lectures 1-20 - eas 1600 gatech
Gaia Hypothesis
"Earth is a self-regulating system in which biota play an integral role"
north/south direction
"Meridional"
Differentiation
"Planetary differentiation is the separation of different constituents of planetary materials resulting in the formation of distinct compositional layers. Denser material tends to sink into the center and less dense material rises toward the surface."
Equinox means
"equal night"
Air parcel =
"package" of air
albedo is between what #range
(0-1)
sunspots are associated with
*extremely strong magnetic activity *solar flares *hot gaseous emissions
Common Metamorphic Rocks:
-Schist -Gneiss -Marble
1 Dobson Unit =
0.01 mm thickness of ozone
HOW DOES ATMOSPHERE BECOME SATURATED?
1.Increase water vapor concentration in air (increases vapor pressure until RH = 100%) 2.Decrease temperature of air (decreases saturation vapor pressure until RH = 100%) 3.Combination of both above
three kinds of drought
1.Meteorological 2.Agricultural 3.Hydrological
kendeda accomplished materials petal by what?
1.Sourcing materials that are Red List free 2.Tracking embodied carbon from construction 3.Using salvaged materials and responsibly sourced wood and stone 4.Striving to eliminate waste during construction 5.Sourcing materials from local industries
_______ of ozone exists in ____________ - "______" ozone that is pollutant to humans, plants (though does play role in reducing carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) from atmosphere)
10%, troposphere, "bad"
Wien's Law constant
2898𝜇𝑚𝐾
Ekman spiral
A theoretical model of the effect on water of wind blowing over the ocean. Because of the Coriolis effect, the surface layer is expected to drift at an angle of 45° to the right of the wind in the Northern Hemisphere and 45° to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Water at successively lower layers drifts progressively to the right (N) or left (S), though not as swiftly as the surface flow.
ENSO affects what
Affects both the ocean as well as the atmosphere around the entire globe!
Positive Feedback Loop:
Amplifies effect of disturbances
Ozone "hole" located in
Antarctic
______________ and _______________ contain most of the worlds ice
Antarctica and Greenland
____________ ___________ associated with water mass convergence at gyre center
Anticyclonic gyres
How to calculate average albedo if a surface is composed of multiple materials
Area-weighted albedo
4 parts of the climate system?
Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere
Ozone hole maximum (minimum) during _________ ___________ (Summer)
Austral Winter
_____________- undergo photosynthesis to produce biomass (utilized by other organisms)
Autotrophs
____________- activity in some European countries declined more than 90%.
Aviation
Citizens getting involved within their local communities with development and revitalization projects driven by science
Citizen science
_________ ___________ plays key role in environmental justice and sustainability efforts locally
Citizen science
While Cl2not destructive, can react with incoming UV radiation to form ____ atoms (those are bad for O3!)
Cl
The rest is primarily dissolved salts, with the most abundance being _____
Cl-
Crust is destroyed Produces deep oceanic trenches
Convergent Subduction Boundary Collision of oceanic and continental crust or Collision of two oceanic plates
Ocean Acidification and Effects on Organisms -
Coral Reefs
Apparent tendency for a fluid (air or water) moving across the Earth's surface to be deflected from its straight path
Coriolis Effect
_____________ _______________ drives atmospheric circulation
Differential heating
Negative Feedback Loop:
Diminishes effect of disturbances
the ekman spiral causes ... ______________ of water occurs at equator
Divergence
why did drilling stop @Kola Borehole
Drilling stopped around 1994 when temperatures reached ~350*F instead of expected ~200*F
THC is driven by what
Driven by density differences
Atmosphere vs. Ocean Temperature profiles
Earth's surface warming leads to troposphere convection (unstable) Ocean's surface warming leads to stratification (stable)
During an El Nino year: Pressure lower than usual at the surface in ________ Pacific ----> _____________ convective activity
East enhanced
ENSO = Dramatic warming or cooling of ocean water in the
East Pacific
Easterlies:
East to west
In general, higher MSLP values in the
Eastern Pacific
SST Region of largest variability in SST is in the
Eastern Pacific
ellipticity of a planet's orbit
Eccentricity
Formation of the Earth Nucleosynthesis forms
He from H
THC Tour 1. Warm, salty water in North Atlantic Ocean moves poleward (via Western Boundary Current) towards Greenland, Labrador Sea region
Huge transport of heat from the equator to higher latitudes occurs here! Explains milder winters in this region
-Hydrologic cycle -Latent and sensible heat -Ocean circulation (surface & deep) -Ekman & gyres -Groundwater contamination
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere governed by what law
Ideal Gas Law
Impacts on Human Health
Increased number of heat-related illnesses and deaths
CE: ______________ in magnitude with ___________ wind speed
Increases increasing
Explain the relationship between CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and ocean acidity...in other words, why are they related to each other?
