short-term sensory store ♣ Short-term memory ♣ Long-term memory
Pain in jaw from being in
Retrodiscal space
Name one of the muscles that assist with stabilizing the scapula
Rhomboids Levator scap Traps Serratus anterior
Muscles affected by the dorsal scapular nerve
Rhomboids, Levator Scapula
Spin
Rotation of the moveable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface
1980's
S) research extended from solely laboratory settings to actual competitive setting
Rotation to the opposite side
SCM Semispinalis capitis Deep posterior spinal group: -Rotatores -Multifidus
Name 4 of the main common sites for pressure sores on a patient
Saccrum Heel Back of head Elbows
Identify the plane: Climbing stairs
Sagital
An abnormal lateral curvature
Scoliosis
2 long term functional outcomes for a SCI level C6:
Self feeding independently with AE Modified independence with UE dressing
Merchandising
Selling their name and logos on various products
Closed-loop theory
Sensory information necessary to control motor performance is received by the nervous system during the movement
Which muscle is located between the subscapularis and the thorax?
Serratus Anterior
PF weakness will affect what task?
Single Limb support
Type 1 muscle fibre
Slow twitch, more mitochondria
Parietal lobe
Somatosensory
Erector spinae
Spinae to occipital along posterior aspect of vertebral column
How to locate vertebrae points
Spineous & transverse processes
Orbicularis Oculi does what
Squint or forcefully close eye
Rectilinear motion
Straight-line progression of the object as a whole with all its parts moving the same distance in the same direction at a uniform rate of speed.
factors that affect mechanical behavior of bone
Strain or deformation under load
Give an example of : fossa
Subscapular fossa of the scapula
Damage to what nerve causes trendelenberg gait
Superior Gluteal
Where is T2
Superior angle of scapula
Order of mm contraction of shoulder elevator
Supraspinatus, deltoids, infraspinatus, teres minor, Traps
A Study by VanSant in 1988 found 1/4 of subjects 20-35 years old stood up from the ground like this?
Symmetrical trunk and symmetrical squat
_____ is a term for a joint with no motion
Synarthrosis
Norman triplett
T) the first to study effects of cycling performance with the presence of other people
Thoracic
T1-t12
Promotions
Tactics marketers use to communicate with and attract buyers
What does the sense of gustatory detect
Taste
Heel off occurs during which phase of gait?
Terminal Stance
When is DF at maximum, how much is necessary for normal gait?
Terminal stance, 10º DF
newton's law of motion #2
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.
Dorsal
The back of a quadruped, the surface that faces up.
What happens when the diaphragm contracts
The central tendon pulls downward increasing space in the thoracic cavity and thus changing the pressure within the cavity.
Perception
The component of cognition that involves all sensory input
eccentric contraction
The force generated is insufficient to overcome the external load on the muscle and the muscle fibers lengthen as they contract. An eccentric contraction is used as a means of decelerating a body part or object, or lowering a load gently rather than letting it drop.
Inertia:
The property of matter that causes it to resist any change in its motion in either speed or direction. Mass is a measure of inertia because of its measure of resistance to change in motion
Roll
The rolling of one joint surface on another
Which statement best defines "metabolism"
The sum of energy yielding and energy storing processes
Concentric muscles perform what type of contractions?
Their contractions cause movement against gravity or resistance
Why should you be skeptical that "metabolic advantages" cause the rapid weight loss claimed by low carb diets?
These advantages could only produce about 1/2 pound of fat loss per week: none of these advantages are based on real metabolic principles in humans.
Kyophobic curve
Thoracic & sacral
Sciatic
Tibial and common peroneal
Engaged time
Time students spend actually participating in physical activity or sport
Labrum
Tissue that surrounds glenohumeral joint
In Pre Swing weight shifted over the big toe is called?
Toe rocker
Identify the plane: Spinning or rotation
Transverse
Pronation and supination occur in what plane?
Transverse
>135
What angle of inclination is considered clinical coxa Valgus?
<120
What angle of inclination is considered coxa Verus ?
Flexion > abduction <IR
What is the capsular pattern of limitation for the hip?
Arthrokinemstics- joint motions Occur in the same direction as osteokinemstics- bone motion.
What is the concave on convex rule?
Arthrokinemstics- joint motions Occur in the opposite direction as osteokinemstics- bone motion .
What is the convex on concave rule ?
A fibrous cartilaginous structure that wraps around the accetabular rim.
What is the labrum of the hip and where is it located?
125 degrees
What is the normal angle of inclination for adult males?
8-15 degrees
What is the normal angle of tortion for adults?
Lateral Inferior Anterior
What is the orientation of the acetabulum?
The angle of inclation The angle of tortion
What two things are affected by how wide your hips are?
The sacroiliac joint The pubis symphysis
What two things does the pelvis rotate around?
greenstick fracture
When the bone breaks, it frays out like trying to break and pull apart a stick. This happens in children; incomplete fracture *most common in children
Illiofemoral lig.
Which ligamentous referred to as the Y ligament?
Females Cause wider hips
Who tends to lean more toward a 15 degree angle of tortion males or females?
Origin of Vastus Medialis
Whole length of linea aspera and medial condyloid ridge
Newton's First Law of Motion
a body continues in it's state of rest or of uniform motion unless an unbalanced force acts on it
FITT formula
a formula for designing a safe and effective program that specifies frequency, intensity, time, and type of exercise
dietician
a health care professional who has training in nutrition and diet planning
calorie
a measure of the amount of chemical energy that foods provide
Function of the fixator
a muscle that holds the bone in place while another muscle performs its function
Friction
a resistance to rolling or sliding, based on the nature of the two interacting surfaces
Which muscles are responsible for the ability to produce a symmetric sit up
abdominals and hip flexors
motion occurring in coronal plane
abduction/adduction
elasticity
ability of an object to return to its natural shape after being deformed
toleration
ability to drink (alcohol) more without feeling it
wellness
achieving the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions
Tests to diagnose scoliosis
adams test forward bending test
hip adduction
adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, pectineus, gracilis
hallucinogens
affect perception, sensation, awareness, and emotion
skill related fitness
agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, speed, power
high blood pressure
aka silent killer
rotational
all parts of human body travel along a circle or its part, unless they are in the axis of rotation
linear
all parts of human body travel the same distance during the same time
how to change momentum
apply force
to prevent burnout, coaches and trainers should use _____________ to change the monotony of routine or practice
b) variety
33 weeks
baby is considered viable after this long
Why is there more rotation at T1-T2
because its a junction site
vo2 max
best way to measure cardiovascular fitness
elbow supination
biceps brachii supinator
flexion at elbow
biceps brachii, brachialis (prime), brachioradialis
unipennate
biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
knee flexion
biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, popliteus(initiates)
protein
biological molecules composed of amino acids
diastolic
bottom number- while heart is resting between beats
rebound
bounce back up
At rest what accounts for most of the body's energy?
brain and nervous tissue
The anterior deltoid muscle is best stretched by?
bringing the arm into maximal external rotation
Types of rib movement
bucket handle pump handle
short bones
carpals
tar
causes "smoker's cough"
Diaphragm attachment
central tendon
Where is the most motion in spinal column
cervical spine has the greatest range of motion
Linear velocity
change of speed in a linear fashion
opiods
chemically altered morphine
How do people blow out a disc
chronic condition damage to multiple layers over years
cortisol
chronic stress
Stimulus recognition
collection of information from the environment
essential amino acids
collectively, the nine of the 20 types of amino acids, or building blocks, that our bodies cannot manufacture and that we must consume in our foods
MCL / UCL
combats valgus stress in the elbow
LCL / RCL
combats varus stress in the elbow
health
complete well being
skill-related fitness
components of physical fitness that have a relationship with enhanced motor skills and performance in sports
health-related fitness
components of physical fitness that have a relationship with good health
active tension
contractile element (actin/myosin), higher levels of tension
Intercostals
contribute 30% inspiration force couple window shade mechanism ribs tilt 10-12*
Cervical curvature
convex from apex of odontoid process to T2
Lumbar curvature
convex from middle of T12 to sacrovertebra; articulation w/greatest convexity at the lower 3 segments
angle of inclination
coronal plane; the angle of the femoral neck with respect to the shaft of the femur in the frontal plane; <125 = coxa vara; >125 = coxa valga; can be altered with surgery
Which ligaments hold the menisci in place?
coronary ligaments
head coaching at a major university is not very conducive for a _________________ because of the time committed to sport/team
d) family
acute compartment syndrome
deadly; can lead to multi-organ failure; after an injury, tough walls of fascia cannot easily expand and compartment pressure rises, preventing adequate blood flow to the tissues; injury to origin or insertion when a muscle system group receives an insult/blow, it inflames the muscle which causes it to swell.
Response selection
decision on what to do after collecting and processing information
Learning
defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from practice or experience
multipennate
deltoid, gluteus maximus
axis
dens process strong pedicles small transverse process vertebral artery acends from C6-C1 transverse foramen
Weight
depends on its quantity of matter and the strength of the gravitational attraction acting on it
Serratus Posterior Inferior
depress the ribs during exhalation.
Pectoralis Minor
depress the scapula. ABduct the scapula. downwardly rotate the scapula.
Internal intercostals
depresses ribs during inspiration by tilting
Scalar Quantity
describe size and amount
Vector Quantity
described by both magnitude and direction
Secondary curves
develop after birth cervical lumbar
identification of: category of joint (diarthrosis or synarthrosis)
diarthrosis - presence of a joint cavity synarthrosis- absence of a joint cavity
whole foods
dietary items produced and consumed with the minimum of processing
Diaphragm
draw down the central tendon of the diaphragm. increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.
curvilinear
during this motion, the trajectories of individual particles of the body are curved, although the orientation of the body in space does not change
What are these test used for
dynamometer: grip strength 9-hole-peg-test: fine motor purdue pegboard: fine motor of hand berg balance: fine motor and coordination slosson performance test: fine and gross motor and eye/hand coordination
Serratus Posterior Superior
elevate the ribs during inhalation.
Reaction force (including ground reaction force)
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force vector that is being applied to the ground
Extensor Digitorum Longus
extend the 2nd through 5th toes. dorsiflex the ankle. evert the foot.
Anconeus
extend the elbow.
Extensor Hallucis Longus
extend the first toe. dorsiflex the ankle. invert the foot.
Latissimus Dorsi
extend the shoulder. ADduct the shoulder. medially rotate the shoulder.
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
extend the wrist. ADduct the wrist.
coaches and exercise leaders try to eliminate cohesion to help their teams succeed.
false
if you work at a community college in California you can make first contact with any recruit nation-wide
false
the ABC's of physical activity when speaking in sport and exercise terminology are Affect, Balance and Cognitions
false
the difference between positive perfectionism and negative perfectionism is that positive perfectionists do not have the ability to accept mistakes and when they do, there is a drop in self-esteem
false
long bones
femur, ulna
Brachioradialis
flex the elbow.
Biceps Brachii
flex the elbow. supinate the forearm. flex the shoulder.
Flexor Hallucis Longus
flex the first toe. weak plantar flexion of ankle. invert the foot.
Sartorius
flex the hip. laterally rotate the hip. ABduct the hip. flex the knee. medially rotate the flexed knee.
