kpe 490 quizzes 9-

Forms part of the cells' phospholipid plasma membrane Question 5 options: A) Choline B) Inosine C) Glycerol D) Glycine

Choline

What substance obtained in food as part of the lecithin molecule acts to either depress fat accumulation in the liver or increase the liver's fatty acids uptake? Question 26 options: A) Choline B) Vanadium C) Glycerol D) Inosine

Choline

Potentiates insulin function Question 12 options: A) Sodium B) Cadmium C) Chromium D) Iron

Chromium

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) Question 14 options: A) Classifies as a stimulating drug B) Composed of atoms of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen C) Least abused substance by adolescents, adults, athletes, nonathletes D) Classifies as a depressant drug

Classifies as a depressant drug

Produces significant muscle glycogen "packing" Question 6 options: A) Combining carbohydrate loading with physical activity B) Combining a high-fat diet with physical activity C) Combining anabolic steroids with physical activity D) Combining amino acid supplements with physical activity

Combining carbohydrate loading with physical activity

True regarding glutamine Question 9 options: A) Alters the normal hormonal milieu and training responsiveness in healthy men and women. B) An essential amino acid found primarily in cardiac tissue C) Counters the catabolic effects of cortisol. D) Depresses mood and emotion and should not be consumed.

Counters the catabolic effects of cortisol.

Popular hormone __________ supplemented by some in the hope of optimizing training and countering the effects of aging. Question 15 options: A) ADH B) TSH C) FSH D) DHEA

DHEA

Not a urine characteristic of well-hydrated individuals? Question 17 options: A) Deep yellow-orange in color B) Light in color C) Large volume D) Lacks a strong smell

Deep yellow-orange in color

Undesirable side effect of consuming 30 to 100 grams of pyruvate daily Question 27 options: A) Blunts insulin response B) Prevents facilitated glycogen loading C) Interfere with phenylalanine metabolism D) Diarrhea and some gastrointestinal gurgling and discomfort

Diarrhea and some gastrointestinal gurgling and discomfort

Not a benefit associated with hyperhydration to help protect the athlete against heat stress before exercising in a hot environment? Question 23 options: A) Inhibits the rise in core temperature B) Delays dehydration C) Increases sweating during physical activity D) Dilutes electrolytes in extracellular fluid

Dilutes electrolytes in extracellular fluid

Ergogenic benefit of preexercise bicarbonate loading. Question 22 options: A) Significantly reduces short-term maximal effort in dosages of at least 0.9 g kg-1 body mass B) Dosage influences the potential effects C) Increases heavy resistance training workouts D) Benefits low-intensity aerobic physical activity

Dosage influences the potential effects

Sweat gland classification. Question 19 options: A) Apocrine B) Endocrine C) Exocrine D) Eccrine

Eccrine

__________ refers to a substance which enhances physiologic capacity, exercise performance, or both. Question 14 options: A) Ergogenic B) Exergonic C) Exophthalmic D) Endergonic

Ergogenic

This term comprises those foods and their natural bioactive components for promoting optimal well-being, health, and body function and disease reduction. Question 19 options: A) Functional foods B) Alternative supplements C) Complimentary supplements D) Nutritional supplements

Functional foods

Beta-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) Question 1 options: A) Generated from the breakdown of plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) B) Generated from the breakdown of the essential branched-chain amino acid leucine C) Generated from the breakdown of the essential monoglyceride glucose D) Generated from the breakdown of the essential branched-chain amino acid alanine

Generated from the breakdown of the essential branched-chain amino acid leucine

__________ is the excessive male mammary gland development observed noted in steroid-using men. Question 9 options: A) Androgyny B) Gynecomastia C) Gynemammalia D) Gynepolymorphia

Gynecomastia

__________, a bioactive metabolite generated from the breakdown of leucine, may decrease protein loss during stress by inhibiting protein catabolism. Question 13 options: A) HGH B) DHEA C) HMB D) Androstenedione

HMB

__________ provide rich creatine sources, containing approximately 4 to 5 grams per kilogram food weight. Question 17 options: A) Avocados B) Cake with chocolate icing C) Carrots and lettuce D) Hamburger, chicken, salmon

Hamburger, chicken, salmon

Hunger-obesity paradox. Question 24 options: A) The obese are always hungry due to psychological factors. B) The obese is always hungry due to physiological factors. C) Hunger and obesity in the same person or group can be explained by the increased lipid content of food eaten when the person lacked adequate financial resources to purchase more healthful foods. D) Hunger and obesity are not related.