Increases in atmospheric CO2concentrations are associated with increased rates of the production of carbonic acid, which can form within the oceans and then dissociate into bicarbonate and carbonate ions. The H+ions that are left within the oceans as a result increase ocean acidity by lowering the pH.
Climate Model Inputs 1. ___________ ______________ -use observations of atmosphere and ocean from present day 2. Utilize set of ________________ and dynamics equations to calculate climate variables and integrate forward in time 3. Calculate ______________, and then use those conditions to continue to run model forward in time
Initial conditions thermodynamics forecast
•Carbon Dioxide, Calcium Carbonate, Carbonic Acid
Inorganic Molecules
name 4 ways one can collect observational data
Instrumentation Ice Core Data Tree Ring Data Sediment Core Data
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Integrating the area under a blackbody curve provides total radiative flux by object for all wavelengths
coal cons •Air pollution (SO2& CO2) •Acid mine drainage •__________ pollution •Acid rain •Severe Land Disturbance •High Land Use •____________ Dangers and Health Risks
Mercury Mining
how is uneven heating solved?
Meridional Heat Transport
Altered while in the solid-state from exposure to high temperatures and/or pressures
Metamorphic
These are movements of the Earth that affect the amount of solar radiation the Earth receives.
Milankovitch Cycles
Carbonic acid plays a role in the following:
Ocean Acidification Rock Weathering
CO2 dissolves in oceans to make carbonic acid. This process is temperature-dependent. CO2 is more soluble in cold water. So when cold water saturated with CO2comes to the surface it will often warm up and outgas (emit) CO2.
Ocean Emission
What happens to the water at center of gyres when it converges?
Ocean Gyres associated with mass convergence -> downwelling results
2015 consensus that calls for limiting greenhouse emissions to levels that keep temperatures from rising more than 2°C (or even 1.5°C) above pre-industrial levels; opened for countries to sign on starting on Earth Day, Friday April 22, 2016
Paris agreement
formation of coal
Peat is the raw material from which coal is formed. Over time and under increasing pressure, various types of coal are formed layers formed like sedimentary socks (peat, then lignite, then bituminous coal); anthracite (hard) coal may have formed with metamorphic pressure
A forcing or _________ change occurs when
Persistent, Occurs in one direction through time
ocean layer with enough sunlight to allow photosynthesis to occur
Photic Zone
wobble of axis
Precession
1960's -problem raised to Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen Jr., and 1967 Water Quality Study of _________ __________ showed changes needed to be made
Proctor Creek
Early 1900's -Furnace company sued by local residents for dumping trash in creek
Proctor Creek
Significant mitigation strategies applied such that CO2 emissions decline rapidly starting around the year 2020
RCP2.6
range of solar declination
Ranges from 23.5°N on June 21 to 23.5°S on December 21
Volcanic eruptions can eject ash and gases into the atmosphere that cause ___________ TERM cooling (few years).
SHORT
Nuclear Energy disadvantages 1. Cost - not cost-effective yet (need to factor in social, environmental costs of CO2) 2.Operational ___________- 3.Waste Storage -have to store in secure location 4.____________ Proliferation
Safety Weapons
The United States accounts for ~18% of the worlds production of crude oil (next is _____________ ____________)
Saudi Arabia
Solutions by Rank in Project Drawdown
Scenario 1 stops climate change close to 2 ̊C of global warming Scenario 2 stops climate change close to 1.5 ̊C of global warming.
Common Metamorphic Rocks:
Schist, Gneiss, Marble
How to Fix Ozone Hole:
Societal Action!
𝜎= Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10-8W m-2K-4 T = _________________ (__) F = ___________ _________(___ ______) 𝐹∝T^4 -> doubling of an object's temperature results in a _____x increase in F!
Temperature = K Radiative Flux = (W m^-2) 16
Western Boundary Current Example:
The Gulf Stream
BTU
The amount of energy needed to heat one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit
How much radiation does Earth receive from the Sun?
The average flux (So) received by the Earth from the Sun is 1372 W m^-2
weathering
The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface.
blackbody curve
The characteristic way in which the intensity of radiation emitted by a hot object depends on frequency. The frequency at which the emitted intensity is highest is an indication of the temperature of the radiating object. Also referred to as the Planck curve.
hydrologic cycle
The cycle through which water in the hydrosphere moves
wavelength[ m ]
The distance between two adjacent wave crests
amplitude
The maximum height of wave from equilibrium
frequency
The number of wave crests that pass by point per second
The carbon cycle
The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
chemical weathering
The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
CO2concentration highest around mid-late Spring and lowest around early/mid Fall...why?