Tensor Fasciae Latae & Iliotibial Tract
flex the hip. medially rotate the hip. ABduct the hip.
how can we calculate force
force=massXacceleration
external force
forces by bodies within a system that influce things outside of that system
internal force
forces exerted by bodies within a system
Abduction of the shoulder joint occurs on what plane?
frontal
extension at hip
gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris
hip abduction
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
can be cured
gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis
The 1st peak of GRF during gait is?
greater than BW due to momentum and downward acceleration
arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries
archimedes
hydrostatic weighing
4 times more likely to become an alcoholic
if you start drinking at 15 rather than 21 you're _____
flexion at hip
iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus, tensor fascia latae
impulse
impulse(j)=force(F)xtime(t) an impulse is needed to change its momentum
how is momentum conserved during an impact
in any system the total momentum before an event is always equal to the total momentum after the event
What direction do you work in w/people who have bulged discs?
in the direction that is protrudes
Posterior longitudinal ligament
in vertebral canal, over posterior surface of bodies from C2 to sacrum. Close adherent to disks and margins of bodies
kyphosis
increase backward curvature in thoracic region
Kyphosis
increased anterior concavity of thoracic curve
A child and adult can walk at the same speed due to?
increased cadence in child's gait
anaerobic
intense level- more oxygen
Expiration muscles
internal intercostals passive action
Tibialis Anterior
invert the foot. dorsiflex the ankle.
Dynamic biomechanics
investigates bodies, masses, and forces when they are speeding up or slowing down
Fading knowledge of results
involves a systematic reduction in the amount of knowledge of results given to an individual during a practice session
Velocity
involves direction as well as speed
velocity
is a vector that describes displacement and is measured in units such as feet per second or mph
Terminal swing is a period of?
knee extension
Abnormal curvatures
kyphosis lordosis scoliosis
newton
laid the foundations for modern dynamics formulated 3 laws of motion
Lower rib movement
lateral and superior
Scoliosis
lateral curvatures or sideward deviations of spine
scoliosis
lateral deviation most frequent in thorax most common named according to direction of convexity systemic problem, not just orthopedic problem
Origin of Extensor digitorum
lateral epicondyle of humerus
What do all muscles in the back do?
lateral flex to the side
eccentric muscle actions
lengthen
Sport instructor
less time with supplemental responsibilities
At initial contact the pelvis is _____ in the coronal plane?
level
At initial contact the pelvis is _______ in the frontal plane?
level
kinetic chain
linking of multiple muscles and joints together to move the body
fat
lipids, such as butter, lard, and bacon grease, which are usually solids at room temperature
Muscles of the prevertebral group
longus colli longus capitus rectus capitus ant. rectus capitus lateralis
anorexia
low self esteem, sterility, bone loss, dry skin, weight loss
External Oblique Abdominal Muscle
lumbar flexion
Internal Oblique Abdominal Muscle
lumbar flexion
what are 3 aspects that define force
magnitude, direction, point of application
The pelvis at initial contact in the transverse plane is at?
max Anterior position
mass
measurement of the amount of matter something contains
What nerve innervates the pec major lower fibers?
medial pectoral nerve
Popliteus
medially rotate the flexed knee. flex the knee.
Subscapularis
medially rotate the shoulder. stabilize the head of humerus in glenoid cavity.
endometrial cycle
menstrual, prolifertive, secretory
According to Shumway-Cook, what are the essential features of moving from supine to standing?
momentum stability of COM within BOS Adapt movement to environment
momentum
momentum(P)=mass(m)Xvelocity(v) energy of motion of an object
120 hours
morning after pill should be taken after this amount o time
angular motion
motion around some point
linear motion
movement on straight or curved pathway
sequential
multiple joints move in multiple sequences
anabolic steroids
muscle building
Two reasons to stretch a muscle rapidly prior to contracting it forcefully.
muscle spindles are involved in the stretch reflex and are triggered by rapid lengthening of the muscle as well as absolute length. At the end of the rapid eccentric contraction, the muscle has reached a great length at a high velocity. This may cause the muscle spindle to enact a powerful stretch reflex, further enhancing the power of the following concentric contraction.
essential fat
necessary for normal body functioning; it includes fats in the brain, muscles, nerves, bones, lungs, heart, and digestive and reproductive systems
stilmulant
nicotine is an example of a ________
how much pronation is normal for gait?
no Consensus in the research
asymptomatic
no visible symptoms
storage fat
nonessential fat stored in tissue near the body's surface and around major body organs
quantitative
numerical, data collected, equipment necessary, focus on forces (stress on shoulder during baseball pitch)
Central nervous system
o Brain and spinal cord (S.C.) o Primary functions ♣ Control systems of the body o Primary component - neuron o Responds to acute challenges of the body o Important consideration in: ♣ Disease conditions (e.g., cerebral palsy, M.S., etc.) ♣ Sport performance (e.g., controlling movement)
hypothenar eminence
opponens digiti minimi abductor digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis
thenar eminence
opponens pollicis abductor pollicis brevis flexor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis
Opponens Pollicis
opposition of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint.
Angular motion
or rotary motion occurs when an object acting as a radius moves about a fixed point
female athlete triad
osteoporosis, disordered eating, amennorhea
hill
oxygen consumption in muscle
aerobic
oxygen required
Tenodesis is what type of insufficiency
passive insufficiency
30
peak bone mass is reached at this age
center of gravity
perfect balance point 3- axis influences stability
Definition and example of a uniaxial joint
permits movement in only one plane about one axis. Example: elbow joint
dorsi flexion
peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior
Soleus
plantar flex the ankle.
(LLM) Posteriorly
plantar flexors triceps surae
lamina
plates extend post/med from pedicle
What helps throacic inlet syndrome
posture strengthen
metastasis
process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body
Pronator Teres
pronate the forearm.
Mass
quantity of matter an object contains
Moment of inertia (the angular equivalent of mass)
quantity of the rotating mass and its distribution around the axis of rotation
Temporalis does what
raises eyebrows
Parallel muscles have the ability to produce greater _____ than pennate muscles.
range of motion
Angular acceleration
rate of change of angular velocity over time. In SI units, it is measured in radians per second squared (rad/s2), and is usually denoted by the Greek letter alpha (α)
coefficient of friction
ratio of force needed to slide an object in relation to its weight
Forcable expiration
rectus abdominus ext. oblique int. oblique
bipennate
rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, infraspinatus
knee extension
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
Angular motion
referred to as rotary motion or rotation, is movement around a central imaginary line known as the axis of rotation
Speed
related to distance , tells us how fast an object is moving
Variability of practice
repeatedly practicing the same motor skill has been shown to impede practice performance but enhance learning of the skill
interia
resistance to a change in motion
scapular adduction
rhomboids
Lever
rigid bar that can rotate about about a fixed point when a force is applied to overcome a resistance
lever
rigid structures that can rotate about a fixed point when a force is applied
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
rock and tilt the head back into extension.
Oblique Capitis Superior
rock and tilt the head back into extension. laterally flex the head to the same side.
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
rock and tilt the head back into extension. rotate the head to the same side.
Location of the PCL
runs from just posterior to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia to the anterior portion of the medial surface of the medial condyle of the femur
Location of the LCL
runs from the lateral condyle of the femur to the head of the fibula
Location of the MCL
runs from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia with some deep fibers attaching to the medial meniscus
What plane is flexion of the glenohumeral joint?
sagittal
Distance
scalar quantity
annulus fibrosus
series of fibro elastic cartilaginous rings
scapular abduction
serratus anterior, pectoralis minor
diaphysis
shaft of bone
compression
shortening/widening bone, muscles, gravity
concentric muscle actions
shorting
MDMA
similar to meth and has hallucinogenic effects
rohypnol
similiar to valium but more potent- date-rape drug
type 1 muscle fibers
slow, oxidative slow twitch first recruited, last released fatigue slowly due to blood flow and ability to deliver oxygen
Spinal column abdominal muscles
some sections linked by fascia & tendinous bands do not attach from bone to bone
T3 is at the level of what?
spine of scapula
What are the essential characteristics for getting up out of bed?
stability of COM adapt to environment momentum for vertical lift
What are the shared characteristics between getting out of bed and sit to stand?
stability of COM adapt to environment momentum for vertical lift
flat bones
sternum, scapula
How Golgi tendon organs operate and why.
stretch sends signal to CNS that cause muscle to relax, provides information about muscle tension
pnf
stretching that requires a partner to give resistance
gait analysis
study of human motion, using the eye and the brain of observers, augmented by instrumentation for measuring body movements, body mechanics, and the activity of the muscles
internal rotation at GH joint
subscapularis, deltoid, teres major, pectoralis major
Buccinator
suck on a straw. blow a trumpet.
Walking-Heel-strike occurs when landing on heel, foot should be
supination
What pattern do clinicians use to reteach bed mobility for neurological patients?
supine->side-lying->push up into sit->stand
abduction at GH joint
supraspinatus, deltoid
What is the origin of the serratus anterior?
surfaces of the upper 9 ribs at the side of the chest
The most common strategy for supine to stand is?
symmetrical trunk and symmetrical squat
fatal STDs
syphilis, AIDS, HIV
avoid date rape
teach consent or cover people in blankets so people can concentrate and not get distracted by knees
Max hip extension is achieved during?
terminal stance
Center of gravity
the "balance point" of the body; the center of mass; the intersection of the three cardinal planes
muscular endurance
the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly over an extended period of time
muscular fitness
the ability of a muscle to contract with maximal force
Body Composition
the amount of fat and lean tissue in your body
lever arms
the distance from the fulcrum at which force is applied
1st class lever
the fulcrum is located between the effort and resistance. muscle works in the same direction of the resistance
Hip flexion during PreSwing is by the action of?
the iliopsoas
The trade off between long lever length to impart greater linear velocity (e.g., using a longer bat to strike a thrown ball) and short lever length that will require less effort force (and, therefore, allow for greater angular velocity).
the longer the radius the greater the linear velocity of a point at the end of the radius, longer lever the more effort it takes to swing it. Therefore the optimum lever length depends on the ability to maintain angular velocity
weight
the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object
weight cycling
the pattern of repeatedly losing and gaining weight, from illness or dieting
Resistive moment arm (lever)
the perpendicular distance between the fulcrum and line of resistance force of the effort
torque
the product of force and perpendicular distance ; measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that object to rotate *N x m
Angular momentum
the quantity of angular motion a lever possess, equal to the product of the moment of inertia and the angular velocity
coefficient of restitution
the square roots of rebound height divided by its drop height
stability
the strength to stand or endure; firmness
kinetics
the study of forces acting on mechanisms
Torque
the turning effect of an eccentric force
Prehabilitation
therapy following an injury but preceding surgery
chlamydia and gonorrhea
these diseases can lead to Pelvis Inflammatory Disease
__F__R__ A
third class lever example: elbow flexion advantage: speed and distance
What nerves make up the Sciatic nerve?
tibial and common peroneal
Platysma
tighten fascia of the neck. (swamp monster)
bulimia
tooth erosion, cavities, abdominal bloating
systolic
top number- when heart is forcing blood through arteries
Where does the tubercle articulate?
transverse process
scapular elevation
trapezius / levator scapula
extension at elbow
triceps brachii, anconeus
coaching at the elite level of college sport comes with extreme pressure to win and continue winning throughout entire career
true
if you work in the commercial setting of sport as a sport instructor, you could have an office at a facility or could work out of the back of your car
true
in sport psychology terms, it is important to have mental practice and not simply physical practice because mental practice can help you think productivity and focus your attention on positive energizing thoughts instead of worry and distractions
true
studies have shown teams playing at home sites win more often than those playing at away sites
true
we can enhance the sport and exercise experience for children by making practices both challenging and enjoyable
true
aristotle
tutor for alexander the great stressed biology proposed finate, spherical universe
Children with less ability
types of students discriminated against
36 weeks
typical pregnancy
During the lift to reach arm pattern with rolling, which is not initiating movement?
unilateral leg lift
External Oblique
unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column to the same side. rotate vertebral column to the opposite side. bilaterally: flex the vertebral column. compress the abdominal contents.