Hunger and obesity in the same person or group can be explained by the increased lipid content of food eaten when the person lacked adequate financial resources to purchase more healthful foods.

Occurs when body temperature increases by 5°C or more. Question 26 options: A) Hypothermia B) Hypernatremia C) Hyponatremia D) Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia

Negative effect of alcohol Question 24 options: A) Increases anxiety and tension. B) Increases water retention by increasing antidiuretic hormone release from the posterior pituitary gland. C) Stimulates the liver to synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate sources via gluconeogenesis. D) Impairs cardiac function.

Impairs cardiac function.

Not associated with creating a distinct performance disadvantage for athletes who use diuretics to lose body water to rapidly "make weight"? Question 24 options: A) Decreased thermoregulatory capabilities B) Increased hematocrit C) Impaired cardiovascular function D) Disproportionate reduction in plasma volume

Increased hematocrit

This effect is not associated with human growth hormone. Question 17 options: A) Conserves glycogen reserves B) Stimulates amino acid uptake C) Inhibits lipid breakdown D) Stimulates muscle protein synthesis

Inhibits lipid breakdown

Represents the best clothing choice for participating in physical activity in hot temperatures? Question 30 options: A) Light-colored, cotton clothing B) Light-colored, moisture-wicking clothing C) Dark-colored, moisture-wicking clothing D) Dark-colored, cotton clothing

Light-colored, moisture-wicking clothing

__________ fabrics worn close to the skin provide optimal transfer of heat and moisture from the skin to the environment. Question 15 options: A) Cotton B) Moisture-wicking C) Nylon D) Polyester

Moisture-wicking

Umami. Question 27 options: A) Relates to a foods consistency B) One of the five basic taste categories C) Method of preparing meat D) Type of farming

One of the five basic taste categories

The use of a cycling helmet is __________ because __________. Question 4 options: A) not recommended, wearing a helmet causes perceived and actual heat strain in riders B) not recommended, wearing a helmet impairs performance and causes heat strain that outweigh any safety benefits C) not recommended, wearing a helmet causes actual heat strain in riders D) recommended, wearing a cycling helmet protects the head from injury and does not cause heat strain

recommended, wearing a cycling helmet protects the head from injury and does not cause heat strain

Increased ambient temperature __________ the effectiveness of heat loss by conduction, convection, and radiation. Question 2 options: A) increases B) supports C) has no effect on D) reduces

reduces

Anabolic steroid use, particularly orally active 17-alkylated androgens in healthy men and women, __________ in plasma lipoproteins. Question 18 options: A) increases the HDL-C-to-LDL-C ratio B) lowers total cholesterol C) reduces high-density lipoprotein cholesterol D) lowers high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

reduces high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

The mechanism for any HMB effect __________. Question 19 options: A) depends on HMB final concentration in vitro B) remains unknown C) depends on HMB final concentration in vivo D) depends on HMB initial concentration

remains unknown

RDIs have been established for the following nutrients except __________. Question 7 options: A) iron B) copper C) sulfur D) vitamin C

sulfur

The water liberated during glycogen breakdown aids in __________ to benefit physical activity in hot environments. Question 24 options: A) liver and pancreatic dynamics B) temperature regulation C) respiratory dynamics D) cardiovascular dynamics

temperature regulation

Anabolic steroids function similarly to the hormone __________. Question 10 options: A) epinephrine B) testosterone C) estrogen D) aldosterone

testosterone

This emerging field of __________ identifies ways to modify biochemical pathways by introducing genes having markedly different properties than the original host plant or animal. Question 11 options: A) immunopsychology B) supplemental pharmacology C) nutritional ecology D) transgenic nutraceuticals

transgenic nutraceuticals

True or false? A survey of 500 steroid users reported that nearly 80% were nonathletes who take these drugs for cosmetic purposes. The majority self-administer with intramuscular injections, with nearly 1 in 10 reporting hazardous injection techniques.