The rate of photosynthesis is greater than the rate of respiration during Summer months --> plants are growing, undergoing photosynthesis The rate of respiration is greater than the rate of photosynthesis during Fall, Winter (and early Spring) months --> plants are dying, losing leaves, reduced photosynthesis rates
Northeast/southeast trade winds (easterlies)
Tropics
Challenge to simulating future climate:
We don't know how greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcing will exactly evolve
•________________ counteracts volcanism on long timescale (i.e., millions of years)
Weathering
Westerlies:
West to east
Formation of petroleum
Where microorganisms are covered with sediment underwater (lake or ocean) Petroleum is formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton (microscopic algae) Deposits of phytoplankton are found in locations where porous sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone, are capped by nonporous rocks. Petroleum forms over millions of years and fills the pore spaces in the rock. The petroleum is less dense than the rock, so over time, it migrates upward toward the highest point in the porous rock, where it is trapped by the nonporous rock. In certain locations, petroleum flows out under pressure the way water flows from an artesian well.
consume phytoplankton; do not undergo photosynthesis
Zooplankton
Possible causes of Medieval Warm Period
a decrease in volcanic activity, an increase in solar activity, and changes to ocean circulation.
warm front
a front where warm air moves over cold air
ransfer of heat or matter by the flow of a fluid
advection
Climate change is projected to decrease water availability in many _________ and __________-________- regions
arid semi-arid
the best place for the temperature to be in daisyworld is
at the optimum
Air outside feels "_______" when dew points are low
dry
Human Scale and Humane Places -encourage interaction and discourage single-driving vehicles Universal Access to Nature and Place -Kendeda building should be accessible to all people (e.g., ADA compliance, gender-neutral restrooms) Equitable Investment -invest in local community JUST Organizations -evaluation of equity in transparent manner
equity goals
Most sedimentary rocks are formed through a series of processes:
erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation
0-1
exceptionally unlikely
1961-2003: the observed sea level rise due to thermal expansion was 0.42 millimeters per year and 0.69 millimeters per year due to total ___________ _____________
glacial melt
Continental crust primarily made up of
granite
ex of intrusive igneous
granite
Project Drawdown Solutions are ranked based on the amount of ____________ ____________ that can be removed from or avoid being added to the atmosphere between 2020-2050 by avoiding emissions or sequestering carbon dioxide that is already in the atmosphere.
greenhouse gases
variable gasses =
greenhouse gasses
water that has penetrated the earth's surface
ground water
on blackbody curve...higher up on y axis =
higher up on y axis = higher radiation intensity
___________ albedo, more sunlight reflected, _______ sunlight absorbed, ________ surface temperature
higher, less, cooler
Horizontal wind is a result of
horizontal forces acting on air
Are sunspots hotter or cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface?
hotter!
Deep waters exist as water masses with specific characteristics that reflect
how they formed
anthropogenic
human induced
Measure of how much water vapor is in the atmosphere.
humidity
Formation of the Earth Formation of
hydrogen (H)
Produces electricity by harnessing ocean tides or falling water (e.g. from a dam)
hydropower
The majority of U.S. renewable energy generation comes from ____________________- (~7.0 percent) and wind power (~6.6 percent). -C2ES
hydropower
Choose one of the following and briefly explain how it has been changing with global climate change and how it is expected to change with future 21st century climate change: i) temperature, ii) sea level, iii) Arctic sea ice coverage, iv) number of cold days/nights vs. warm days/nights, v) precipitation throughout different regions on Earth, vi) number of landfalling hurricanes or hurricanes in general
i)Warming of temperature almost everywhere on the globe, ii) rising sea levels, iii) melting Arctic sea ice, iv) less cold days/nights and more warm days/nights, v) wet (dry) regions have been and are expected to get wetter (drier), vi) no trend in landfalling hurricanes; future climate scenarios suggest less frequent but more intense hurricanes
Possible "Snowball Earth" -Earth was fully or partially covered in _______
ice
For a given pressure warm air is _____ _________ than cold air.
less dense
Moist air is _____ _______ than dry air
less dense
Warm air is _____ _________ than cold air
less dense
fresh water is _________ ____________ than salty water
less dense
water is __________ __________ than the atmosphere
less dense
warm water is __________ ____________ than cold water and thus it ...
less dense goes to the top
Flow around Northern Hemisphere _____ pressure system is ______________________
low counterclockwise
Flow around the Southern Hemisphere _____ pressure system is _______________
low clockwise
normal pacific pressure
low pressure in the west and high pressure in the east
Incoming solar radiation strongest at _____ latitudes, weakest at _________.
low, poles
Outgoing longwave radiation strongest at _____ latitudes, weakest at _________.
low; poles
Colder atmosphere has ________ es and e, however nearly "full" of water --> ___________ ______________ -->
lower more saturated higher RH than larger glass
RCP's simulate different future climates based on how much society ______________ greenhouse gas increases -use as guide for forecasting future climate over the next century
mitigates
A strategy for dealing with climate change that attempts to decrease the risk associated with the threat rather than decreasing the threat itself.
mitigation
Carbon sequestration Improved efficiency Geoengineering
mitigation strategies
Pick one example of a climate change mitigation strategy and one example of an adaptation strategy.