Scalenes anterior-middle-posterior
unilaterally: ribs fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side. rotate head and neck to the opposite side. bilaterally: elevate the ribs during inhalation. flex the head and neck (anterior).
mobility
unstable but moble
Displacement
vector quantity
irregular bones
vertebra, sphenoid
Parts of the vertebrae
vertebral body post. arch IVF pedicles lamina spinour process transverse process
radius
what bone does the annular ligament wrap around
closed chain
when both ends ofthe chain are fixed
open chain
when one end of the chain is completly free ot move
linear force
when two or more forces are acting along the same line
During Phase 1: (weight shift/flexion momentum) of sit to stand, COM is located?
within the BOS
Most mobile parts of thorax
xiphoid process inf/ant borders of ribs
Shear
•Accessory Motion Forces-Joint Mobilization force occurs parallel to the joint and is a gliding motion of the joint.
Bending
•Bending compresses one side and puts traction on the other side.
Blood collection
♣ General equipment • Needles, syringes, and collection tubes ♣ Common blood measures • Blood lipids, glucose, lactic acid, hormones
Compression
----->) (<----
ligamentum nuchae
-cervical region - strong ligament band extending from 7th cervical vertebrae to skull
vertebrae body
-thin outer sheet of compact cortical bone -resists compression -poor at resisting tension -cancellous bone -less dense -resists vertical stress -poor at resisting compression
What is the recommended amount of time students should engage in physical education classes per week
...
What is the approximate ROM needed at the knee to go from floor to stand using symmetrical squat
0-130º knee flexion
atlas
1 cervical vertibrae no body circular Ant. arch has tubercle post. arch has tubercle Sup. facets=large/oval/upwards Inf. facets= circular transverse process=large
IP Joint
1 degree of freedom
Pump handle movement at what ribs
1-6
True ribs
1-7
Give 2 examples of angular motion
1. Bending the elbow 2. A football going through the goal posts
List the order of the heart nerves from stimulation to ventricular contraction
1. SA node 2. Left and right atria 3. AV node 4. bundle of His 5. Purkinje Fibers 6. Myocardium of the ventricles and papillary muscles
Give 2 examples of linear motion
1. Sledding down a hill 2. A skateboard moving forward
List the muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg
1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor digitorum longus 3. Extensor hallicus longus 4. Peroneus tertius
List the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg
1. Tibialis posterior 2. Flexor digitorum longus 3. Flexor hallicus longus
Doing a bicep curl (elbow flexion) with a weight is an example of what types of movement/ activities?
1.Concentric contraction 2. isotonic contraction 3. open chain activity 4. agonistic movement of the biceps
3 curves is able to resist compression compared to no curves by a factor of what?
10 R=N^2+1
Ratio of GH motion to Scapulothoracic
2:1
When a patient is able to hold the test position against gravity but tolerate no additional pressure in a MMT what grade are they performing?
3
Q angle measurement
3 Parts Involved: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), center of the patella, tibial tubercle Formed from a line drawn from the ASIS to the center of the kneecap, and from the center of the kneecap to the tibial tubercle. Measure that angle and subtract 180 degrees and that's your Q angle.
When a patient completes full range of motion against gravity and withstands slight pressure what are they performing?
3+
What ribs articulate with the body of the sternum
3-7
During Initial Contact how many degrees of Hip Flexion
30
During Terminal Swing how many degrees of Hip Flexion
35
palmar interossei
3; adduct 2nd, 4th and 5th phalanges
What type of lever does the humerus form when the pec major and lats muscles are adducting the arm during an adduction exercise on a crossover machine?
3rd class lever
How many natural curvatures
4
Insertion of Extensor digitorum
4 tendons to bases of middle and distal phalanxes of 4 fingers on dorsal surface
Which ribs attach to Costal cartilage
8-12
There are ______ bones in the axial skeleton and ______ bones in the appendicular skeleton.
80, 126
liver
90% of alcohol is eliminated through the _________
Traction
<----) (---->
Delmas index
=(height of spinal cord x 100)/Length of full length average 94 <94 more prone to premature death >96 had health problems
What is the Capsular pattern on the Hip Joint
=IR>EXT>ABD>FLEX>ER
angle of trunk rotation for surgery
>50 degrees
Force
A push or a pull acting on a body, .... mass x acceleration
force
A push or pull exerted on an object.
vector quantity
A quantity that has both a magnitude and direction.
scalar quantity
A quantity that has only magnitude
Springy end feel
A rebound is felt at the end of the ROM
syndesmosis
A slightly movable joint in which the tibia and fibula are joined together by a connective tissue at the ankle
Illiocostalis
A: Extension, rotation, lateral flexion
Spinalis
A: Extension, rotation, lateral flexion
Rectus abdominus
A: Flexes Trunk
Quadratus Lumborum
A: Flexes trunk laterally
Squatting
A: stable D: easier to reach; stand up faster
Sitting
A: stable and mobility D: limits mobility; cant walk around
Internal Obliques
A; Compresses abdomen External downward fiber direction
Gluteus Minimus
ABduct the hip. medially rotate the hip. flex the hip.
Supraspinatus
ABduct the shoulder. stabilize the head of humerus in glenoid cavity.
Rhomboids
ADduct the scapula. elevate the scapula. downwardly rotate the scapula.
Adductor Pollicis
ADduct the thumb.
Define the following amputations
AE: above elbow AK: above knee BE: below elbow BK: below knee
How can an OT identify the level of SCI, the location of the lesion on the spinal cord?
ASIA
breakdown of CP glucose fat and protein all produce?
ATP
metabolic syndrome
Abdominal obesity
Compartment 1
Abductor Pollicis Longus Ext Pollicis Brevis
Extrinsic Muscles of Hand - Lateral
Abductor Pollicis Longus Extensor Pollicis Longus Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Adductor Longus
Action: Adduction Exercises: Adduction against resistance
Adductor Magnus
Action: Adduction Exercises: Adduction against resistance
Gracilis
Action: Adduction, Internal rotation Exercises: Adduction against resistance w/ extended knee
Rectus Femoris
Action: Hip flexion Exercises: Leg raises (from dip or parallel bars).
Semimembranosus
Actions: Hip extension, Internal rotation Exercises: Knee flexion against resistance - Leg curls (emphasize with internal rotation
Semitendinosus
Actions: Hip extension, Internal rotation Exercises: Knee flexion against resistance - Leg curls (emphasize with internal rotation
The muscles that perform radioulnar supination include all of the following except: Brachioradialis Biceps brachii Supinator Actually all perform supination
Actually all perform supination
An action common to the subscapularis, pec major, and latissimus dorsi is_______? Adduction Horizontal abduction External rotation Flexion
Adduction
Clinical exercise physiologist
Administer cardiopulmonary exercise tests in hospital exercise testing laboratories, administer fitness testing, and implement and deliver cardiovascular conditioning programs for individuals who are apparently disease free
The prime mover is best described as:
Agonist
Inspiration
Air into lungs Chest expands Postive pressure outside--> negative pressure inside
Glide
Aka "slide" linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface
Which of the following exercises will target the lats? Rowing exercises Adduction exercises in a crossover machine Internal rotation exercises in a crossover machine Stand-up paddle boarding All of the above
All of the above
Define a dynamic splint and name 2 purposes for a dynamic splint
Allows you to move affected joint or joints across a plane. -Substitutes for loss of motor function -Allows for movements of joints -Allows for adjustments and ROM
What is ASIA
American Spinal Injury Association A = Complete: No motor or sensory function is preserved in the sacral segments S4-S5. B = Incomplete: Sensory but not motor function is preserved below the neurological level and includes the sacral segments S4-S5. C = Incomplete: Motor function is preserved below the neurological level, and more than half of key muscles below the neurological level have a muscle grade less than 3. D = Incomplete: Motor function is preserved below the neurological level, and at least half of key muscles below the neurological level have a muscle grade of 3 or more. E = Normal: motor and sensory function are normal.
Anatomic Reference Position
An erect standing position with the feet slightly separated, the arms hanging relaxed at the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
Describe osteomyelitis
An infection of the bone
bankhart lesion
An injury of the anterior (inferior) glenoid labrum of the shoulder due to anterior shoulder dislocation (IGHL)
Why do medical professionals care about the amount of visceral fat a person has?
Because it is strongly linked with metabolic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease
An antagonist to the pronator teres muscle is the ________ Biceps Brachii Pronator quadratus Brachialis Triceps brachii All of the above
Biceps brachii
Cervical plexus
C1-C5
Open chain, closed chain or both: Bike
Closed
Open chain, closed chain or both: Push up
Closed
Open chain, closed chain or both: Squat
Closed
For athletes who get sugar "lows" meaning they feel tired and sleepy an hour after eating sugary foods, what does Nancy Clark recommend in chapter 6?
Combine sugary foods with protein or fat
At what level of coaching might jobs be most plentiful
Commercial sports
Standard reference terminology
Common and specific terminology that precisely identifies body positions and movement direction
Early Childhood and Later childhood
Common fundamental movement patterns during childhood involve walking, running, jumping, throwing
How many communications skills and problem solving skills aid in being successful
Communicate effectively, write well, use new technologies.
How would you design a study that answer the question of whether dietary fat causes heart disease?
Conduct a study to see if dietary fats cause heart disease by seeing if eating dietary fats raise cholesterol in the blood. If they eat a lot of fatty food they should have an increase in weight and should also have an increase in cholesterol and hypertension since those lead to heart disease
A rounded, knuckle like projection is?
Condyle
exercise affect memory
Considerable interest in the role of regular physical activity and exercise in psychological function o Principle interest area has been in the role of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic fitness on various markers of cognitive function ♣ Memory, attention, reaction time, crystalized and fluid intelligence
Define isometric contraction:
Contraction without movement. resistance stays the same.
What is the Critical Event of Terminal Stance
Controlled DF and trailing limb
What is the Critical Event during MidStance at the ankle?
Controlled tibial advancement
Concave/convex law
Convex joints will move in the opposite direction of the body segment. A concave joint surface will move in the same direction as the body segment
Cerebellum
Coordinates all movement in body so you dont fall over
Insertion of Transverse abdominis
Crest of the pubis and the iliopectineal line, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba
What is another name for linear motion if it moves in a curved line?
Curvilinear motion
The difference between the type of motion experienced by any point on a rotating radius (curvilinear) and the motion of the entire radius (angular).
Curvilinear motion- object moves in a curved pathway Angular motion - object acting as a radius moves about a fixed point , measured as an angle
Early influence on motor control and learning
Daily observation of babies and their changes in reflexes, movements, and feeding behaviors o Recent influences on motor development ♣ Shift from developmental psychology and the understanding of maturation to a physical education emphasis on how to improve children's motor behavior
Splenius cervicis location
Deep to splenius capitis
Splenius capitis location
Deep to trapezius & rhomboids
Suboccipitals location
Deepest muscles of neck
Title IX
Defends women's rights in sports
Moving to one side and staying to that side
Deflection
What does the low pH in stomach do to aid in digestion?
Denatures proteins activates the enzyme protein
Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle ll
Dorsiflexion of ankle
Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle ll
Dorsiflexion of ankle Eversion of foot
usually very involved in campus life
E) small four year university coach
Common Extensor Tendon attachments
EC ECU ECRB EDM
Compartment 6
ECU
Compartment 4
EDC, EI
Compartment 5
EDM
Compartment 3
EPL
What GH joint motion to prevent impingment
ER
Elastic cartilage can be found in the _____
Ears, nose
Quadriceps perform what type of contraction during the Loading Response
Eccentric contraction
Name 5 of the most frequent reasons for splinting
Edema Injury Contracture Surgery Broken bone/fracture
What are the factors the therapist should consider when establishing a person with a splint wearing schedule?