true

True or false? Adequate hydration provides the most effective defense against heat stress.

true

True or false? Advertising purposely attempts to create, shape, and alter perceptions about what we eat and how we engage in physical activity

true

True or false? Alcohol (more specifically ethyl alcohol or ethanol-a form of carbohydrate) classifies as a depressant drug and provides 7 kilocalories of energy per gram (mL) of pure substance (100% or 200% proof).

true

True or false? Amino acid infusion or ingestion has been used in clinically deficient patients to regulate anabolic hormones.

true

True or false? Caffeine enhances motoneuronal excitability and facilitates motor unit recruitment do not result from its direct action on the central nervous system, rather from indirectly stimulating the nervous system by blocking the chemical neuromodulator adenosine to calm brain and spinal cord neurons.

true

True or false? Children exposed to environmental heat stress should exercise at reduced intensity and receive more time to acclimatize than more mature competitors.

true

True or false? Consuming carbohydrate and/or protein supplements immediately following resistance exercise workouts offers a potential ergogenic effect by elevating insulin and growth hormone levels.

true

True or false? Cramping and diarrhea often accompany excess MCT intake.

true

True or false? Dehydration refers to an imbalance in fluid dynamics when fluid intake does not replenish water loss from either hyperhydrated or normally hydrated states.

true

True or false? Delivery systems for the food supplement androstenedione include capsules, percutaneous gels, transdermal patches, chewing gums, and steroid lozenges that dissolve under the tongue.

true

True or false? Drinkers who consume alcohol mixed with energy drinks are three times more likely to binge-drink than drinkers who do not report mixing alcohol with energy drinks.

true

True or false? Drinking 2.5 cups of regularly percolated coffee 1 hour before exercising significantly extends endurance in strenuous aerobic exercise.

true

True or false? Food labels must state whether a product contains allergens such as milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts.

true

True or false? For all its popularity among sports enthusiasts (young adult men and women athletes and nonathletes), no data support an ergogenic effect of exogenous DHEA.

true

True or false? Francis G. Benedict and Wilbur Olin Atwater conducted more than 500 experiments concerning rest, exercise, and diet using the Atwater-Rosa respiration calorimeter.

true

True or false? Heat acclimatization refers to the physiologic adaptations to improve heat tolerance.

true

True or false? Human growth hormone (hGH) competes with anabolic steroids in the illicit market of illeged tissue-building performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) without FDA approval.

true

True or false? In the mid-19th century in Europe, a tonic mixture of Bordeaux wine and natural cocaine extracted from cocoa leaves developed by French chemist Ange-François Mariani (1821-1873) was sold as a curative for medicinal and recreational purposes to "rev up" the body. Athletes would consume the drink to ward off fatigue, sometimes during the actual sport performance!

true

True or false? Inadequate water replenishment not only impairs physical activity capacity but also creates life-threatening disturbances in fluid balance and core temperature.

true

True or false? Inferential statistical analysis makes predictions and inferences about a particular population with sample data drawn randomly from the population.

true

True or false? Information on the amount per serving of saturated fat, cholesterol, dietary fiber, and other nutrients considered of major health concern to consumers must be included on a food label.

true

True or false? It is required for products labeled as dietary supplements to carry a "Supplement Facts" panel with information similar to the "Nutrition Facts" panel that appears on most processed foods.

true

True or false? Product imagery definitely affects consumer purchases.

true

True or false? Publications in such popular magazines as People, Glamour, Self, Men's Fitness, Muscle and Fitness, Flex, or quasi-professional journals such as Physician and Sports Medicine do not undergo the same degree of review rigor as a peer-reviewed article published in a mainstream sports science-related research journal.

true

True or false? Research remains inconclusive about the endurance-enhancing effect of medium-chain triacylglycerol supplementation.

true

True or false? Somatotropic hormone produced by the pituitary gland's adenohypophysis facilitates tissue-building processes and normal human growth.

true

True or false? Sport-governing bodies do not consider creatine an illegal chemical substance.

true

True or false? Strictly following an adequate water replacement schedule reduces the risk of dehydration and its consequences, particularly hyperthermia.

true

True or false? Supplement manufacturers promote L-carnitine as a "metabolic stimulator" to enhance fat burning and spare glycogen.

