Lab Practical 3

Name three structural changes that occur in the bronchi as they branch into bronchioles.

-Smaller Diameter -Amount of cartilage will decrease -Amount of smooth muscle will increase

Bjorn is a 37-year-old male who stands 6'6 and weighs 307lbs. He is a cigarette smoker, a movie fan, an alcoholic, and enjoys quiet sunset walks on the beach. As he grows older, -What will happen to his vital capacity? -What will happen to his residual volume? Increase, decrease, or stay the same?

-Vital capacity will decrease. -Residual volume will increase.

View image of stomach regions:

.

What organ is this tissue?

A child's thymus.

What does the white pulp of the spleen do?

Abundant in lymphocytes (WBC) and are involved in activating immune response.

What is the lumen? (white/nothing that is outside of tissue)

Air.

What are the white areas of the tissue?

Alveoli

Small, round sacs where gas exchange occurs is the

Alveoli.

Identify the structure indicated by the arrow.

Alveolis

What is the small circle structure indicated by the arrow?

Auditory tube.

What are the structures colored yellow called?

Axillary (armpit) Lymph nodes

Humans with a deficient gene known as FOXN1 are born athymic. What are the ramifications of this?

Being athymic would result in depression of the immune system as well as an inability to destroy infected cells. This is because of lack of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Small conduction airway that serves a lobule?

Bronchiole.

What are the structure surrounding the lymph node?

Capsule.

What is the structure labeled A?

Capsule. Connective tissue outer covering of the spleen

What is the biggest influence on breathing rate?

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

What is this region of the stomach called?

Cardia region

What smooth muscle band is shown by the arrows?

Cardiac sphincter.

What is the function of the pancreas in digestion?

Chemical digestion of foods in the small intestine.

What epithelial tissue is in the trachea? and how does smoking affect it?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Smoking will cause cilia to become paralyzed, changes in epithelial tissue, and appearance of chronic infections.

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Closes off respiratory tract when swallowing.

What is the function of the oropharynx?

Conducts air from the nasopharynx to the laryngopharynx.

What is the function of the larynx?

Connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea. Also functions in voice production.

The darker purple of the tissue is what?

Cortex.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow called?

Cricoid cartilage. It's the blue underneath the red.

Identify the green structure labeled 48 shown by the arrow.

Cystic duct.

Name the sinuses labeled D and A.

D: Frontal sinus A: Sphenoid sinus (better picture on phone)

What is this region indicated by the circle called?

Deuodenum.

Epiglottis is made up of?

Elastic cartilage.

What is the structure colored in red called?

Esophagus

What is the structure indicated by the arrow, right ABOVE the slit called?

False vocal cord.

What is the difference between false vocal cord and true vocal cord?

False vocal cords has blood vessels and true vocal cords don't have blood vessels.

What is the function of the spleen?

Filters blood of old red blood cells.

What does the red pulp of the spleen do?

Filters erythrocyte (RBC).

What is this region of the stomach called? (The top curve)

Fundus region

Identify the green structure indicated by the arrow.

Gallbladder.

What is the slit/opening that is indicated by the arrow called?

Glottis.

Where does the mucous come from?

Goblet cells

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

Hard palate. Top/roof of mouth.

What is the yellow line that separates the right lung called?

Horizontal fissure.

What keeps the trachea from collapsing?

Hyaline cartilage rings.

What type of tissue is cricoid, thyroid and trachea made up of?

Hyaline cartilage.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

Inferior nasal conchae.

What makes epiglottitis (inflammation of the epiglottis) a medical emergency?

It can cover the airway and can be fatal.

What happens to a thymus as we age?

It shrinks and thymic tissue gets replaced by adipose connective tissue. (The only active tissue is dark purple.)

What is the advantage of the fact that afferent lymphatic vessels outnumber efferent lymphatic vessels?

It slows down flow of lymph to allow more time for cleansing.

Lois has an obstruction of her right main bronchus. How would this affect the carbon dioxide levels in her right pulmonary veins?

It would increase.

What is the region indicated by the rectangle?

Laryngeopharynx.

What is the area called indicated by the arrows?

Larynx. (on top)

Stomach curvatures:

Lesser and Greater curvature.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

Lingual tonsil

View image of lymph node tissue labeled.

Lymph node tissue labeled:

What organ is this tissue shown?

Lymph node.

What are the green balls structures shown by the arrow called?

Lymph nodes.

What is the function of thymus?

Mature the T cells/T lymphocytes.

The lighter purple of the tissue is what?

Medulla.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

Middle nasal conchae.

Be able to trace the flow of inspired air through the respiratory system, from the nares to the alveoli.

Nares - Vestibule - nasal conchae - posterior nasal aperture - nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx - larynx - trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi- bronchiole- terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole- alveolar duct - alveolar sac - alveoli

What is the region indicated by the triangle?

