Lab 7 (EXAM 2)

spinous process

single medial projection; most posterior portion

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5 (5 bones!)

STUDY LAB MODULES!!!

NOT everything is on here!!

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7 (7 bones!)

intervertbral disc

Intervertebral discs are located between each vertebrae and function to form strong joints, permit movement, and absorb vertical shock. Intervertebral discs are composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage and an inner soft elastic core. Fibrocartilage consists of chondrocytes scattered among bundles of collagen fibers.

Costal cartilages

Costal cartilages are strips of hyaline cartilage that attach the first 7 pairs of ribs to the sternum. Do you remember the microscopic structure of hyaline cartilage?

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12 (12 bones!)

labeled radius and ulna

ULNA -olecranon process -head -radial notch -trochlear notch -coracoid process RADIUS -head -neck -shaft -styloid process -radial tuberosity

pedicles of vertebrae

lateral processes forming arch

intervertebral foramina

openings providing for exit of spinal nerves

Clavicle

The clavicle is a slender, S shaped bone. The articulations of the clavicle are described: Sternal (medial) end: -articulates with manubrium of sternum Acromial (lateral) end: -articulates with acromion process of scapula

Laminae of vertebrae

posterior part of arch

labeled hand

-metacarpals -phalanges -carpals

Adult vertebral column

Examine the normal curvature of the vertebral column of the articulated skeleton. When viewed from the side, four curves can be seen in the adult. From the anterior view, these are alternately convex -- meaning they curve toward the viewer -- and concave -- meaning they curve away from the viewer.

Ribs

The 12 pairs of ribs form the walls of the thoracic cage are describe below: True ribs (1-7): -Classification: Vertebrosternal (1-7) -Anterior articulation: costal cartilages of sternum -Posterior articulation: thoracic vertebrate False ribs (8-12): -Classification #1: Vertebrochondral (8, 9, 10) -Anterior articulation #1: costal cartilage of rib 7 -Posterior articulation #1: thoracic vertebrae -Classification #2: Vertebral/floating (11,12) -Anterior articulation #2: NOT attached anteriorly -Posterior articulation #2: thoracic vertebrae

Fetus Vertebral column

In the fetus, the vertebral column has a single concave curvature. Convex secondary curves develop in the cervical region when the infant holds up its head and in the lumbar region when the child stands and walks. The thoracic and sacral curves remain concave and are referred to as primary curves.

Wrist and hand

- Carpals: eight short bones in two rows of four which form the wrist - Metacarpals: five long bones which form the palm of each hand - Phalanges: finger bones (singular; phalanx). Each finger has three phalanges and the thumb has two

The 12 thoracic vertebrae share the characteristics outlined:

-Generally larger in size then cervical vertebrae -Spinous process is long and pointed and projects downward -Costal facets are present on the bodies to articulate with the heads of ribs. T1-T8 each articulate with two ribs so the bodies of these vertebrae have two costal facets on each side (a superior and inferior costal facet) -Transverse costal facets on the transverse process of T1-T10 articulate with the tubercles of the ribs (T11 and T12 lack transverse costal facets on their transverse process)

Although the ribs are frequently classified into these groups, they all share common structural features. Typical features of a rib are described:

-Head: posterior projection; articulates with the demi-facets on the bodies of thoracic vertebrae -Neck: narrow portion behind head -Tubercle (TU-bur-KUL): small knob just below neck; articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae -Body: shaft; flat, main part of rib

The five lumbar vertebrae share the characteristics outlined:

-Large, heavy body -Spinous process is square and thick, and projects nearly straight posteriorly -Other projections are short and thick

labeled clavicle

-acromial end -sternal end

labeled fibula

-actual fibula -head of fibulae -lateral malleolus

labeled foot

-calcaneus -talus -metatarsals -proximal phalanges

labeled pectoral girdle

-clavicle -scapula

There are 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck region

-small -spinous process of C2-C6 is bifid (split) -Transverse foramen present in the transverse process

labeled tibia

-tibial condyles -actual tibia -medial malleolus

inferior articular process

2 inferior projections

transverse process

2 lateral projections

superior articular process

2 superior projections

intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae

Joints

ones are connected to each other at articulations or joints. Examine the models of the hip and knee joints in PAL. You can find these images in the human cadaver section. The bones of these joints are connected to each other by ligaments. Ligaments are made of a strong type of connective tissue called dense regular connective tissue. It is composed of rows of fibroblasts located between bundles of white or collagenous fibers.