true

True or false? Supplements are regulated differently than medications, and companies who sell such products are not required to seek FTC approval before marketing them.

true

True or false? Sweating rate increases directly with increases in ambient temperature.

true

True or false? Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG or "the Clear"), closely related to the banned anabolic steroids gestrinone and trenbolone, represents an anabolic steroid originally designed by an American organic chemist and developed by an American nutritional supplement company to escape detection by standard drug testing.

true

True or false? The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) has responsibilities dedicated to reducing violent crime, collecting revenue, and protecting the public.

true

True or false? The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) enforces the Federal Anti-Tampering Act.

true

True or false? The emerging field of transgenic nutraceuticals uses genes introduced into a host plant or animal to modify a biochemical pathway and thereby "create" a new, "genetically modified" substance with markedly different properties than the original plant or animal.

true

True or false? The ideal experiment to evaluate the performance-enhancing effects of an exogenous supplement requires that experimental and control subjects remain unaware or "unblinded" to the substance administered.

true

True or false? The motivators for making food choices normally lie outside our conscious awareness.

true

True or false? The rate of conductive heat loss depends on the temperature gradient between the skin and surrounding surfaces and their thermal qualities.

true

True or false? The term functional food, beyond meeting three basic nutrition needs for survival, hunger satisfaction, and preventing adverse effects, comprise those foods and their bioactive components (e.g., olive oil, soy products, omega-3 fatty acids, phytochemicals) to promote five major outcome functions and disease risk reduction.

true

True or false? Thermal receptors in the skin provide input from the periphery to modulate hypothalamic activity.

true

True or false? Two articles in the New York Times in August and September 2015 described Coca-Cola's support of academic researchers who founded the Global Energy Balance Network to promote physical activity as an effective method to prevent obesity. The article relied on e-mail evidence to document how Monsanto, the multinational agricultural biotechnology corporation, and the organic food industry recruited professors and researchers to lobby, write, and testify to Congress on their behalf.

true

True or false? Vigilance and mood improve with a carbohydrate beverage administered during a day of sustained aerobic activity interspersed with rest.

true

Lab testing of __________ samples provides the primary drug detection method. Question 30 options: A) urine B) blood C) salivary D) hair

urine

True about clenbuterol Question 6 options: A) Produce similar androgenic side effects in females as do anabolic steroids in males B) β2-Adrenergic agonist C) β2-Adrenergic protagonist D) Lessens fatigue during short-term, intense muscle actions

β2-Adrenergic agonist

Differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in terms of protein consumption. Question 1 options: A) Vegetarians always lower by a factor of 3 B) About the same C) Vegetarians always lower D) Vegetarians always higher

about the same

Bicarbonate loading: Question 12 options: A) increases mitochondrial "leakage" from muscle cells into red blood cells B) decreases extracellular NaH2CO3 C) decreases extracellular pH D) allows higher blood lactate accumulation during strenuous anaerobic exercise

allows higher blood lactate accumulation during strenuous anaerobic exercise

Human growth hormone (hGH) Question 20 options: A) decreases bone and cartilage growth and enhances fatty acid oxidation B) catabolic hormone C) produced endogenously by the hypothalamus D) also called somatotropin

also called somatotropin

The supplement __________ is believed to directly stimulate endogenous testosterone production or form androgen-like derivatives. Question 6 options: A) HGH B) androstenedione C) dihydrotestosterone D) 17-hydroxy-progesterone

androstenedione

The __________ aspect of the body's buffering system provides guards against increased intracellular H ion concentration. Question 3 options: A) carbon dioxide B) lactate C) intracellular phosphate D) bicarbonate

bicarbonate

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) require __________ for incorporation into chylomicrons for transport through lymph for deposit as fat. Question 15 options: A) bile salts for digestion B) thyroxine C) emulsification with short-chain fatty acids D) inosine

bile salts for digestion

The temperature of deep tissues is known as __________ temperature. Question 21 options: A) superficial B) muscle C) shell D) core

core

Creatine supplementation __________ high level aerobic energy transfer. Question 13 options: A) does not improve B) slightly improves C) decreases D) dramatically improves