Nasopharynx.

What is the black highlighted lines on the lungs called?

Oblique fissure.

What is the function of tonsillar crypt?

Opening for pathogens to become trapped.

What is the region indicated by the rectangle?

Oropharynx.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

Palatine tonsil.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow called?

Parotid gland

Name the 3 salivary glands

Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual glands.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

Pharyngeal tonsil

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

Pharyngeal tonsil. (At the back of nasopharynx.)

What is the difference between plicae circulars and rugae?

Plicae circulars are circular folds in the small intestine that is permanent. Rugae are impermanent folds that allow the stomach to expand as it fills with food.

What is this structure called indicated by the arrow?

Plicae circulars.

What is the area indicated by the line?

Posterior nasal aperture. (End of nasal area)

What epithelium lines the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

Which epithelial tissue Secretes mucus to trap and remove dust and debris?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

Which epithelial tissue is located in the Nasal cavity through nasopharynx?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

Which epithelial tissue is located in the larynx below vocal cords through primary bronchi?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

What smooth muscle band is shown by the arrow?

Pyloric sphincter.

What is this region of the stomach called? (The bottom curve)

Pylorus region.

What is the function of cilia?

Removes mucous from respiratory tract.

The tubular airways that begin the respiratory zone is?

Respiratory bronchioles.

What will happen if the epiglottis fails to function?

Respiratory failure because the regulation of food material to esophagus and air into the lungs will get disturbed and can cause choking.

What is the name and function of this structure?

Rugae - helps stomach expansion.

Identify the structure indicated by the arrow.

Secondary bronchi

Which epithelial tissue is located in the Secondary bronchi through tertiary bronchi?

Simple columnar.

What epithelial tissue is in the lungs?

Simple squamous epithelium.

Which epithelial tissue Diffuse of respiratory gases?

Simple squamous.

Which epithelial tissue is located in Alveolar through alveoli?

Simple squamous.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

Soft palate.

What two structures are involved in routing food and liquid away from the respiratory passages?

Soft palate/Uvula and epiglottis.

Identify the organ labeled A.

Spleen.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Stores and concentrates bile from the liver.

What type of tissue is in the laryngopharynx?

Stratified squamous epithelium.

Which epithelial tissue Protects underlying tissues?

Stratified squamous.

Which epithelial tissue is located in the Oropharynx through larynx above vocal cords?

Stratified squamous.

What is the structure indicated by the star called?

Submandibular gland.

What lobe is this called, indicated by the arrow?

Superior lobe.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

Superior nasal conchae.

If an individual were born with O shaped tracheal cartilages, what activity would be difficult?

Swallowing, because the esophagus could not expand fully when trying to swallow large food.

Identify the structure indicated by the arrow.

Taste bud in the tongue papillae

What is the last division of the conducting zone?

Terminal bronchiole.

Why are the cartilage rings C shaped?

The C-ring-shaped cartilage reinforces the trachea to protect and maintain the airway open but incomplete because this allows the trachea to collapse slightly to allow food to pass down the esophagus.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

The back of epiglottis.

What is the function of the tertiary bronchiole?

The division of the bronchi that enter bronchopulmonary segments.

What does the false vocal cord do?

The false vocal cord is for protection.

From what organ is this tissue?

The lung.

What is the function of the soft palate?

The soft palate rises reflex to close off the nasal cavity when swallowing.

What organ is this tissue?

The spleen.

From what organ is this tissue?

The tongue.

What area of the body is this tissue?

The tonsil.

What is the function of the 3 nasal conchaes'?

They all warm and humidify the air.

What is the structure colored in yellow?

Thymus.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow called?

Thyroid cartilage.

What is the function of goblet cells

To produce mucus

What is the function of mucus?

To trap smaller dust particles that you breathe in the air.

What are the white structures shown on the tissue?

Tonsillar crypt.

What does the tonsils do?

Tonsils are rich in lymphocytes and help defend against inhaled and ingested pathogens.

From what organ is this tissue?

Trachea.

What is the area called indicated by the arrows?

Trachea. (the skinny bottom)

What are the purple colored lines structures called?

Trachial cartilage or A.K.A. C-rings.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow, right UNDER the slit called?

True vocal cord.

What is the structure and function of the Trachea?

Tube-like structure that conducts air from the larynx to the bronchi.

What is the tip of the soft palate called?

Uvula. Same function as soft palate.

What is the structure indicated by the circle?

Vestibule. Open area where nose hairs are.

Identify the structure indicated by the V.

Villi (Small intestine).

What happens when co2 combines with water?

When carbon dioxide combines with water, it forms carbonic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Identify the structure indicated by the circle/arrow.

ileocecal valve

What region is this shown by the arrow?

ileum region.

What is the midline where the right and left side meet, shown in the image called?

laryngeal prominence.

What is the structure indicated by the arrow?

nares (nostril)