Edema Pain Overall lifestyle Work/School Home exercise program Redness Cognition
Educate your patient on 3 ways to prevent pressure sores
Education Reposition every 15 min if possible to do themselves Sheep skin padding
Name 3 OT interventions to prevent pressure sores
Education on preventing pressure sores Reposition them every 2 hours Use foam/sheep skin padding
Ability to recoil or relax when a force is removed is known as:
Elasticity
Serratus posterior superior action
Elevate ribs during inhalation
The diaphysis of long bones is lined with a thin layer of _________.
Endosteum
Erector Spinae Muscles
Extension, lateral flexion, & ipsilateral rotation of spine & head
Extrinsic Muscles of Hand - Posterior
Extensor Digitorum Extensor Digiti Minimi Extensor Indici
Which of the following is not an action of the lats? Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint External rotation of the glenohumeral joint Extension of the glenohumeral joint The Lats perform all of these actions
External rotation
Which of the following is not an action of the pec major? External rotation Adduction Abduction Internal rotation
External rotation
usually work outside of school hours for practices or games
F) middle and high school coaches
Which is the more economical fuel to produce?
Fat or carbs depending on whether oxygen or carbon atoms (weight is more important)
Name the 4 common symptoms with decreased activity tolerance
Fatigue Age SOB-shortness of breath Medication Excessive sweating
Inhalation action
Fibers contract & pull the tendon inferiorly
Intervertebral disks are a type of ____cartilage
Fibrocartilage
The three classes of levers.
First Class Lever- axis is placed between force and resistance, ex.: crowbar, seesaw, scissor Second Class Lever-resistance is between axis and force , ex. wheelbarrow, nutcracker Third Class Lever- force is placed between the axis and resistance , ex. tongs, shoveling, rowing
Semitendinosus (Knee)
Flex knee, Internal rotation of flexed knee Exercises: Leg curls (emphasize with internal rotation), swiss ball leg curls, glute/ham raises
The main two actions of the bicep brachii are what
Flexion and supination
DIP Joints ROM
Flexion, Extension
PIP Joints ROM
Flexion, Extension
MCP Joints ROM
Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Adduction, Abduction
Dick
Flexor Digitorum Longus
This tendon/muscle, if ruptured prevents flexion of the 4th digit
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Extrinsic Muscles of Hand - Anterior
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Flexor Digitorum Profundus Flexor Pollicis Longus
Contents of the Carpal tunnel
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Flexor Digitorum Profundus Flexor Pollicis Longus Median nerve
Harry
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Which kinematic motions contribute to shock absorption in Load Response?
Foot pronation
How the length of the radius affects curvilinear velocity of point on radius vs. angular velocity of radius as a whole (e.g., using a longer bat vs. a spinning skater shortening her radius).
For any given angular velocity, the linear velocity is proportional to the radius. If the radius doubles, the linear velocity does likewise. And for any given linear velocity, the angular velocity is inversely proportional to the radius if the radius doubles, the angular velocity decreases by half.
periprosthetic fracture
Fractures around joint replacement prostheses
Memory drum theory
Franklin M. Henry's theory stated that reaction time was slower for complex movements because those movements took more planning time.
What is the injury to the ulnar test called
Froment's
Identify the plane: Side lunge
Frontal
Explain the plane and axis: Ulnar deviation:
Frontal plane, Sagital axis
Empty end feel
Full ROM/ can not be reached due to pain
Bruce Ogilvie
H) began early work examining personality in athletes at San Jose state university
What muscles are put into passive insufficiency by placing Hip Flexed, Knee Ext
Hamstrings
Athletic trainer
Health care profession that addresses the prevention and risk management, clinical diagnosis, immediate care, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries and other conditions experienced by athletes and other physically active individuals
What term best describes "differences in health and disease among specific groups in the U.S"?
Health disparity
Temporal lobe
Hearing
What is the Critical Event of Initial Contact?
Heel 1st contact
What is a gait cycle and how long does it last?
Heel strike to (I) Heel strike, 1 sec
Therapeutic recreational specialist
Help people with physical, cognitive, emotional, or behavioral disabilities restore function and reduce or eliminate the effects of disability and develop independence
Environment
Identifies how the individual interacts with the temporal, physical, social, and cultural environments, and their spiritual response to thwir present existence
Occupational performance
Identifies the particular performances, relating them to self-care, work, productivity, and leisure
Occupational role
Identifies the percieved roles held by the individual
Diagnostic testing
Identifies the presence of a disease condition, risk factors for a disease condition, or an existing injury
Forces that act upon, path followed by and factors that affect the flight of a projectile.
If air resistance is ignored, projectile path will be a parabola, constant downward force of gravity
Increase
If you have coxa Varus will you q angle increase or decrease
And and hip extensors are tight Weak- hip flexors and spinal extensors
If you have posterior pelvic tilt , what is tight and what Is weak?
Right pelvic tilt Trunk flexion to the left
If your right leg is shorter than your left leg and you have both feet on the floor, which way will your pelvis tilt? Which way will your trunk flex?
Give an example of the following: crest
Iliac crest of the pelvis
What Prime flexor of the hip causes Anterior Pelvic Rotation
Iliacus
RLA Stance (5)
Initial Contact, Loading Response, Midstance, Terminal Stance, Preswing
When does Max knee flexion occur, how much is necessary for normal gait?
Initial Swing, 60º
Hip extension has peak activity in what phase of gait?
Initial contact/Load response
Popliteus
Initiates knee flexion, Assists w/ Internal rotation of flexed knee Exercises: Knee flexion (w/ knee internal rotation) against resistance
Name 3 causes of edema
Injury Surgery Inflammation
Details about ergonomics
Interaction between humans, the objects they use, and the environments in which they function Used to prevent workplace injuries and improve the capacity to return to work after injury Design equipment and modify work and living conditions for special populations, implement changes to the home, recreational sites and facilities, motor vehicles, schools, clinics, workplace, and other human-built environments
identification of: specific joint classification within category
Irregualar(gliding ), hinge (flex & ext) , pivot (rotation) , condyloid (flex & ext, abd. add.) , saddle (flex & ext, abd. & add., and circumduction) , ball & socket (flex & ext, abd.& add., circumduction, horizontal abd. & add., and rotation.
Explain the phrase "correlation does not mean causality". Give an example.
Just because there is an association between 2 variable doesn't mean that one variable causes the other. Example: There are a lot of murders in the summer. People also eat a lot of ice cream in the summer. These 2 variables are correlated but does not mean that eating ice cream causes murders.
usually coach 1 sport and teach kinesiology classes on same campus
K) community college coach
Name 4 treatment interventions you could do with a complete SCI level C7, with subluxation of the R UE due to weakness in the deltoids. Edema is present in the hand, is in bed most of the time and tolerates short time up in the w/c due to low BP.
Kinesiotape for shoulder subluxation Hand massages Endurance exercises Transfers from wheelchair UE muscle strengthening thera ex.
Define kinetics
Kinetics is movement
Rectus Femoris (Knee)
Knee extension Hip flexion Exercises: Leg extensions, leg press, squats
Vastus Lateralis
Knee extension Exercises: Leg extensions, leg press, squats
Vastus Medialis
Knee extension Exercises:Leg extensions, leg press, squats Vastus Medialis Obliquus (distal oblique fibers) are emphasized during last 10-20° of leg extension
Why is autonomic dysreflexia important to you as a therapist?
Know how to treat a patient with autonomic dysreflexia and take precautions for therapist and patient.
At birth curve
Kyphotic
R Step length is measured by?
L Heelstrike to R heelstrike
employed full time to solely coach
L) major university coach
What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve
L4, L5, S1
Sacral
L4-S1
Insertion of Brachioradialis
Lateral surface of the distal end of the radius at the styloid process
iliotibial band
Layer of connective tissue that extends from the iliac crest down the lateral part of the thigh, and provides stability to the knee, and assists with flexion and extension of the knee *Stabilizer when running
What muscle is weak when L lateral trunk lean occurs curing L Stance?
Left Glut Med.
If the pt is doing a lateral lurch to the left where is the weakness
Left Gluteus Medius weakness
What is the most common strategy used by young adult when rolling from supine to prone?
Lift and reach pattern with shoulder initiating movement of head and trunk and unilateral leg lift
In a non axial joint, motion tends to be _____ to other motions
Linear
List 2 types of motion
Linear, angular
Why does excessive alcohol use cause damage to the liver?
Liver is where alcohol is de-toxified
Which subphase of gait is double limb support?
Load response and Initial Contact
golgi tendon organ
Located in tendon at muscle origin and insertion; It detects changes in the belly of the muscle. Sends a signal to the spinal cord and then to the CNS. Message sent back is to RELAX THE MUSCLE. A relaxed muscle decreases the stress on the tendon and prevents injury. *tension
Metacarpals are what type of bones?
Long bones
The trade off between force and speed generation by a lever.
Long resistance arm: speed and range of movement Short resistance arm: force
different spinal conditions
Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis
Deep Palmar muscles innervated by
Lumbricals (2nd Median), (3rd, 4th Ulnar) PAD - Ulnar DAB - Ulnar Adductor Pollicis - Ulnar
The three aspects of linear force (magnitude, direction and point of application).
Magnitude- amount of size of the force that is being applied Point of Application- the point at which the force is applied to an object Direction- the direction of a force is along its action line
Parts of the sternum
Manubrium body xiphoid process
How much time is required to get a truly accurate measurement of someone's habitual diet?
Many days are preferred but 3-7 days is what most nutritionalists use
Electromyography (EMG)
Measurement and recording of the electric activity of skeletal muscles
What is the purpose of a goniometer
Measures ROM
Goniometer
Measures joint motion
Differences in muscle design
Mechanical loads on the human body: Forces that act upon a body or object include: • Gravity • Other external forces • The muscles
What is the Origin of the Prime Plantar Flexor
Medial and lateral condyles of the femur
Insertion of Vastus Medialis
Medial border of patella and tibial tuberosity
Insertion of Rhomboid major
Medial border of the scapula, below the spine of the scapula
Collateral
Medial/lateral stability to elbow joint
You are treating a patient who is experiencing edema in R UE. Name 4 techniques you will use to manage her edema
Mobilization TED hose Kinesiotape Compression garmets
The strategy of sit to stand where the trunk flexes forward, with momentum, but requires adequate braking of this movement with eccentric control of the hip and spinal extensors is called?
Momentum strategy
Compared to a 6% CHO drink an 11% drink empties from the stomach
More slowly
Joint movement terminology
Movements of bones and joints of the body
pennate muscle
Muscle type where the fibers attach at an oblique angle to a central tendon. Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate are three types of pennate arrangements. These types of muscles generally allow higher force production but smaller range of motion. When a muscle contracts and shortens, the pennation angle increases.