mitigation: carbon sequestration, improved efficiency, geoengineering (including solar radiation management)
timescale for climate
mnths - yrs - decades - centuries - millennia
projected data based on climate model simulations
model data
Rocks: Igneous Solidified from
molten rock or melt
Colder waters have ___________ nutrients relative to warmer waters and thus higher biologic Productivity
more
salty =
more dense (lighter colors on SSS Map)
The Lithosphere: Continental Crust ~35-40 km thick but can exceed 70 km in The upper crust composed of ________ rocks (enriched in Si, Na, K, Al) Lower crust is more akin to The average density is about ______ billion years old
mountainous regions granitic basalt 2.7 g cm-3 ~3.8
nm =
nanometers
Western boundary currents are more ________ and ________ than eastern boundary currents
narrow faster
An increase in temperature can result in the formation of ___________ ______
natural gas
Aerosols can be _______________ or _________________-
natural or anthropogenic
changes to earth's climate system due to _______ and or _________ forcing
natural, anthropogenic
Formation of the Earth Pre-solar _________ forms as H & He collect in center
nebula
The closer the temperature and dew point are to each other, the higher the
relative humidity
Walker Circulation Air that has radiatively cooled becomes dry in the upper troposphere over the eastern Pacific, ______ Divergence of air at the surface where ______ ___________ resides "________ ________" via easterly trade winds across the Pacific Ocean
sinks high pressure "Return flow"
climate model resolution Higher (lower) resolution models have ____________ (_________) grid boxes and are thus _________ (not able) to simulate smaller scale, shorter timescale phenomena
smaller(larger) able
The ___________ the glass, the ____________ the temperature of the atmosphere
smaller, colder
How did we work towards "fixing" the ozone hole?
societal action with ex. - limits on production of freons and halons
a combination of mineral matter, water, and air
soil
q =
solar zenith angle
a perturbation or sudden change refers to
temporary events / sudden change Short-lived phenomenon in sudden departure from the normal or mean, followed by return of system to new mean state
How the IPCC Report Expresses Confidence in Results
term and likelihood
Carbon is _____________ i.e. it forms four bonds.
tetravalent
Igneous rocks are classified based on the rocks ____________ (whether they are __________ or _________) and ________________
texture intrusive or extrusive composition
Climate
the "Average" weather conditions and how they evolve on timescales longer than whether events
solar zenith angle
the angle measured from directly overhead to the geometric center of the sun's disc
the darker the color,
the higher the confidence
physical weathering
the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
The buoyant force equals the force of gravity.
the object floats
What is a Hurricane?
tropical cyclone
El Nino - warmer in East pacific = increased
tropical cyclones
which layer ... Temperature decreases with increasing altitude Lowest atmospheric layer All relevant weather events occur in this layer
troposphere
If a feedback loop contains only positive couplings, it is a positive feedback loop?
true
True or False: The Earth's axis points in the same direction all four seasons (with an obliquity of 23.5°).
true
solstices occur how many times a year
twice a year
feedback loop
two or more linked couplings
Average ozone concentration
typically ~300 Dobson units
Potential U.S. shale gas resources....Shale gas in an _________________ reservoir
unconventional
Tar Sands: Alberta Canada *_______________- reservoir*
unconventional
0-10
very unlikely
l Warm air advances in direction of cooler air
warm front
El Niño -SST's warm in ________ Pacific; trade winds weaken; shift in Walker Circulation
warm in the East Pacific
TC: Develop over _________ __________
warm water
La Nina conditions
warm water is further west than usual
Hadley Cell accomplishes heat transport within lower latitudes by transporting excess ________ (______) air to higher (lower) latitudes
warm, cold
Improving a buildings energy usage... A lot of heat is lost from a building through:
-The attic, basement, windows, and doors
Rising sea level is primarily the result of:
-addition of water from melting glaciers -thermal expansion
Range shifts particularly threaten species that:
-cannot move fast enough -depend on conditions that are becoming more rare(like sea ice)
At the equinoxes, solar declination =
0° and the sun is directly overhead at the equator
What branch of the Hadley cell? Warm, moist air rises at the equator to upper troposphereRising air cools, condenses out water vapor to form, clouds and precipitation
1
What branch of the Hadley cell? Colder, drier air sinks from the upper troposphere down to surface at ~30°latitude
3
On average, seawater is ___________ (salinity)
34-35 ‰
What branch of the Hadley cell? Colder, drier air flows from subtropical latitudes toward equatorExcess cold air transported equatorward to mitigate radiative energy surplus
4
Hadley cell has ___ branches, and cell extends from equator to ______ latitude in both hemispheres
4 30 degrees
Frequency of category ___ and ___ hurricanes will increase
4 and 5
The Lithosphere: Oceanic Crust Roughly _____ thick ___________ composition (enriched in Fe and Mg) Density is about ____________ than the continental crust Oldest is
7 km Basaltic 2.9 g cm-3 younger ~175 Ma
_______ of ozone exists in ____________ - "_______" ozone that absorbs, prevents incoming _______ radiation from reaching surface
90%, stratosphere, "good", UV
Coriolis Force acts at a _____________ (____________-) to the wind
90° angle perpendicular
Net movement of water within the entire water column is
90°from wind direction
_______ of seawater is H2O by weight
97%
What is a Carbon Tax? What is one advantage and one disadvantage to this type of policy?