Sacrum (sacral curvature)

over the course of evolution, these have become fused - 5 vertebrae

labeled femur

POSTERIOR -head -greater trochanter -lesser trochanter -lateral condyle -medial condyle ANTERIOR -greater trochanter -lesser trochanter -linea aspera -medial condyle -lateral condyle

Femur

PROXIMAL -Head: rounded end; articulates with acetabulum of the os coxae - Fovea capitis: depression in the head; a ligament attaches from this point to the acetabulum - Neck: narrow portion below head - Greater trochanter (tro-KAN-ter): large lateral process - Lesser trochanter: smaller medial process - Linea aspera (LIN-e-a AS-per-a): sharp ridge on posterior surface DISTAL - Medial condyle: large medial process - Lateral condyle: large lateral process

Foot

Tarsals (7 per ankle) - ankle bones - Calcaneus: heel bone - Talus: supports tibia and rests on calcaneus - Metatarsals (5 per foot): foot bones - Phalange (14 per foot): bones of the toes, comparable to phalanges of fingers; two in each big toe and three in each of the other toes

coccyx

The coccyx (tailbone) is a small triangular bone formed by the fusion of three to five small vertebrae. It has no function and is thought to be a remnant of a tail. The coccyx articulates with the sacrum (see figure above)

The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae that are joined to provide a flexible, curved structure.

The column encloses and protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and serves as a point of attachment for the ribs and muscles of the back.

Leg

The leg includes the femur (thigh bone), patella (knee bone), tibia (shin bone), fibula, tarsals (ankle bones), metatarsals (foot bones), and phalanges (toe bones). The femur (FE-mur) is the long bone of the thigh.

Axis (C2)

The second cervical vertebra, the axis, is also modified. It has a peg like process called the dens or odontoid process which projects up through the ring of the atlas on the anterior side.

Sternum

The sternum or breastbone is a flat, narrow bone located in the median line of the anterior thoracic wall. The sternum is composed of three parts: -Manubrium (ma-NOO-bre-um) = superior portion -Body = long middle portion -Xiphoid process (ZI-foyd) = small inferior portion

labeled scapula

ANTERIOR -acromion -coracoid process -glenoid fossa -medial border -lateral border SIDE-VIEW -acromion -spine -coracoid process -lateral border POSTERIOR -spine -medial border -lateral border -coracoid process -acromion -glenoid fossa

labeled humerus

ANTERIOR -greater tubercle -lesser tubercle -head -intertubercular sulcus -shaft -lateral epicondyle -capitulum -trochlea -medial epicondyle -coronoid fossa -radial fossa POSTERIOR -head -greater tubercle -deltoid tuberosity -medial epicondyle -lateral epicondyle -trochlea -olecranon fossa

labeled pelvic girdle

ANTERIOR -posterior superior iliac spine -posterior inferior iliac spine -greater sciatic notch -acetabulum -anterior superior iliac spine -ala of ilium POSTERIOR -Ischial spine -acetabulum -ischial tuiberosity

The sacrum is a large triangular bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. It articulates superiorly with L5, inferiorly with the coccyx, and laterally with the two hip bones. The sacrum's anterior surface is concave and posterior surface is convex.

Anterior Surface (concave) - Transverse lines: point where bodies of adjacent vertebrae have fused - Anterior sacral foramina: four pairs of foramina that communicate with posterior sacral foramina. What are the functions of these foramina? Posterior Surface (convex) - Median sacral crest: a ridge formed by the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae - Posterior sacral foramina: four pairs of foramina that communicate with anterior sacral foramina - Sacral canal: inferior extension of vertebral canal Superior Surface - Sacral promontory: superior border on anterior surface (obstetrical landmark for measurements of pelvis) Lateral Surface -Auricular surface: lateral region that joins with ilium of hip bone

processes of vertebrae

Description: -Seven projections arise form the vertebral arch Special Features: -Transverse processes - 2 lateral projections -Superior articular processes - 2 superior projections -Inferior articular processes - 2 inferior projections -Spinous process - single medial projection; most posterior portion

Vertebral arch

Description: -arch which encloses a vertebral foramen Special features: -Pedicles - lateral processes forming arch -Laminae - posterior part of the arch

body of vertebrae

Description: -weight-bearing portion, most anterior portion

Fibula

The fibula is the small lateral bone of the lower leg. It is described in the table below. PROXIMAL - Head: process which articulates with tibia DISTAL - Lateral malleolus: sharp lateral projection

Atlas (C1)

The first cervical vertebra, the atlas, is highly specialized. It consists of a circle of bone with two lateral masses that contain concave superior articular facets for articulation with the occipital boneand inferior articular facets for articulation with the second cervical vertebrae. The atlas does not have a body or spinous process. It does have transverse processes containing transverse foramina.