Pectoralis Minor
O: 3-5th Ribs I: Coracoid Process of Scapula A:Depresses Scapula, Abduction, downward rotation N:Pectoral
Deltoid
O: Acromion and spine of scapula I: deltoid tuberosity A: abduction, flexion, extension N: Axillary
Scalenus Posterior
O: Cervical Vertebrae I: 1st Rib
Levator Scapulae
O: Cervical vertebrae I: scapula A: Elevation of scapula N: Dorsal Scapula
Coracobrachialis
O: Coracoid process I: Shaft of humerus A: Flexes and adducts arm N: Musculocutaneous
Pronator Teres
O: Coronoid process of ulna I: radius A: Pronates, and flexes forearm N: Median
Teres Major
O: Inferior angle I: Intertubercular sulcus A: extends arm, adduction, medial rotation N; subscapular
External Intercostals
O: Inferior margin of rib I: Superior margin of rib below A: Elevates ribs on inspiration
Infraspinatus
O: Infraspinous fossa I: Greater tubercle A: adducts arm N: suprascapular
Trapezius
O: Occipital bone, cervical and thoracic vertebrae I: Acromion and spine of scapula A: Elevation of clavicle, adduction, upward rotation, elevation and depression of scapula
Serratus Anterior
O: Ribs I:medial border of scapula A: upward rotation, abduction, elevation N: thoracic
Scalene
O: TP of lower C-spine I: ant. inner border of 1st or 2nd rib Innervation: Ventral rootlets of C5-T1 Blood: Subclavian A&V pass btw scalenes *thoracic inlet syndrome
Latissimus Dorsi
O: Thoracic, lumbar vertebrae I: Intertubercular sulcus A: extension, adduction of arm N: thoracodorsal
Pronator Quadratus
O: Ulna I: Radius Pronates forearm N; median nerve
Biceps Brachii
O: coracoid process I: Radial tuberosity A. flexion and supination of forarm, flexion of arm N: musculocutaneous
Teres Minor
O: inferior border of scapula I: greater tubercle A: extension, adduction, medial rotation N: Axillary
Internal Intercostals
O: inferior margin of rib I: superior margin of rib A: lowers ribs on expiration
Supraspinatus
O: supraspinous fossa I: greater tubercle A: abduction of arm N: suprascapular
Rhomboid
O: thoracic vertebrae I: scapula A: adduction N: scapular nerve
Brachioradialis
O; Humerus I: Radius A: Flexes forearm N: Radial nerve
Curvilinear motion
Object moves linearly, but in a curved pathway... moves along circumference of a circle.
force couple
Occurs when 2 forces act in an equal but opposite direction ex. Scapula
What is a pressure sore
Occurs when too much pressure is applied to a spot on the body for too long. The nutrients and blood stop flowing to the area causing a pressure sore.
Insertion of Tricep Brachii long head
Olecrannon process of the ulna
Coracobrachialis
Origin - Insertion - Movements - flexion, adduction, horizontal adduction Anterior
Subclavius
Origin - 1st rib Insertion - inferior mid clavicle Movements - stabilization of sternoclavicular joint, abduction (protraction), depression
Pectoralis minor
Origin - 3rd-5th ribs Insertion - coracoid process Movements - abduction (protraction), downward rotation, depression
Levator scapula
Origin - C1-C4 Insertion - superior angle of scapula Movements - elevation
Latissimus dorsi
Origin - T6-T12, L1-L5, sacrum, ilium Insertion - intertubercular groove Movements - internal rotation, extension, adduction, horizontal abduction Extrinsic/ posterior muscle
Deltoid
Origin - anterior lateral clavicle, acromion process, scapular spine Insertion - deltoid tuberosity Movements - abduction, horizontal adduction, horizontal abduction, flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation Superior
Trapezius
Origin - base of skull, 7th cervical vertebra (C7), all thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) Insertion - lateral portion of clavicle, scapular spine, and acromion process Movements - elevation, upward rotation, adduction (retraction), depression
Biceps brachii
Origin - coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle Insertion - radial tuberosity Action - flexion, supination
Brachialis
Origin - distal anterior humerus Insertion - coronoid process Action - flexion *deep to biceps brachii
Pronator quadratus
Origin - distal anterior ulna Insertion - distal anterior radius Action - pronation
Internal oblique abdominal
Origin - iliac crest Insertion - costal cartilage of ribs 8-10, linea alba Action - lumbar flexion, lateral lumbar flexion, and lumbar rotation
Transversus abdominis
Origin - iliac crest, costal cartilage of ribs 7-12 Insertion - pubic crest, linea alba Action - forced expiration
Teres major
Origin - inferior lateral border of scapula Insertion - intertubercular groove Movements - internal rotation, adduction, extension Posterior
Triceps brachii
Origin - infraglenoid tubercle, proximal and distal posterior humerus Insertion - olecranon process Action - extension, (long head also does shoulder extension, adduction and horizontal abduction)
Infraspinatus
Origin - infraspinatus fossa, posterior surface of scapula Insertion - posterior greater tubercle of humerus Movements - horizontal abduction, external rotation, extension, stabilization of humeral head Posterior
Teres minor
Origin - lateral border of scapula Insertion - posterior greater tubercle of humerus Movements - external rotation, horizontal abduction, extension, stabilization of humeral head Posterior
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Origin - lateral epicondyle Insertion - base of 3rd metacarpal Action - extension, abduction
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Origin - lateral epicondyle/ supracondylar ridge Insertion - base of 2nd metacarpal Action - extension, abduction
Brachioradialis
Origin - lateral supracondylar ridge (humerus) Insertion - styloid process of radius Action - flexion, pronation, supination
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin - manubrium of the sternum, anterior superior aspect of medial clavicle Insertion - mastoid process Action - cervical flexion, lateral cervical flexion, cervical rotation
Pectoralis major
Origin - medial clavicle, sternum Insertion - inferior to intertubercular groove Movements - horizontal adduction, adduction, internal rotation, flexion Extrinsic/ anterior muscle
Flexor carpi radialis
Origin - medial epicondyle Insertion - base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal on anterior side Action - flexion, abduction
Palmaris longus
Origin - medial epicondyle Insertion - palmaris aponeurosis, 2nd-5th metacarpal Action - flexion
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin - medial epicondyle, posterior proximal ulna Insertion - pisiform, hamate, base of 5th metacarpal Action - flexion, adduction
Erector spinae muscles (sacrospinalis)
Origin - medial iliac crest, sacral aponeurosis, transverse process of vertebrae Insertion - ribs or transverse process of superior vertebrae Action - cervical extension, lumbar extension, cervical lateral flexion, lumbar lateral flexion
Pronator teres
Origin - medial supracondylar ridge, medial proximal ulna Insertion - mid lateral radius Action - pronation
Anconeus
Origin - posterior lateral condyle Insertion - olecranon process and proximal posterior ulna Action - extension
Rectus abdominis
Origin - pubic crest Insertion - costal cartilage of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process Action - lumbar flexion, lumbar lateral flexion
Subscapularis
Origin - subscapular fossa Insertion - lesser tubercle of humerus (anterior) Movements - internal rotation, adduction, extension, stabilization of humeral head Anterior
Supraspinatus
Origin - supraspinous fossa Insertion - greater tubercle of humerus Movements - abduction, stabilization of humeral head Superior
Serratus anterior
Origin - upper 9 ribs Insertion - medial border of scapula Movements - abduction (protraction) and upward rotation
Popliteus
Origin: Lateral femoral condyle Insertion: Posteromedial surface of proximal tibia Action: Knee flexion, knee internal rotation
Vastus medialis
Origin: Medial condyloid ridge and linea aspera Insertion: Superomedial border of patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon Action: Knee extension
Rectus femoris
Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine Insertion: onto the superior pole of the patella and then to the tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon Action: hip flexion and knee extension
Vastus intermedius
Origin: anterior surface of femur Insertion: Superior pole (patella) and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon Action: Knee extension
Vastus lateralis
Origin: intertrochanter groove, also the linea aspera in the posterior side Insertion: superolateral patella and tibial tuberosity by patellar tendon Action: extension
Semimembranosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: (proximal) posteromedial of medial tibial condyle Action: Knee flexion, hip extension, hip internal rotation, knee internal rotation
Biceps femoris
Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: Lateral tibial condyle, fibular head Action: Knee flexion, hip extension, hip external rotation, knee external rotation
Semitendinosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: anteromedial (proximal) tibia Action: Knee flexion, hip extension, hip internal rotation, knee internal rotation
cortical bone
Outer shell Found in all bone but proportions vary depending on function. Exceptionally strong Forms cortex bone 80% of skeletal mass Has predominance of mineral salts The less porous the cortical bone is, the more advantageous it is surrounded by cancellous bone stiffer than cancellous bone
Peripheral nervous system
Outside brain and S.C.
The Extensor Digitorum Longus can be put into passive insufficiency by these motions
PF, Digit Flexion
State 4 contraindications for NOT taking blood pressure on an arm
PICC line Lymphedema DVT (deep vain thrombosis) Masectomy
What is the difference btw a prime mover and assister?
PM are in a position that is most effective for the movement Assister: help n stabalize but not efficient
State what the abbreviations stand for
PROM-passive range of motion AROM-active range of motion AAROM-active assist range of motion
Common Flexor Tendon attachments
PT PL FCR FCU FDS
...
Page 21 and 22 , 23,24Hip???????
What causes knee flexion during PreSwing?
Passive force of the GRF falling behind the knee
identification of: force for movement (i.e., muscular or gravity)
Passive movement - require no effort on the part of the person involved (e.g., stretching by a therapist, motion due to momentum or gravity) Active movement - produced by the person's muscular activity ( Volitional- voluntary, goal oriented; Reflex - occur w/o conscious intent )
Give 2 examples of parallel muscles
Pectorals major, rhomboids
From above you can best observe _______ in gait?
Pelvic rotation
Why is it difficult to accurately measure habitual diet?
People often change their eating habits when being measured
Definition and example of a biaxial joint
Permits movement in two planes, about two axes. Example: wrist joint
Describe the 4 phases of rehab following an amputation; give one example of intervention for each phases.
Phase 1: usually seen within 24 hours-the basics; proper positioning to avoid edema and contractures. Phase 2: pre-prosthetic training. Strengthening UE/LE Phase 3: intermediate prothesis training-Tx-transfers Phase 4: advanced prothesis training: increased speed of ambulation
Your patient had a THR and is restricted from flexing past 90º. he would have most trouble during which phases of sit to stand?
Phase 1: weight shift/flexion momentum Phase 2: Momentum transfer/initial lift
You have a patient whose knee is in an immobilizer, what phase or phases of sit to stand will be most challenging?
Phase 2: Momentum transfer/initial lift
The critical transition phase where the body is changing from moving horizontal to moving upward is?
Phase 2: momentum transfer/initial lift
Rotation of the cervical spine is an example of a ____joint
Pivot joint
Soleus Muscle ll
Plantar flexion of ankle
Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle ll
Plantar flexion of ankle inversion of foot
Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle ll
Plantar flexion of ankle inversion of foot
Tibialis Posterior Muscle ll
Plantar flexion of ankle inversion of foot
Gastrocnemius Muscle ll
Plantar flexion of ankle and knee
Respiratory control centers of brain
Pons and medulla
Physical therapist
Provide rehabilitative care to diverse patient population with a wide range of injuries, illnesses, and diseases
Adaptive Physical Ed. Teacher
Provide skill instruction and exercise that has been modified so that all students can participate
Marketing management
Provides a burgeoning career opportunity for qualified students
tension
Pulls/stretches bone, lengthening/narrowing, pulls tendon
responsibilities of community coach
R) find practice facility, transport equipment, keep records
force velocity
Rate of change of muscle length is related to muscle's maximal force potential Velocity of concentric contraction and force are inversely related, the faster the movement, the lower the force Velocity of shortening is greatest when the external load is 0, and as load increases the muscle shortens slower
Name 4 elements/variations when documenting the initial assessment of pain
Rate pain 1-10 Pain location Duration of pain Pain onset
Types of research that would fall under the biomechanics umbrella
Regional Differences in Muscle Activation During Hamstring Exercise Muscle and intensity Based Hamstring Exercise classification Cutting Mechanics Relation to Performance and anterior cruciate ligament injury risk Learning Hang Power Clean: Kinetic, Kinematic, and technical changes in four weightlifting naïve athletes A biomechanics comparison of the long snap in football between high school and college.
Exhalation action
Release the central tendon and allow lungs to deflate
What is a prosthesis
Replaces a missing limb (i.e. leg, hand, arm)
What is the primary purpose of breaking down liver glycogen during exercise?
Replacing blood glucose that is being used by the muscle
Seated row will be most effective at strengthening what muscle duo? Rhomboids/biceps brachii Pec major/triceps Lats/triceps Ant Deltoid/Biceps brachii
Rhomboids/biceps brachii
List 3 types of arthrokinematic motions
Roll Glide Spin
External oblique action
Rotates vertebra to opposite side
Internal obliques action
Rotates vertebra to same side
Condylar disc jt motion
Rotation
Torque (the angular equivalent of force)
Rotational force. Equal to the product of applied force and the perpendicular distance from force's line of action to axis of rotation (i.e., the moment arm).