A Carbon Tax is a government incentive to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by taxing businesses and organizations based on their carbon output. One advantage is that this provides a monetary incentive to cut back on emissions. One disadvantage is that it can be difficult to get countries to "buy in" to such a policy (e.g., difficult to convince people to pay more taxes; viewed as too much government intervention).
negative coupling
A change (increase or decrease) in one component leads to a change in the opposite direction in the linked component
positive coupling
A change (increase or decrease) in one component leads to a change in the same direction in the linked component
5 factors of a mineral
(1)Minerals are naturally occurring. Formed in nature not in factories. (2)Minerals are inorganic (ex. formed by geologic processes) (3)Minerals are solids (4)Minerals have a crystalline structure (5)Minerals have a definable chemical compositions.
1997 international conference that called for a treaty to roll back CO2 emissions from developed countries to 5% below 1990 levels, never ratified by USA
(Climate Policy Agreements) Kyoto Protocol:
How much of a temperature change can exist due to UHI?
***Difference often 2-3°C greater in urban area vs. suburb, rural area!***
coffee weathering example coffee beans = coffee grinder = ground coffee =
- rocks/minerals - physical weathering - physically weathered rocks/minerals (more surface area!)
Solar Energy
-Blackbody Radiation -Effective temperature, surface temperature, and the greenhouse effect -Earth energy budget
Atmosphere
-Net radiation -Coriolis Effect -Atmospheric layers & properties -Ozone -Greenhouse gases
Earth as a planet: Dynamic of the earth
-Plate tectonics -Hydrologic cycle -Atmosphere (~20% O2) -Cryosphere
Focus is on improving metro Atlanta quality of life
Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC)
Inorganic carbon:
C-containing compounds that lack C-H or C-C bonds (typically contain C-O bonds instead)
nuclear energy Advantages: 1. No _____ generation from electricity 2. Already used to fuel a significant portion of world energy •e.g., France (~75% of power from nuclear) 3. Enough _________ to utilize nuclear power for a few centuries
CO2 Uranium
Net reaction from anthropogenic CO2emissions affecting diffusion and ocean acidification:
CO2+𝐶𝑂2/3-+H2O↔2HC𝑂3-
Why is stratospheric ozone "good," but tropospheric ozone is "bad?"
Called stratospheric ozone, good ozone occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere, where it forms a protective layer that shields us from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. Ozone at ground level is a harmful air pollutant, because of its effects on people and the environment, and it is the main ingredient in "smog."
How do we know earth's age?
Can date meteorites: left-overs from accretion
Trapping and burying CO2
Carbon sequestration
•Store CO2into lithosphere or deep ocean
Carbon sequestration
Ozone Production vs. Destruction - _____________ ________________
Chapman Mechanism
Also represent early solar system matter with same chemical composition as the bulk Earth (average of crust, mantle, core)
Chondritic meteorites
Saffir-Simpson Scale
Classifies hurricanes according to wind speed, air pressure in the center, and potential for property damage.
Proctor Creek Greenway -Pros
Clean up pollution and water quality of Proctor Creek Create more greenspace Safe, accessible path for Atlanta citizens
There are a number of factors that have affected our climate in the past and continue to do so today
Climate Forcings
___________ is an _____________ planet used by ___________ _____________ to illustrate how living organisms could ______________ _____________ a planet's climate.
Daisyworld, imaginary, James Lovelock, unintentionally stabilize
Dead plant material (e.g. leaves, twigs, etc.) that is broken down to CO2
Decay
In the northern hemisphere it is also known as the winter solstice.
December Solstice
How is TC frequency expected to change? __________ in tropical cyclone frequency in general __________ in category 4-5 hurricanes
Decrease Increase
How does (inorganic) carbon get out of deep ocean floor/lithosphere and back to atmosphere?
Deep pressure, heat of Earth breaks down carbonate, forms CO2 that percolates out of crust back to atmosphere Volcanic eruptions
How does (inorganic) carbon get out of deep ocean floor/lithosphere and back to atmosphere?
Deep pressure, heat of Earth breaks down carbonate, forms CO2that percolates out of crust back to atmosphere Volcanic eruptions
The ______________ ________________ is now the world's second-largest spill of all time, right after the oil that Saddam Hussein intentionally dumped in 1991.
Deepwater Horizon
density of the lithosphere
Density ~2.7 -3 g cm-3
if stimulation is accurate,
If accurate --> model should predict accurate future climate
if the stimulation is not accurate,
If not accurate --> model needs to be improved before used to simulate future climate
What are the effects of aerosols on climate?
