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20. Which of the following cells is not involved with innate immunity? A. Natural killer cells B. Neutrophils C. Macrophages D. All of the above are involved with innate immunity

D. All of the above are involved with innate immunity

3. Which of the following is not a mechanical barrier to pathogen invasion? A. Mucus B. Tears C. Saliva D. Interferon

D. Interferon

11. The Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens ____________. A. are a large group of bacterial related antigens that cause many diseases B. are located only on viruses, not bacteria C. are difficult to produce antibodies against because they are constantly mutating D. mark the surfaces of all your body cells except your red blood cells

D. mark the surfaces of all your body cells except your red blood cells

15.Cytotoxic T cells can kill target cells directly by secreting ____________. A. cytokines B. antibodies C. lysozyme D. perforins and granzymes

D. perforins and granzymes

37. ____________ cells initiates secondary response to a recognised antigen.

37. Memory

39. ____________ refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body.

39.Complement

27. The three major elements of the body's nonspecific defense system are: the _________, consisting of the skin and _________; defensive cells, such as _________ and phagocytes; and a whole deluge of _________.

27. physical barriers; mucosae; natural killer cells, anti-microbial proteins

28. Define phagocytosis.

28. Please see notes and/or the textbook.

35. ____________ cells turn off the immune response when the "enemy" has been routed.

35.Regulatory T

23. The specific cells that secrete antibodies are ____________. A. B cells B. T cells C. plasma cells D. none of the above

A. B cells

8. After phagocytosis, which intracellular chemicals kill the microbe by a process called an respiratory burst? A. Free radicals B. Lysozymes C. Defensins D. Complement

A. Free radicals

2. Which of the following cell types is not a contributor to adaptive immunity? A. Natural killer cells B. Plasma cells C. B cells D. T cells

A. Natural killer cells

1. Which of the following act(s) as the first line of defense against foreign pathogens? A. Skin B. Synovial membranes C. Mucous membranes D. A and C

A. Skin C. Mucous membranes

12. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) include ____________. A. macrophages B. killer T cells C. neutrophils D. plasma cells

A. macrophages

16. After recovering from certain diseases, one may have developed ____________ immunity to the diseases. A. naturally acquired active B. artificially acquired active C. naturally acquired passive D. artificially acquired passive

A. naturally acquired active

22. The most numerous type of phagocyte is the ____________. A. neutrophil B. macrophage C. histocyte D. Kupffer cell

A. neutrophil

18. Lack of reactivity of T cells and B cells to fragments of one´s own proteins is known as ____________. A. self-tolerance B. self-recognition C. positive selection D. negative selection

A. self-tolerance

3. Interferon is produced in response to the presence of ____________. A. viruses B. specific bacterial cells C. chemical irritants D. lymphocytes

A. viruses

26. Which of the following is a form of passive immunity? A. A child develops measles and acquires immunity to subsequent exposure. B. Antibodies are injected into an infected individual. C. An infant receives protection through his/her mother's breast milk. D. Vaccinations are given against smallpox. Section B: Short-form Questions

B. Antibodies are injected into an infected individual. C. An infant receives protection through his/her mother's breast milk.

25. Which of the following functions to kill invading cells by drilling a hole in their plasma membranes? A. Interferon B. Complement C. Antibody D. Memory cell

B. Complement

5. Which of the following cell types is derived from monocytes? A. Neutrophils B. Wandering macrophages C. Mast cells D. Histiocytes

B. Wandering macrophages

10.B lymphocytes ____________. A. migrate from the thymus to other lymphatic organs B. are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity C. secrete lymphokines D. are phagocytic

B. are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

13. When stimulated, T cells that display the CD8 protein develop into ____________. A. plasma cells B. cytotoxic T cells C. memory cells D. helper T cells

B. cytotoxic T cells

4. The two major types of phagocytic cells are ____________. A. monocytes and eosinophils B. macrophages and neutrophils C. neutrophils and macrophages D. monocytes and lymphocytes

B. macrophages and neutrophils

2. Lymphocytes that destroy cancerous cells in a non-specific fashion are called ____________. A. carcinolytic cells B. natural killer cells C. cytotoxic T cells D. macrophages

B. natural killer cells

24. T cells are sensitized by ____________. A. direct exposure to an antigen B. presentation of an antigen by a macrophage C. antibodies produced by B cells D. lymphokines

B. presentation of an antigen by a macrophage

9. A hapten is an antigen that has ____________. A. immunogenicity but not reactivity B. reactivity but not immunogenicity C. both immunogenicity and reactivity D. neither immunogenicity nor reactivity

B. reactivity but not immunogenicity

17. An activated B cell develops into a clone of ____________. A. T cells B. Natural Killer cells C. antibody-producing plasma cells D. IgG antibodies

C. antibody-producing plasma cells

7. The proper sequence of phases in the process of phagocytosis is ____________. A. adherence, ingestion, chemotaxis B. adherence, chemotaxis, ingestion C. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion D. chemotaxis, ingestion, adherence

C. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion

6. Natural killer cells are ____________. A. monocytes B. macrophages C. lymphocytes D. neutrophils

C. lymphocytes

21. The "first line of defense" in innate immunity is ____________. A. inflammation B. phagocytosis C. mechanical and chemical barriers D. complement

C. mechanical and chemical barriers

1. All of these choices are non-specific defense mechanisms except ____________. A. flow of saliva B. phagocytosis C. neutralization of an antigen by an antibody D. gastric juice acidity

C. neutralization of an antigen by an antibody

19. Neutrophils die in the line of duty because ____________. A. they ingest infectious organisms B. their membranes become sticky and they are attacked by macrophages C. they secrete cellular toxins, which affect them in the same way they affect pathogens D. the build-up of tissue fluid pressure causes them to lyse

C. they secrete cellular toxins, which affect them in the same way they affect pathogens