Duties of a sports administrator
Running the organization
Accessory muscles
SCM Ant/Mid/Post scalenes Inf. serratus anterior Lats Serratus Post. Sup. Sup. iliocoastalis contribute 3% to inspiration
The SEE principle.
Safety- avoid doing harm to the body effectiveness- set goals for effective performance efficiency-achieve the movement goal with the least amount of effort
Identify the plane: Forward lunge
Sagital
Identify the plane: Walking
Sagital
Explain the plane and axis: Knee flexion
Sagital plane, frontal axis
What plane does the elbow joint move on?
Sagittal
identification of: movement plane
Sagittal Plane (L&R halves) Frontal Plane ( Anterior & Posterior halves) Transverse Plane ( Upper & Lower halves)
identification of: observed joint action
Sagittal Plane - Flexion the angle at joint diminishes, Extension the return from flexion, Hyper-flex & ext, Protraction, Retraction, Anterior Tilt, Plantar & Dorsi-flexion Frontal Plane- Abd- & Add-uction, Hyper-Abd & Add, Lateral Flexion Transverse Plane- Int/Ext Rotation, L/R rotation, Horizontal Abd/Add-uction
Isotonic
Same tension throughout movement
Muscles that assist in flexion
Scalenes Ant, mid, post
If pt has difficulty reaching into closet due to lack of scapula abduction movements; which one of the muscles might be weak?
Serratus anterior
Which muscle is innervated by the long thoracic nerve?
Serratus anterior
Name the 4 main muscles that are used for stabilization and rotation of the scapula
Serratus anterior Levator scap Rhomboids Traps
Outpatient facility
Short term care facility where patients do not stay overnight
Which muscle eccentrically controls knee flexion in load response?
Single joint Quadriceps
Lateral cutaneous
Skin on the lateral side of thigh
SCALP
Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Tissue (Adipose), Periosteum
force-time relationship
Slower contraction leads to greater force production because time is allowed for tension produced by contractile elements to be transmitted through elastic components to tendon
Spinalis
Smallest of 3 muscles & lies closest to spine
What does the sense of olfactory detect
Smell
Origin of Rhomboid major
Spinous processes of the 7th cervical and first 5 thoracic vertebrae
The gait cycle consists of?
Stance Swing 1 complete stride 2 steps right and left
muscle spindle
Stretch receptors distributed throughout the belly of skeletal muscle: send information to the nervous system about muscle length and rate of change of its length. *stretch
anatomy
Structure of the body, focus on the structure.
Motor development
Study of alterations in motor behavior that result from the maturation of the individual
Motor learning
Study of how individuals learn skilled movements from practice or experience
Define kinesiology
Study of movement that utilizes the principles of mechanics, anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology
Motor control
Study of the neurologic, physiologic, and behavioral aspects of movement
Insertion of Rectus femoris
Superior aspect of patella, tibial tuberosity
Borders and contents of the femoral triangle
Superior: Inguinal Ligament Inferior: Iliopsoas Medial: Pectineus Lateral: Sartorius Contents 1. Femoral Artery, Nerve, Vein
Name 2 therapeutic treatment ideas for a treatment session with a pt who had a TKA 2 days ago
TKA-total knee arthroplasty Strengthening affected leg and properly caring for cast or brace.
Pedagogy
The art, science, or profession of teaching. Teaching behaviors and producing learning in students
Anatomic Reference axes
The use of three reference axes for describing the rotation of the human body: mediolateral, anteroposterior, and longitudinal.
How to draw a force vector and how to resolve it into horizontal and vertical components.
The vector line represents the force, and the arrowhead indicates the direction of the force application , relative size of these component vectors depends on the angle at which the force is applied
Describe osteoporosis
The weakening of bone due to calcium loss
In Chapter 5 Nancy Clark: "Energy bars have no magical ingredients". What good are they according to Nancy Clark?
They are a convenient source of energy
What happens to water-soluble nutrients after absorption by the intestine
They go to the heart and then are distributed to the rest of the body
What is the purpose of the muscles of the rotator cuff?
They prevent the entire upper extremity from following the object being thrown by keeping the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
The muscle which eccentrically controls PF during load response is?
Tibialis Anterior
What muscles are innervated by the Deep Peroneal nerve
Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallicis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Peroneus Tertius
Muscle keeper of the arch of the foot
Tibialis Posterior
Tom
Tibialis Posterior
What is the Origin of the muscle that is Prime Extensor of the Toes
Tibialis Posterior O: Tibia, Fibula, Interosseous membrane
name 2 methods for pressure relief that you teach a patient who uses a manual w/c and is nonambulatory
Tilting w/c, moving side to side Use arm rests to lift body and relieve pressure
Name 3 pinch strength tests that you use a pinch gage with
Tip, key, palmer
Extension
To extend away from the joint
Sport management
To provide services, facilities, and other amenities, to make physical activity experiences-performance as well as spectatorship as enjoyable a possible
Where is L4
Top of iliac crest
Palpation
Touch/feel the anatomy
List the 4 joint mobilization forces
Traction Compression Shear Bending
Temporal disc motion
Translation
Pronation of the forearm occurs on what joint?
Transverse
Explain the plane and axis: Hip external rotation
Transverse plane, vertical axis
Explain the plane and axis: Shoulder horizontal abduction
Transverse plane, vertical axis
Explain the plane and axis: Supination
Transverse plane,vertical axis
What is motor behavior
Umbrella term that describes the study of the interactions between many of the physiologic and psychological processes of the body Comprised of: ♣ Motor development ♣ Motor learning ♣ Motor control
Occupational performance skill capacities
Underlie the maintenance of performance skills, including sensorimotor, cognitive, and physical aspects
Which of the following is not a parallel muscle fiber arrangement: Flat Unipennate Sphincter Fusiform
Unipennate
Bony end feel
Used to describe normal or abnormal end feel. An abrupt stop.
Directional terms
Used to describe the relationship of the body parts or the location of an external object with respect to the body.
Orbicularis oris does what
Used to pucker or blow out candles
How to conduct a qualitative analysis of human movement
Used to quantitatively describe the movement of humans using a spatial reference system and standardized measurements Cartesian coordinate system is system most commonly used
Cranial nerve oculomotor and trochlear controls what function?
Vision
Occipital lobe
Vision
properties of skeletal muscle
Voluntary 50% of body mass Range in thickness from 10-100 micrometers Length 1-30 cm Individual fiber is encased in endomysium Skeletal only pulls (creates tension), doesn't push Highly metabolic Multi-nucleated Muscles attach to bones by tendons which have no contractile properties
Illiofemoral Ischiofemoral Pubofemoral
What are the three ligaments that support the hip ?
Angle of inclination- frontal plane Angle of tortion - transverse plane
What are the two angles of the hip? And what plane are they in?
Posterior pelvic tilt Flat back or decreased lordosis
What are two postural problems caused by tight hip extensors?
1. Deepens the concavity of the acetabulum 2. Created a good seal of the hip joint using negative pressure.
What are two things the labrum does?
1. Plantar flex the right leg 2. You would left side bend.
What are two ways you might compensate if your right leg is shorter ?
Torn ligamentum teres
What causes avascular necrosis?
A measurement of the actual length of the femur and tibia
What is a true leg length discrepancy ?
Top of Pelvis tilts forward Excessively extended
What is an anterior pelvic tilt?
The round ligament
What is another name for the ligamentum Teres?
Whole femur Rotated forward - toes in posture
What is anteverted?
A muscle spasm or an imbalance of the ... Hip adductors Hip adductors Quadratus femoris Hip flexors
What is apparent leg lenghth actually due to?
The appearance of a leg length discrepancy ?
What is apparent leg length?
A lack of blood supply to the femur?
What is avascular necrosis?
>15 degrees
What is considered clinical anteversion?
< 8 degrees
What is considered clinical retro version?
Abducted hip with compensatory genu Varus. Patient will look bow legged.
What is coxa Valgus?
Adducted hip with compensatory genu Valgus Knock knee appearance.
What is coxa Varus?
Orthotic shoe - with a heel lift.
What is one way you can treat a leg length discrepancy?
Top of pelvis is rotated backward.
What is posterior pelvic tilt?
Whole femur rotated outward. Duck foot
What is retroverted ?
30 degrees flexion 30 degrees abduction Slight ER
What is the OPP for the hip?
The angle of the head and neck of the femor in the frontal plane .
What is the angle of inclination ?
The orientation of the head and knock of the femur in the transverse plane
What is the angle of tortion?
Medial Superior Anterior
What is the orientation of the head of the femor?
To protect the blood supply to the femur
What is the purpose of the ligamentum Teres?
Triaxial ball n socket
What kind of joint is the hip joint?
Pubofemoral
What ligament of the hip prevents excessive abduction?
Illiofemoral
What ligament of the hip prevents excessive adduction,extension, and external rotation
Ischiofemoral
What ligament of the hip prevents excessive flexion and IR?
Ischiofemoral
What ligament of the hip provides posterior support?
Illiofemoral
What ligament of the hip provides superior/anterior support ?
Pubofemoral.
What ligament provides inferior support?
Flexion/extention Abduction/ adduction Horizontal abduction/ adduction Internal / external rotation.
What motions happen at the hip?
Hip flexors Spine extensors
What muscles pull you into an anterior pelvic tilt?
Sacrum Left/right innominates
What osseous structures make up the pelvis?
50%
What percent of time should be spent actually engaged in activity?
Frontal
What plane do lateral pelvic tilts occur in?
Frontal
What plane does the angle of inclination occur?
Transverse
What plane is the angle of tortion significant in?
2/3 of a sphere
What shape is the head of the femur?
Practice
What students must be exposed to before they succeed
Full extention Full abduction Full internal rotation
What's the CPP for the Hip?
Reliability
When the results from the assessment or evaluation are consistent and reproducible
ASIS to medial malleolus
Where do you measure actual leg length?
Umbilicus to medial malleolous
Where do you measure apparent leg length?
Asis to patella
Where do you measure the q angle?
The head of the femur
Where does the ligamentum Teres attach?
_________ law says bone size and shape are influenced by the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them.
Wolff's
Your patient has a cerebellar probelem with difficulty controlling the stability of the body moving forward, when she goes from sitting to standing. She has no strength deficits. What sit to stand strategy should she use?
Zero momentum strategy
Drawing the corners of the mouth upward is what muscle
Zygomaticus
malleoli
a bony projection with a shape likened to a hammer head, especially each of those on either side of the ankle. performing inversion & eversion actions
carbohydrates
a class of nutrients containing sugars and starches; supply most energy for daily activity
Resistive force (lever)
a force whose direction is opposite to the velocity of the body, or of the sum of the other forces
glycemic index
a measurement of the rate at which foods raise levels of glucose in the blood and, in turn trigger the release of insulin and other blood sugar regulators
anorexia nervosa
a persistent, chronic eating disorder characterized by deliberate food restriction and severe, life-threatening weight loss
stressor
a physical, social, or psychological event or circumstance to which the body tries to adapt
set point
a pre-programmed weight that your body returns to easily when you gain or lose a few pounds
body dysmorphic disorder
a psychological syndrome characterized by unrealistic and negative self-perception focusing on a perceived physical defect
stress response
a set of physiological changes initiated by your body in response to a stressor
positive caloric balance
a state in which the amount of calories consumed in food exceeds the amount of calories expended through metabolism and physical activity
negative caloric balance
a state in which the amount of calories consumed in food falls short of the amount of calories expended through metabolism and physical activity
isocaloric balance
a state in which the amount of calories consumed in food is approximately the same as the amount of calories expended through metabolism and physical activity
Angular impulse
a torque applied over some period of time
this is when an athlete's mind and body respond to competition or physical activity
a) arousal
stress is defined simply as a ______________ placed on a person
a) demand
no formal ____________ training is required at the NCAA division 1 level or professional level
a) kinesiology
____________ ______________ occurs when individuals believe that their performance does not matter to group and that other members will pick up the slack
a) social loafing
Which muscles require sufficient strength to switch from asymmetrical rotation to a symmetric sit up strategy for supine to stand?
abdominals and hip flexors
depressant
alcohol is an example of this
Middle rib movement in breathing
all 3 planes of motion are equally involved
Newton's Law of Gravitation
all bodies are attracted to each other in direct proportion to their masses and in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between them
Gluteus Medius
all fibers: ABduct the hip. anterior: flex the hip. medially rotate the hip. posterior: extend the hip. laterally rotate the hip.