In addition to scattering or absorbing radiation, aerosols can alter the reflectivity, or albedo, of the planet. Bright surfaces reflect radiation and cool the climate, whereas darker surfaces absorb radiation and produce a warming effect.
Transport of stratospheric ozone from tropics to higher latitudes
In the stratosphere, the Brewer-Dobson circulation carries air from the equator to the poles.
lithosphere includes what
Includes the crust and uppermost mantle
Energy In:
Incoming solar (shortwave) radiation
THC Tour 5. Warm water from Pacific flows back towards Indian Ocean and around world via
Indian Ocean Southern Ocean
How do scientists "validate" accuracy of climate models?
Simulate past and present climate and then compare with observational data
How does (organic) carbon get out of deep ocean floor/lithosphere and back to atmosphere?
Photosynthesis + burial of dead plant matter
____________- Weathering 1. jointing 2. frost wedging 3. root wedging 4. salt wedging
Physical
plankton that are green plants (i.e., undergo photosynthesis)
Phytoplankton (algae)
how does kededa accomplish the health and happiness petal?
Place occupied spaces of building next to windows Maximize outdoor light and air usage Clean indoor air Biophilic environment - connect people to nature
describes shape of blackbody spectrum
Planck function
Solutions for the UHI Problem
Planting more trees, vegetation -can reduce temperatures by as much as 4-6°F Utilize lighter pavement and other surfaces to increase albedo Reducing automobiles, industrial pollution More greenspaces in urban areas to reduce effects of urban morphology
Controls on Soil Formation
Plants and animals, climate, parent material, time, slope angle, aspect influences
Made up of microscopic ice particles that provide surface for Cl2 to form
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC's)
What directly affects ozone hole size in the Antarctic?
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC's)
negative or positive feedback loop? Cattle running and fear
Positive
negative or positive feedback loop? Ice-Albedo Feedback
Positive
Salinity is reduced by
Precipitation River runoff
Tropical Cyclones: Force balance between what three forces Gradient Wind Balance
Pressure Gradient Force (PF) Coriolis Force and Centrifugal Force
_______________ would be identifying the actions that, if taken, would reduce CO2 emissions.
Prevention
"____________ _____________ is a nonprofit organization and coalition of scholars, scientists, entrepreneurs, and advocates from across the globe that is mapping, measuring, modeling, and communicating about a collective array of substantive solutions to global warming, with the goal of reaching drawdown."
Project Drawdown
What are RCP's, and why do climate scientists use multiple RCP's when simulating 21st century future climate? Which RCP is the best (worst) case scenario?
RCP = Representative Concentration Pathway -represents amount of radiative forcing (relative to 1750) that either a natural or anthropogenic climate forcing contributes to imbalancing Earth's energy budget (positive values = warming effect; negative values = cooling effect) Multiple scenarios are used because it is difficult to know what type of climate change adaptation and/or mitigation strategies will be adopted by society -best (worst) case scenario is the RCP2.6 (RCP8.5) scenario
***Oceans expected to become more acidic, with greatest increase in "acidity" within the ___________ scenario***
RCP8.5
Essentially no mitigation strategies applied such that CO2 emissions increase even more rapidly than present day starting around the year 2020
RCP8.5
"the change, relative to the year 1750, in incoming energy minus outgoing energy in response to a factor that changes energy balance"
Radiative Forcing
Luminosity
Rate of energy emitted by the Sun
Between now and the end of winter, what do you expect will happen to CO2 concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere, and why?
Rates of photosynthesis are decreasing as leaves fall off trees, plants die --> increase in CO2concentrations
Goal of Georgia Commute Options
Reduce the number of single-occupancy vehicles on roads within metro Atlanta to help reduce air pollution (which ties into reducing atmospheric CO2emissions)
RCP -
Representative Concentration Pathway
a pool of material at a particular time, expressed in terms of mass
Reservoir
the result or change from the forcing.
Response
Oceans have limit to how much CO2 increase from atmosphere it can handle
Result: oceans become more acidic!
__________ __________ brings nutrients into the ocean to replace the nutrients that had been buried at the ocean bottom
River runoff
Salinity is enhanced by
Sea ice formation Evaporation
major carbon reservoir
Sedimentary rocks
Non-Atmospheric Effects of El Niño
Shift in regions of biological productivity
What is the ozone hole? What is responsible for affecting this hole over Antarctica?
a region of marked thinning of the ozone layer in high latitudes, chiefly in winter, attributed to the chemical action of chlorofluorocarbons and other atmospheric pollutants. the primary cause of ozone depletion is the presence of chlorine-containing source gases (primarily CFCs and related halocarbons)
Coriolis Force acts to deflect air .....
already in motion!
Paris agreement
an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance starting in the year 2020.
system
an entity composed of diverse but interrelated parts (components) that function as a complex whole
blackbody
an object that emits or adsorbs electromagnetic radiation with 100% efficiency at all wavelengths.