does not improve

Pre-exercise hyperhydration __________ the need to continually replace fluid during physical activity. Question 1 options: A) does not replace B) dramatically reduces C) increases D) eliminates

does not replace

The ideal research methodology to evaluate performance-enhancing effects of an exogenous supplement requires that experimental and control subjects remain unaware of the substance administered in a design called __________. Question 7 options: A) baseline level research B) random assignment C) double-blind, placebo-controlled D) single-blind

double-blind, placebo-controlled

General side effects of amphetamines include all of the following except __________. Question 4 options: A) tremulousness B) drowsiness C) headache D) insomnia

drowsiness

True or false? The new genetic engineering technique of CRISPR (acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat), discovered by UC Berkeley American biochemist Jennifer Doudna, has opened up a new era for the proper medical intervention into disease, and not for "gene doping" advocated by some to thwart illegal drug use in sports.

false

True or false? The pituitary gland contains the central coordinating center for temperature regulation.

false

Androstenedione produced in the __________ serves as an intermediary step that eventually forms testosterone, estrone, and estradiol. Question 18 options: A) gonads and liver B) gonads and hypothalamus C) gonads and adrenal glands D) gonads and pituitary gland

gonads and adrenal glands

Androstenedione occurs naturally __________ and some plant extracts. Question 29 options: A) in the liver B) in meats C) in polyphenols D) in protein powders

in meats

Large-scale epidemiological studies have linked __________ to dietary practices. Question 29 options: A) many forms of cancer B) stress management techniques C) smoking D) daily exercise patterns

many forms of cancer

The areas of responsibility for the CFSAN do not include: Question 22 options: A) meat products B) cosmetics and colors C) plant and dairy foods and beverages D) food labeling

meat products

During digestion, __________ hydrolyze by lipase action in the mouth, stomach, and duodenum to glycerol and MCFAs. Question 8 options: A) medium-chain triacylglycerols B) fruits and vegetables C) grain products D) sirloin steak, baked chicken, and sea bass

medium-chain triacylglycerols

Many popular articles and advertisements tout inosine as an amino acid when, in fact, it is a __________ found naturally in brewer's yeast (e.g., used to make beer and bread) and various organ meats (e.g., kidney and liver). Question 10 options: A) polypeptide B) glycoprotein C) nucleic acid derivative D) dipeptide

nucleic acid derivative

The blood-boosting drug __________ is a genetically engineered copy of the kidney hormone erythropoietin. Question 21 options: A) recombinant epocyte B) renin C) recombinant epoetin D) recombinant erythro

recombinant epoetin

True or false? "Stacking" refers to using amphetamines every other week.

false

True or false? A daily intake of 1500 calories serves as the reference number of calories for determining the DRVs for the energy-producing nutrients.

false

True or false? According to an ACSM Position statement, anabolic-androgenic steroids with an adequate diet and training can contribute to decreases in body weight, often in the lean to fat mass compartment.

false

True or false? Aldosterone facilitates sodium absorption by the small intestine.

false

True or false? Chromium serves as a cofactor for potentiating glucagon function.

false

True or false? Creatine increases intermuscular creatine and phosphocreatine, enhances aerobic power output capacity, and facilitates recovery from two to four bouts of intense effort within 60-minutes.

false

True or false? Excessive water intake under certain physical activity conditions can produce potentially serious medical complications from the syndrome known as hyper-dehydration.

false

True or false? Five outcome strategies of functional food science include bioregulation, biodefense, and reduced muscle fatigue from overly strenuous physical activity.

false

True or false? Heat exhaustion is the most serious and complex heat-stress malady and requires immediate medical attention.

false

True or false? Less than 60 minutes of intense exercise requires extremely high levels of carbohydrate intake and glycogen reserves.

false

True about caffeine. Question 28 options: A) Consuming five to six cups of coffee over a 30-minute period decreases urinary caffeine levels B) Causes headache, insomnia, and nervous irritability and produces premature left ventricular contractions C) Potent antidiuretic. D) Depresses central nervous system function

Causes headache, insomnia, and nervous irritability and produces premature left ventricular contractions

True or false? Manufacturers are required to register their products with the FDA or obtain FDA approval before producing or selling dietary supplements.