Deltoid
all fibers: ABduct the shoulder. anterior fibers: flex the shoulder. medially rotate the shoulder. horizontally ADduct the shoulder. posterior fibers: extend the shoulder. laterally rotate the shoulder. horizontally ABduct the shoulder.
Pectoralis Major
all fibers: ADduct the shoulder. medially rotate the shoulder. upper fibers: flex the shoulder. horizontally ADduct the shoulder. lower fibers: extend the shoulder
Gluteus Maximus
all fibers: extend the hip. laterally rotate the hip. ABduct the hip. lower fibers: ADduct the hip.
Triceps Brachii
all heads: extend the elbow. long head: extend the shoulder. ADduct the shoulder.
Adductor Group adductor magnus-adductor longus-adductor brevis-pectineus-gracilis
all: ADduct the hip. medially rotate the hip. gracilis: flex the knee. medially rotate the flexed knee. posterior fibers of adductor magnus: extend the hip.
Quadriceps Femoris Group rectus femoris-vastus medialis-vastus lateralis-vastus intermedius
all: extend the knee. rectus femoris: flex the hip.
angle of retroversion
an angle less than 12 degrees; produces a tendency to toe-out and externally rotate; decreased Q angle.
bulimia
an eating disorder characterized by frequent bouts of binge eating followed by purging, laxative abuse, or excessive exercise
plyometric exercise
an exercise that is characterized by a rapid deceleration of the body followed by a rapid acceleration of the body in the opposite direction
newtons law of motion #1
an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by another force
Projectile
an object that is given some initial velocity and then is released
1st law of inertia
an object will remain at rest or continue to move with constant velocity as long as the net force equals zero
coxa vara
angle <125 medial increase risk of fracture limb is shortened & abductors are more effective because of a longer moment arm resulting in less load on femoral head but more load on femoral neck
coxa valga
angle >125 lateral lengthens the limb, reduces the effectiveness of the abductors because of the shorter moment arm increase load on femoral head, decrease load on femoral neck
Upper Rib movement in breathing
anterior and superior
Pump handle movement direction
anterior/posterior
Function of the synergist
any muscle helping a prime mover accomplish its action
Base of support
any part of the body in contact with the supporting surface and the intervening area
Law of conservation of momentum
any system where forces act on each other, the momentum is constant
Central tendon
aponeurosis low cells low vascular supply
Effort force (lever)
application of force to lever
Sport biomechanics
applies the laws and principles of mechanics and physics to enhance sport performance through the improvement in movement techniques or the development of equipment
Insertion of Quadratus lumborum
approximately 1/2 length of 12th rib and transverse process of the upper 4 lumbar vertebrae
Which are the most significant factors affecting the emergence of a mature supine to stance strategy?
body on body righting reactions neck on body righting reactions
__________ is defined as behavior directed towards inflicting __________ or ____________ on another person
c) aggression, harm, injury
Orbicularis Oculi
close the eyelid during blinking and sleeping. (smize!)
Orbicularis Oris
closing the mouth. shape lips during speech and eating. (duckface)
if you are new to coaching, your first coaching position will probably be _______________ for city league teams
d) volunteering
being in the _______________ is when you enjoy the ultimate thrill of sport characterized by peak performance
d) zone
passive tension
elastic components, parallel elastic componenets
minerals
elements such as calcium or sodium that allow vital physiological processes including nerve transmission, heartbeat, oxygen delivery, and absorption of vitamins
Masseter
elevate the mandible.
Temporalis
elevate the mandible. retract the mandible.
External intercostals
elevates ribs during inspiration by tilting
Name the 6 movements of the scapula
elevation depression upward rotation downward rotation adduction (retraction) abduction (protraction)
Levator Labii Superioris
elvis-like lip curl.
epiphysis
end of long bone, epiphyseal plate
Static biomechanics
examines bodies, masses, and forces at rest or moving at a constant velocity
statics
examines systems not moving or moving at constant speed
piriformis syndrome
excessive external rotation and abduction when the thigh is being flexed; an impingement of the sciatic nerve aggravated by rotational movements of the thigh during walking; can also be created by a functional short leg that lengthens the piriformis; the irritation of the sciatic nerve causes pain in the buttock area that can travel down the posterior thigh and leg; they can cut the piriformis to relieve the impingement.
Teres Major
extend the shoulder. ADduct the shoulder. medially rotate the shoulder.
Extensor Pollicis
extend the thumb. ABduct the wrist.
Semispinalis Capitis
extend the vertebral column and head.
Extensor Carpi Radialis
extend the wrist. ABduct the wrist.
Sternocleidomastoid Muscles
extension of head
Splenius Muscles (cervicis, capitis)
extension of head and neck
Deep post spinal group
extension, lateral flexion, rotation to opposite side
Erector Spinae
extension, lateral flexion, rotation to same side
Intercostals
external: draw ribs superiorly to assist with inhalation. internal: draw ribs inferiorly to assist with exhalation.
Inpatient facility
facility such as nursing home or rehabilitation hospital where patients spend extended periods of time for purposes of receiving medical or other health related treatment
During load response GRF is __________ the knee.
falls behind
if you coach for a small four-year university, you are likely to only coach and not teach or hold another position on campus
false
two ways to help develop intrinsic motivation are to help people feel competent and to understand how people define anger
false
type 2b muscle fibers
fast glycolytic fast twitch white muscle can produce ATP rapidly but fatigues quickly
type 2a muscle fibers
fast, oxidative-glycolitic moderately well developed aerobic capacity can contract for relatively long periods of time
methamphetamine
fastest growing drug in the U.S.
herophilus
father of scientific anatomy dissections of human body distinguished motor and sensory nerves
F---A---R or R--A---F
first class lever example: seesaw
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
flaring the nostril.
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
flex the 2nd through 5th fingers.
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
flex the 2nd through 5th fingers. flex the wrist.
Flexor Digitorum Longus
flex the 2nd through 5th toes. weak plantar flexion of ankle. invert the foot.
Brachialis
flex the elbow.
Biceps Femoris
flex the knee. laterally rotate the flexed knee. long head: extend the hip. tilt the pelvis posteriorly.
Semimembranosus
flex the knee. medially rotate the flexed knee. extend the hip. tilt the pelvis posteriorly.
Semitendinosus
flex the knee. medially rotate the flexed knee. extend the hip. tilt the pelvis posteriorly.
Gastrocnemius
flex the knee. plantar flex the ankle.
Coracobrachialis
flex the shoulder. ADduct the shoulder.
Flexor Pollicis
flex the thumb.
Rectus Abdominis
flex the vertebral column. tilt the pelvis posteriorly.
Flexor Carpi Radialis
flex the wrist. ABduct the wrist.
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
flex the wrist. ADduct the wrist.
Prevertebral group
flexion, Rotation to same side
motion occurring in sagittal plane
flexion/extension
Clinical biomechanics
focuses on improving the ability of an injured or disabled individual to perform activities of daily living including work and leisure activities, physical activity, or exercise
Newton's Third Law of Motion
for every action , there is an equal an opposite reaction
newton's law of motion #3
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
3rd law of reaction
for every action there is an equal or opposite reaction
work
force applied over time to cause motion
Shear force
force directed parallel to long axis of a structure
static friction
force needed to be applied before an object starts to slide
sliding/rolling friction
force needed to be applied to allow an object to continue to slide/glide
concurent foce
force that is acting upon the same point of application but at different angles
friction
force that opposes efforts to slide or roll one body over another
What plane is adduction of the glenohumeral joint?
frontal
Occipitofrontalis
frontalis: raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead. occipitalis: anchor and retract the galea posteriorly.
plantar flexion
gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
benign
harmless; refers to a noncancerous tumor
whiskey
has most alcohol content
Function of the menisci
help deepen the condylar surfaces of the tibia where the condyles of the femur articulate
what is the muscle activity at the hip during phase 1 Weight shift of sit to stand?
hip extensors eccentrically hip flexors concentrically
What allow for foot clearance?
hip flexion 25º knee flexion 40-60º DF 0º
identification of: muscle group creating movement (in general terms; e.g., hip flexors, elbow extensors, etc.)
hip flexors- group of skeletal muscles that act to flex the femur (thigh bone) onto the lumbo-pelvic complex, i.e., pull the knee upward. elbow extensors- triceps brachii (long head and lateral head). The anconeus is an assister, pulling the joint capsule of the elbow out of the way of the advancing olecranon process during extension.
Which of these is NOT an essential feature of common movement patterns used by adults to roll from supine to prone?
hip hike
Indigitizations
horizontal separations ie rectus abdominus
kinematics
how we describe movement without reference to the forces that cause the motion; examines space and time; geometry of movement: distance, velocity, speed DOES NOT INVOLVE FORCES. (Linear- movement on straight or curved path, angular- how much pronation, velocity, degrees)
Lordosis
increased posterior concavity of lumbar & cervical curves
T7 is at the level of what?
inferior angle of the scapula
Spinous process of T10-T12 project where?
inferiorly
Response programming
initiation of an action after a response has been selected
mechanical advantage
is how much larger the output force is compared to the input force
what does the sum of torque tell us?
it can work in opposing directions (see-saw) or in the same direction
Origin of Transverse abdominis
lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament, inner rim of iliac crest, inner surface of costal cartilages of lower 6 lumbar ribs, lumbar fascia
(LLM) evertors
laterally
Piriformis
laterally rotate the hip. ABduct the hip.
Infraspinatus
laterally rotate the shoulder. ADduct the shoulder. stabilize the head of humerus in glenoid cavity.