***Models cannot simulate past and present climate accurately unless _____________ forcings are included!***
anthropogenic
Runaway Greenhouse Effect triggered by __________________ CO2 increases and warming, and Earth system cannot adjust fast enough on short timescales...so how to do we fix this?
anthropogenic
Atmosphere is (____________-) an Ideal Gas
approximately
ENSO affects _______________ and ______________ features around the globe, including weather patterns, local climate and biological productivity
atmosphere ocean
ENSO Events involve interaction between ___________ and ____________ in tropical Pacific
atmosphere and ocean
Daisyworld has no ______________. It is a simplified planet that does not ________ or have ____________. It is partly covered in barren _______ soil, and the remaining area is covered in ________ daisies, which are responsive only to ______________.
atmosphere, rotate, seasons, grey, white, temperature
Walker circulation is an _____________ - __________ ___________ phenomenon -the ocean responds to the atmosphere and vice versa
atmosphere-ocean coupled
Vertical temperature profile determines
atmospheric layers
The _____________ ( ________ for north) equinox occurs ~September 22 or 23.
autumnal (fall)
Coastal upwelling along eastern boundary currents -_____________ Hemisphere
Southern
Ex. Range Shifts
Species are relocating to areas with more tolerable climate conditions.
amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of ice 1°C (or 1K)
Specific heat of ice (c_ice)
amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of liquid water 1°C (or 1K)
Specific heat of liquid water (c_liquid)
amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of water vapor 1°C (or 1K)
Specific heat of water vapor (c_gas)
__________ snow cover in Northern Hemisphere decreasing
Spring
PhysicalLayers
State of Matter Density Changes Other Properties
Why is Thermohaline Circulation Important to Ocean Mixing?
Stirs the ocean from top to bottom (~1500 years) Mixes in CO2, heat, other stuff from surface
_______________ has increasing temperature with height due to absorption of UV radiation by ozone
Stratosphere
warm front creates
Stratus clouds, light precipitation, dreary days
Clouds, precipitation (clearer skies) exist within rising (sinking) air branches of three meridional cells
Subtropics ITCZ Subtropics
The Younger Dryas =
Sudden Cooling
storms on the surface of the sun and are associated with
Sunspots
Why do we have ocean currents?
Surface circulation Deep ocean circulation
Reducing the amount of emission emitting vehicles
Transportation Conservation
During the summer solstice in the southern hemisphere, which latitude would receive the strongest radiative flux at solar noon?
Tropic of Capricorn (23.5º S)
low-pressure systems that form within tropical latitudes (23.5°S - 23.5°N)
Tropical cyclones
_________ is most relevant for weather events, most climate events of interest
Troposphere
Luminosity units
Unit: Watts (W = J^s-1)
Mass Divergence =
Upwelling
Why are chlorophyll concentrations higher at the equator vs. the centers of subtropical gyres?
Upwelling occurs at the equator, providing an ample supply of nutrients for phytoplankton. Downwelling occurs at the centers of subtropical gyres, thus suppressing the rising of nutrients.
Increased trapping of heat due to shapes of buildings, skyscrapers, urban layout
Urban Morphology
Disadvantages to wind power 1.Need wind! Must be built where annually averaged wind speed is ~6 m/s (~13 mph) 2._______________ source of energy (wind is not constant!) 3.Hazard to some _____________ (e.g., birds) 4.Aesthetically not pleasing
Variable wildlife
example of an Aerosol - Caused by natural processes
Volcanic Eruptions Particles (dust, ash), gases (SO2, CO2)
List one natural and one anthropogenic process that leads to the transfer of carbon from the solid Earth into the atmosphere (can be either organic or inorganic carbon cycle).
Volcanism (long term; inorganic); fossil fuel usage (short term; organic)
a relationship stating that atmospheric pressure decreases by about a factor of 10 for each 16-km increase in altitude; more technically, atmospheric pressure decreases exponentially with altitude
barometric law
World Oil Consumption measures the number of ____________ that are consumed worldwide on an annual basis.
barrels
Large portion of oceanic crust is
basalt
example of extrusive rock
basalt
which is more dense - granite or basalt
basalt
why can we say that gas is compressible
because density of a gas is directly proportional to pressure
El Nino affect on East Pacific waters
become anomalously warm during late fall/early winter
chemistry of ocean acidification 3. H2CO3 dissociates within ocean water and releases an H+ion, yielding a _____________ _______(HCO3-)
bicarbonate ion
formation of the earth
big bang ~13.7 billion years ago
Carbon plays key role within important
biological molecules
Transport of organic carbon and nutrients from the surface ocean to the deep ocean
biological pump
Liquid fuels, such as ethanol, from fast-growing plants, such as corn and sugarcane, which take up CO2emitted by burning
biomass
Nutrients in the tropical ecosystem are stored in the ____________ and not in the soil.
biomass
Previously, wood ("___________") was used and did not have enough energy released to power steam engines and other machines.
biomass
A ________- is an area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it.
biome
wavelength of the most intense radiation in units of microns
Wien's law
What is the "runaway greenhouse effect?"