false

True or false? Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are converted proteins, which enhance fat metabolism and conserve glycogen during endurance exercise due to their relatively slow rate of digestion, assimilation, and energy catabolism.

false

True or false? Research demonstrates that extreme physical activity in a hot environment increases the requirements for all fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.

false

True or false? The Federal Trade Commission does not have the authority to remove a product from the marketplace if the product's claims lack verification.

false

True or false? The WADS (World Anti Doping Society) and USOCS (United States Office of Controlled Substances) do not include DHEA on their banned substance lists at zero-tolerance levels.

false

True or false? The clothing worn by the typical recreational physical activity thwarts the dissipation of heat generated during physical activity to a greater extent than the uniform of American football players.

false

What nongovernmental agency publishes information about a variety of food- and health-related topics, including analyses of menu items from different ethnic eateries? Question 2 options: A) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition B) Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) C) ConsumerLab D) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI)

The FDA regulates the __________ of biologicals such as insulin and vaccines. Question 17 options: A) proper doses B) purity and effectiveness C) expiration/shelf-life D) proper handling

purity and effectiveness

"High" on the new food label means the food contains __________ or more of the daily value. Question 3 options: A) 10% B) 5% C) 20% D) 15%

20%

"Low fat" on the new food label means fewer than __________ grams of fat per serving. Question 18 options: A) 2 B) 1 C) 3 D) 4

3

Organics as a percent of the overall food market purchases in the U.S. Question 16 options: A) 2 B) 4 C) 15 D) 10

4

Amount of body heat (kcal) lost for each liter of sweat evaporated from the body's surfaces. Question 6 options: A) 5 B) 580 C) 300 D) 3500

580

One cup of brewed coffee generally contains between __________ of caffeine. Question 26 options: A) 60 and 150 milligrams B) 60 and 150 micrograms C) 60 and 150 ounces D) 60 and 150 grams

60 and 150 milligrams

A moderate workout generally produces a __________ sweat loss over a 1-hour period. Question 29 options: A) 0.5- to 1.5-liter B) 0.5- to 1.5-milliliter C) 2- to 4-liter D) 2- to 4-milliliter

0.5- to 1.5-liter

In all cases, the new food label lists amounts per __________. Question 10 options: A) 1 kg body weight B) 1 serving C) package D) 1 gram

1 serving

Fluid loss as little as __________ of body mass increases rectal temperature compared to exercising in the heat without fluid loss. Question 18 options: A) 1% B) 7% C) 5% D) 3%

1%

Emissions from livestock can account for about __________ of global total GHGs. Question 6 options: A) 15% B) 10% C) 3% D) 5%

15%

Metabolically, inosine serves as an energy substrate for __________. Question 18 options: A) CP catabolism B) CP anabolism C) ATP resynthesis D) ATP synthesis

ATP resynthesis

__________ exerts a stimulating effect on central nervous system functions. Question 8 options: A) Pangamic acid B) Buffering agents C) TMJ adjustment D) Amphetamines

Amphetamines

Substances function similarly to testosterone. Question 1 options: A) Estrogens B) Growth hormones C) Amphetamines D) Anabolic steroids

Anabolic steroids

__________, designed for therapeutic medical use, became prominent in the early 1950s to treat patients deficient in natural androgens or with muscle-wasting diseases. Question 5 options: A) HGH B) Creatine C) DHEA D) Anabolic steroids

Anabolic steroids

Structural component of the internal layer of plasma membranes that surrounds all cells and may modify body's neuroendocrine stress response. Question 26 options: A) Androstenedione B) β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate C) Phosphatidylserine D) Aldosterone

Phosphatidylserine

What is the possible role of the brain's glycogen content in resisting fatigue when glucose supply from the blood becomes inadequate, a condition called hypoglycemia? Question 11 options: A) No change in fatiguing conditions. B) Automatically increases in fatiguing conditions. C) Preliminary findings with animals showed that decreases in brain glycogen content may link to central brain fatigue when physical activity exceeds 2 hours. D) Brain activity in the animals decreased substantially during 60 minutes of treadmill running.

Preliminary findings with animals showed that decreases in brain glycogen content may link to central brain fatigue when physical activity exceeds 2 hours.