Teres Minor
laterally rotate the shoulder. ADduct the shoulder. stabilize the head of humerus in glenoid cavity.
what are essential feature of supine to prone position?
lift and reach arm pattern shoulder girdle initiating motion of head and trunk Unilateral leg lift
alcoholic hepatitis
liver is enlarged and tender w elevated blood cells
center of pressure
location of COG over the floor
ulnar nerve
nerve running through the elbow
JRF
net force between the bone surfaces within a joint not including muscle forces 2.7 x BW associated with quadriceps contraction 1/6 BW = each leg
essential nutrients
nutrients necessary for normal body functioning that must be obtained from food
Part-whole practice
o A practice method commonly used to teach complex motor skills and movements o Requires parts of skill to be practiced independently but ordered according to the sequence in which each part occurs in the skill
Motor Learning
o As the motor task difficulty increases, practice performance of the skill decreases
Fitness and functional capacity testing
o Assesses the fitness and performance capabilities to do work- or job-related activity, physical activity, exercise, perform in a sport or athletic competition
Why do we assess people in exercise science/kinesiology
o Assessment and evaluation of physical, physiologic, and psychological attributes provides insight into: o Health status o Risk for certain diseases and illnesses o Responses to training and rehabilitation programs o Potential for success in sport and athletic competition
Cardiovascular and pulmonary function
o Cardiovascular and pulmonary function ♣ Metabolic measurement equipment (cart) measures: • Volume of air inhaled or exhaled • Amount of oxygen consumed • Amount of carbon dioxide produced • Caloric expenditure • Fuel source (CHO or FAT) ♣ Pulmonary function equipment measures: • How well an individual inhales and exhales air from the lungs • How efficiently the lungs transfer oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood ♣ Electrocardiographic Equipment • Records the electric impulses generated by the heart ♣ Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Function Assessment • Pulse oximeter - Measures oxygen concentration in blood • Blood pressure equipment - Measures systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Learning difficult skills
o Important for successful participation in exercise, sport, and athletic competition o Task difficulty - the complexity of the motor problem an individual must resolve to successfully complete a task
Pretesting guidelines and procedures
o Provide standardized and clear instructions o Provide sufficient practice or warm-up o Select appropriate order of the assessment and evaluation items o Give sufficient recovery time between test items o Control the environmental conditions as much as possible o Assessments and evaluations should be valid and reliable
stress fracture
occurs over a period of time, chronic debonding of osteons, chronic condition. Osteoblastic activity more than osteoclastic activity *overuse
Linear motion
occurs when all points of the body are moving in the same direction at the same speed and are traveling the same distance
General motion
occurs when translation and angular movements are combined
carbon monoxide
odorless tasteless gas
BMI
one of the most common measurements that doctors and researchers use to assess risk of weight related disease, death, and disability
Curvatures of the spine at birth
only thoracic and sacral are present =primary curves
vitamins
organic compounds in foods that we need in tiny amounts to promote growth and help maintain life and health
Serratus Anterior
origin fixed: ABduct the scapula. upwardly rotate the scapula. depress the scapula. hold the medial border of the scapula against the rib cage.
Psoas Major
origin fixed: flex the hip. insertion fixed: flex the trunk toward the thigh. tilt pelvis anteriorly.
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy where egg implants outside of uterus
ritalin and adderall
prescription drugs used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy
Function of the ACL
prevents anterior displacement of the tibia off the distal end of the femur
Function of the PCL
prevents posterior displacement of the tibia off the distal end of the femur
How the patella changes leverage at the knee.
primary functional role of the patella is knee extension. The patella increases the leverage that the tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts.
Diaphragm
primary muscle of inspiration large dome shaped muscle seperates thoracic and abdominal cavities has left and right halves each half has sternal, lumbar and coastal parts each part inserts into the central tendon
wellness
process of making choices to lead to a healthy lifestyle
transverse process
projection from pedicle and lamina
spinous process
projects from junction of laminas
elbow pronation
pronator teres: best when elbow is flexed pronator quadratus: primary pronator
disc
protects facet joint from compression annulus fibrosus nucleus pulposis
Functions of the MCL and LCL
provide stability on either side of the knee joint preventing adduction and abduction of the joint, making it a uniaxial joint.
How muscle spindles operate and why.
provides information about changes in muscle length, supply continuous feedback that ensures a constant adjustment of muscular tension. Responds to length (tonic response) and rate of change in length (phasic response)
Tensile force
pulling or stretching force directed along long axis of a structure
Risorius
pulls corners of the mouth laterally
Zygomaticus does what
pulls corners of the mouth upward
what is force
push or pull
simultaneous
push or pull like movement
What are the essential components of the strategy of rising from bed?
pushing with arms flexing head and trunk pushing into partial sit rolling up into stance
Summary knowledge of results
requires completion of several trials of a single skill or movement without receiving any information about performance After completion of the trials, knowledge of results about those trials is provided to the individual
Functions of the vertebrae
resists compressive forces muscle contractions resists ext. loads in lifting, pulling, pushing
Inverted V
rotate spine to oposite side ex: deep posterior and semispinalis muscles
V muscle
rotate spine to the same side. Ex: erector spinae
__R___F A
second class lever example: wheelbarrow advantage: power disadvantage: short length
A patient has pain in R hip resulting in a shortened time in stance to avoid pain. what is the result?
shorter step length on the L
movement arms
shortest distance from the line of muscle force action to the center of rotation at the joint
The three important factors that affect stability.
size of the base of support, the relation of the line of gravity to the base of support, and the height of the center of gravity
overload principle
subjecting the body or body system to more physical activity than it is accustomed to
Muscles that assist in extension
suboccipital group
Palmaris Longus
tense the palmar fascia. flex the wrist.
physical fitness
the ability to perform moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity without undue fatigue
Stability
the ability to remain in or return to a state of equilibrium
2nd law of acceleration
the acceleration of an object is proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object
Linear momentum
the amount of motion an object possess
Scapulohumeral rhythm and the specific movement of the scapula that accompanies any raising of the arm at the glenohumeral joint.
the arm travels through a wide range of movements and, during each, the scapula cooperates by placing the glenoid fossa in the most favorable position for the head of the humerus When the arm is abducted, the scapula rotates upward When the arm is flexed, scapula rotates upward and abduct
energy
the capacity to do work
strain
the distortion of an object that occurs in
Anatomic reference planes
the division of the body by three imaginary cardinal planes into three dimensions: sagittal, frontal, and transverse.
Contextual interference
the interference that results from practicing several different tasks within the context of a single practice session
biomechanics
the motion of a living organism and the effect of forces on the living organism; more specific than kinesiology; Application of mechanics to biological systems
Function of the antagonist
the muscle opposing the prime mover
3rd class lever
the muscles lies between the fulcrum and the resistance
Effort moment arm (lever)
the perpendicular distance between the fulcrum and line of force of the effort
Function of the agonist
the prime mover
Linear impulse
the product of force and time
Inertia
the property of an object to remain in its state of either rest or motion
power
the rate at which work is done
Angular velocity
the rate of change of angle with respect to time
Linear acceleration
the rate of change of linear velocity with time
2nd class lever
the resistance lies between the fulcrum and the effort force
kinesiology
the scientific study of human movement; anatomical, physiological, psychological. biomechanical
How linear motion occurs if joints can only rotate. (For example, during a bench press, why does the bar move in a linear path?)
to make an object move linearly, it must be free to move and that force is applied uniformly in line with the center of gravity
What plane is horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint?
transverse
angle of anteversion
transverse plane; appropriately 12 degrees; greater than 12 degrees causes a portion of the femoral head to be uncovered unless compensatory mechanics occur further down the kinetic chain
the first step in burnout is feelings of mental, emotional and physical exhaustion
true
two aspects of obligatory exercisers are that exercise is their central focus in life and they have a need for excessive control of themselves and their environment
true
two of the personality traits successful athletes have that unsuccessful athletes do not have are they are more self-confident and they are better able to cope with obstacles or distractions
true
two reasons why head coaching positions at the professional sports level are few and far between are there are only 135 positions in the 5 major sports and the league usually chooses coaches who are already within the league
true
What are the menisci?
two semi-lunar fibrocartiliaginous structures that sit on the proximal end of the tibia and on the medial and lateral condylar surfaces
Performance
typically defined as observable behavior
Levator Scapula
unilaterally: elevate the scapula. downwardly rotate the scapula. laterally flex the head and neck. rotate the head and neck to the same side. bilaterally: extend the head and neck.
Sternocleidomastoid
unilaterally: laterally flex the head and neck to the same side. rotate the head and neck to the opposite side. bilaterally: flex the neck.
Erector Spinae Group spinalis-longissimus-iliocostalis
unilaterally: laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side. bilaterally: extend the vertebral column.
Internal Oblique
unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column to the same side. rotate vertebral column to the same side. bilaterally: flex the vertebral column. compress abdominal contents.
Quadratus Lumborum
unilaterally: laterally tilt (elevate) the pelvis. laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side. bilaterally: fix the last rib during forced inhalation and exhalation.
Splenius Capitis & Cervicis
unilaterally: rotate the head and neck to the same side. laterally flex the head and neck to the same side. bilaterally: extend the head and neck.
Multifidi & Rotatores
unilaterally: rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side. bilaterally: extend the vertebral column.
Chapter 10-sugary mid workout snack can be balanced in diet what portion can come from simple sugars?
up to 10%
What are the components the body is divided into when looking at supine to stand?
upper extremity lower extremity axial
Trapezius
upper fibers; bilaterally: extend the head and neck. unilaterally: laterally flex the head and neck to the same side. rotate the head and neck to the opposite side. elevate the scapula. upwardly rotate the scapula. middle fibers: ADduct the scapula. stabilize the scapula. lower fibers: depress the scapula. upwardly rotate the scapula.
Vertical GRF is less than BW in late MidStance due to?
upward rise in COM
Where does the head of the rib articulate?
vertebral column
Linea Alba
vertical seperation of ie rectus abdominus
malignancy
very dangerous or harmful; refers to a cancerous tumor
cannot be cured
viral- herpes, HIV, hepatitis
Foot slap is most likely caused by?
weak DF
Plantaris
weak plantar flexion of the ankle. weak flexion of the knee.
facet joint functions
weight bearing gliding limits movement
obesity
weight levels more than overweight, a BMI of 30.0 to 34.9
fetal alcohol syndrome
when expectant mother consumes alcohol
linear force
when force is applied in same direction
parallel force
when linear or concurent forces are applied at different locations
fallopian tubes
where fertilization occurs
metaphysis
where the longitudinal growth in bone occurs; shaft widens
facet joints
zygopophyseal sup/inf articular processes synovial joints
Adolescence
♣ As a child progresses into and through adolescence, significant improvements in motor performance occur as a result of substantial physical and physiological changes ♣ Many of these chances are the results of body growth and changes in body structures ♣ Many of the differences between males and females are the results of structural changes that give males several physical advantages over females
Older Adulthood
♣ Decreases in physiological function as we age ♣ Many factors affect the rate of decline • Genetics, level of PA, participations in regular exercise, fitness level, and nutritional intake
Body composition measurement
♣ Densitometry - • Measurement of body density o Underwater, In air (Bod Pod), Skin folds ♣ Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) ♣ Bioelectric impedance • Measurement of speed of low voltage electrical current through the body ♣ Anthropometric measurements - • Measurement of the size and proportion of the human body and its various segments Skinfold assessments - Measurement of subcutaneous fat at different places on the body
Adulthood
♣ Early adulthood is the period when most individuals reach their peak physical (motor) performances • For women - ~22-25 yrs • For men - ~29 yrs ♣ Maintenance of motor skills through adulthood is a function of the motivation and opportunity to participate in physical activity, exercise, sports and athletic competition
Musculoskeletal function
♣ Electromyography • Measurement and recording of the electric activity of skeletal muscles ♣ Force platforms • Provides voltage signals proportional to the forces exerted on the platform's surface in the vertical, horizontal, and lateral direction ♣ Isokinetic dynamometers • Measures force during isometric and isokinetic movements of muscles ♣ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Assess body tissues ♣ Muscle biopsy • Collection of a tissue sample from a muscle • What can we measure? o Fiber type o Metabolites o Glycogen o Signaling molecules ♣ Computed tomography (CT scan) ♣ Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry Uses x-rays to measure bone, fat, and fat-free mass
Motor performance
♣ Goniometers and potentiometers ♣ Motion capture systems ♣ Electromyography ♣ Eye-tracking instruments
Prenatal
♣ Malnutrition ♣ Drugs (tobacco, alcohol (FAS)) ♣ Hereditary factors • Chromosomes-based disorders ♣ Environmental factors • Radiation and chemical pollutants ♣ Medical problems STDS, maternal infection, stress
Infancy
♣ Manual Control • Reaching, grasping, releasing behaviors ♣ Locomotion • Crawling, creeping, walking
Energy balance assessment
♣ Measuring energy intake ♣ Measuring energy expenditure • Whole room indirect calorimeter • Doubly labeled water Accelerometers and pedometers
Areas of study in sports bimechanics and examples of each as discussed in class
♣ Technique improvement ♣ Equipment improvement ♣ Training improvement ♣ Injury prevention