Humerus

The humerus (HYOO-mer-us) is the long bone of the upper arm. Its features are described: PROXIMAL - Head: long rounded process; articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula - Greater tubercle: large lateral projection below head - Lesser tubercle: small anterior portion - Deltoid tuberosity: rough triangular area midway down shaft where muscles attach ANTERIOR - Medial epicondyles: projection on medial side - Trochlea (TROK-le-a): pully-like process on anterior surface next to medial epicondyle; articulates with ulna - Lateral epicondyle: projection on lateral side - Capitulum (ka-PIT-yoo-lum): round process next to lateral epicondyle; articulates with radius - Coronoid fossa: anterior depression above trochlea POSTERIOR - Olecranon fossa: posterior depression above the trochlea

Hyoid bone

The hyoid bone is a horseshoe shaped bone located beneath the mandible (see Figure 6- 12). Unlike other bones of the body, the hyoid does not articulate with any other bones! It hangs from ligaments attached to the styloid process of the temporal bone. It supports the tongue and provides an attachment site for muscles of the tongue, voice box, and neck.

Pelvic girdle

The pelvic girdle attaches the legs to the axial skeleton, supports the vertebral column, and serves as sites of attachment for many trunk and leg muscles. The pelvic girdle consists of two bones referred to as hip bones, pelvic bones, coxal bones, os coxae, or innominate bones. Each coxal bone of a newborn consists of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Eventually, these three separate bones will fuse into one. The important landmarks of the coxal or pelvic bone are shown: **Ilium - flat, flaring region forming the superior portion of the coxal bone: - Iliac crest: upper border of ilium; narrow ridge on upper border of ilium; directed anterior to posterior - Anterior superior iliac spine: upper projection on anterior iliac crest - Anterior inferior iliac spine: process directly below the anterior superior iliac spine - Posterior superior iliac spine: upper projection on posterior iliac crest - Posterior inferior iliac spine: process directly below posterior superior iliac spine - Greater sciatic (si-AT-ik) notch: concave notch below posterior inferior iliac spine **Ischium - lower posterior portion of the coxal or pelvic bone (you sit on your ischium!) - Ischial spine: sharp projection on posterior surface of ilium; directly below greater sciatic notch - Lesser sciatic notch: small concave notch below ischial spine - Ischial tuberosity: roughened process below lesser sciatic notch **Pubis - anterior portion of the coxal or pelvic bone **Acetabulum - hip socket; depression formed where ilium, ischium, and pubis of the child has fused **Obturator foramen - large hole below acetabulum; in the body this is covered by a layer of fibers

Scapula

The scapula is a large triangular bone. Borders: - Superior border: Upper border - Medial (vertebral) border: border near vertebral column - Lateral (axillary) border: border near armpit (review Lab 1 axillary = armpit) Spine: - long slender ridge Acromion process (a-KRO-me-on): - enlarged process at lateral end of spine Coracoid process (KOR-a-koyd): - hook-like process on lateral end of superior border Glenoid cavity (GLEN-oyd): - large depression below acromion (arm socket)

Radius

The radius is the small lateral bone of the forearm (thumb side). The radius is described in the table below. In the anatomical position, the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial. In this position, the arm is pronated and the palm is forward. When the arm is supinated, bones twist. PROXIMAL - Head: flattened process resembling a hockey puck; articulates with capitulum of humerus DISTAL - Styloid process: pointed lateral projection

Thorax

The thorax is a bony cage formed by the sternum, costal cartilage, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. The thorax protects the organs of the thoracic cavity. What organs are located in the thoracic cavity?

Tibia

The tibia or shin bone is the large medial bone of the lower leg. The special features of the tibia are described in the table below. PROXIMAL - Medial and Lateral condyles: expanded proximal ends of tibia; articulates with medial and lateral condyles of femur - Anterior crest: sharp vertical ridge on anterior surface DISTAL - Medial malleolus: sharp medial process

The pelvis

The two coxal or pelvic bones, sacrum, and coccyx unite to form a basin like structure called the pelvis. The pelvis is formed posteriorly by the union of the sacrum with the two ilia at the sacroiliac joint. Anteriorly, the two pubic bones unite to form the pubic symphysis joint. The pelvis can be divided by an imaginary oblique line, drawn from the sacral promontory to the superior border of the pubic symphysis. The space superior to this imaginary line is the false pelvis. It is actually a part of the abdominal cavity. The space inferior to this imaginary line is called the true pelvis. It actually contains the pelvic cavity. Do you remember what organs are found in the pelvic cavity? The superior opening into the true pelvis is the pelvic inlet and the inferior opening is the pelvic outlet.

Ulna

The ulna is the large medial bone of the forearm (little finger side). Reminder: Assume that the body is in the anatomical position with palms forward; review Lab 1 if necessary. The ulna resembles an ice cream scoop! Its features are described: PROXIMAL - Olecranon process: projection which forms elbow; articulates with trochlea of humerus - Coronoid process: anterior projection; articulates with trochlea of humerus - Radial notch: lateral depression; articulates with head of radius DISTAL - Styloid process: pointed lateral projection