Body heat loss that occurs via electromagnetic heat waves. Question 20 options: A) Convection B) Conduction C) Evaporation D) Radiation

Radiation

The ingredient list on a food label. Question 9 options: A) Represents each ingredient's listing in descending order of predominance by number of grams B) Represents each ingredient's listing in descending order of predominance by weight C) Represents each ingredient's listing in descending order of predominance by volume D) Can use abbreviations on the label

Represents each ingredient's listing in descending order of predominance by weight

What two organizations work together to help consumers choose more healthful diets and offer an incentive to food companies to improve the nutritional qualities of their products? Question 4 options: A) The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) B) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) C) The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) D) The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)

Which of the following is the mission of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)? Question 20 options: A) To enforce a variety of federal antitrust and consumer protection laws B) To ensure that the food supply remains safe, nutritious, and wholesome C) To regulate the use and sales of tobacco, alcohol, and firearms D) All of the above

To ensure that the food supply remains safe, nutritious, and wholesome

Deals with farm and foreign agricultural services; food, nutrition, and consumer services; food safety; marketing and regulatory programs; natural resources; and environment. Question 11 options: A) USDA B) FDA C) FTC D) CFSAN

USDA

Men and women possess __________ to accumulate muscle glycogen when fed comparable amounts of carbohydrate relative to their lean body mass. Question 23 options: A) about the same capacity B) no capacity C) equal capacity D) unequal capacity

equal capacity

An amphetamine-like alkaloid compound, banned by the FDA, exhibits sympathomimetic physiologic effects: Question 25 options: A) erythropoietin B) ferritin C) thyroxine D) hemosiderin

erythropoietin (wrong because its ephedrine but not a ****ing answer? ok)

Vanadium Question 28 options: A) exhibits human insulin-like properties B) is commonly consumed by bodybuilders because there is no toxic effect if consumed in excess C) apples provide the best "natural" source of vanadium D) not involved in stimulating glycogen synthesis

exhibits human insulin-like properties

Consuming carbohydrate __________ creatine loading. Question 4 options: A) dramatically decreases B) facilitates C) does not improve D) slightly decreases

facilitates

L-carnitine: Question 3 options: A) small intestine stores about 95% of the body's total. B) facilitates long-chain fatty acid influx into the mitochondrial matrix to enter β-oxidation during energy metabolism C) protein-containing, vitamin-like compound found mostly in meat and vegetable products D) liver cells store about 95% of the body's total

facilitates long-chain fatty acid influx into the mitochondrial matrix to enter β-oxidation during energy metabolism

In the tissues, MCFAs move through the plasma membrane and diffuse across the inner mitochondrial membrane for __________. Question 2 options: A) semipermeable condensation B) hydrolysis C) oxidation D) reduction

oxidation

The critical review and evaluation of research by colleagues with expertise in the specific area of investigation is __________. Question 7 options: A) joint review B) research review C) peer review D) statistical analysis

peer review

A pathologic condition called __________ occurs from the effects of androgens on the liver, when multiple, randomly distributed blood-filled cavities of pathologic origin develop, raining in diameter from millimeters to several centimeters. Question 4 options: A) bacterial encephalitis B) cirrhosis C) peliosis hepatis D) viral hepatitis

peliosis hepatis

Additives include all of the following except __________. Question 12 options: A) emulsifiers B) pesticides C) bleaches D) flavoring agents

pesticides

PCr serves as the cells' "energy reservoir" to provide rapid __________ to resynthesize ATP in the reversible creatine kinase reaction. Question 19 options: A) phosphate-bond energy B) creatine as a nitrogen source C) intermuscular energy sources D) ATP bond energy

phosphate-bond energy

Glutamine exerts many regulatory functions. The main function that attracts many bodybuilders is that it __________. Question 10 options: A) provides a catabolic effect that augments protein synthesis B) provides an anticatabolic effect and augments protein synthesis C) provides a catabolic effect that inhibits protein synthesis D) reduces glycogen stores

provides an anticatabolic effect and augments protein synthesis

Appetite represents the desire to eat and is mainly associated with a __________. Question 21 options: A) response to the body's central and peripheral system B) craving for high-fat, high-sugar food C) the physiological drive to eat D) psychological urge for a particular food

psychological urge for a particular food