With rapid rates of carbon removal from the solid Earth via fossil fuel usage, natural processes (e.g., weathering) that add carbon back into the solid Earth reservoir are unable to keep up with this anthropogenic process, leading to rapid atmospheric CO2concentration increases and thus significant global warming.
In fact, the Earth is ____________ to the sun around January 3 and ____________ _______ from the sun around July 4.
closest, farthest away
what happens if the atmosphere becomes more saturated?
clouds and fog form can form precipitation can form dew, frost on surface
Sensible weather consequences of extratropical cyclones:
clouds, precipitation, severe thunderstorms, winter weather conditions
terrestrial organic carbon after burial and exposure to high pressure/temperature
coal
-Darker in color -More dense -Common Elements include (Fe, Mg, and Ca)
coarse grained - intrusive
example of a feedback loop
cold - shiver - heat up hot - sweat - cool down
examples of couplings
cold = shiver = heat up (coupling = shiver) hot = sweat = cool down (coupling = sweat)
Low Pressure Systems often associated with _________ and _________ __________ ____________ - air is lifted along fronts, forming clouds and precipitation
cold and warm fronts
Associated with most vigorous rising air, precipitation, thunderstorms
cold front
Cold air advances in direction of warm air
cold front
W/in Wien's law : 𝜆!"#and T are indirectly proportional - hotter (_______) objects emit their maximum radiative flux at shorter (___________) wavelengths
colder, longer
Nuclear energy is the most ______________ form of energy
concentrated
phase change of water from gas to liquid -creates cloud droplets, rain
condensation
Where on Earth would you expect the most temperature variability?
consider oceans vs. continents and northern vs. southern latitudes
disadvantages to hydropower 1.High ____________ cost 2.Large flood risk with failure 3.Uproots people 4.Negative impacts on _________ ecology 5.For some, variable output depending on rain and snowfall
construction aquatic
vertical redistribution of heat
convection
Differential Heating drives ____________ in Earth's atmosphere and ultimately ____________!
convection; weather
Ekman transport results in _________________ of water mass at the center of an oceanic gyre
convergence
Key to high pressure at the surface: ___________ aloft
convergence
Plates move towards each other
convergent boundary
La Niña -SST's _______ more than average in ________ Pacific; _______________ of trade winds, Walker Circulation
cool East strengthen trade winds
The Lithosphere: _____ and ______ rocky outer layer of the Earth
cool and rigid
El Niño -SST's cool in _______ Pacific; trade winds weaken; shift in Walker Circulation
cool in the west Pacific
Sunspots appear as ________ spots on the outermost layer of the Sun (the photosphere)
dark
Once they sink out of photic zone, they die and
decompose
***Arctic sea ice coverage expected to ________________ in all RCP scenarios. RCP8.5 is most extreme, however rate of decrease "levels off" in RCP2.6 scenario by 2050.***
decrease
In daisyworld, for temperatures above the optimum..... if climate average surface temperature increases ...... average daisy coverage will
decrease
In daisyworld, for temperatures above the optimum..... if daisy average coverage increases....climate average surface temperature will
decrease
In daisyworld, for temperatures below the optimum...if climate average temperature decreases..... daisy area coverage will __________
decrease
In general, does temperature increase or decrease when more of the incoming solar radiation is reflected by the white daisies?
decrease
Observed _____________ in snow and Arctic sea ice coverage
decrease
Tropical cyclones are destructive storms that are expected to ______________ in frequency and ___________ in intensity with global climate change
decrease increase
While the frequency of tropical cyclones is expected to __________ overall, intensity of tropical cyclones will ___________
decrease increase
Density of air ___________ with height
decreases
In daisyworld, for temperatures below the optimum... if daisy coverage increases..... climate average temperature ________
decreases
Temperature ______________ with increasing depth
decreases
Pressure _____________ exponentially with height
decreases (Barometric Law)
Divergence aloft removes air mass from the air column --
decreases surface pressure
Frequency of cold nights and cold days has been ____________ over the past several decades
decreasing
Easier for ________ water to rise in cold surface water regions --> more nutrients!
deep
P-and S-waves change speed based on ____________ changes within the Earth
density
What if T_parcel > T_environment?
density_parcel < density_environment and the air rises
What if T_parcel < T_environment?
density_parcel > density_environment sinks
Photosynthesis causes a _____________ of nutrients in surface ocean
depletion
goal of IPCC
describe, for public and policy use, most up-to-date information about Earth's past, present and future climate, impacts from climate change and adaptation and mitigation strategies
Temperature value that if you cooled to reach it, RH would be 100% (saturated)
dew point temperature
uneven heating of the Earth by the Sun due to shape of Earth (approximately spherical)
differential heating
con of reductionism
difficult to understand how constituents interact, exchange energy with each other
aerosols can either scatter or absorb incoming solar radiation -- net cooling effect at surface
direct aerosol effect
Summer is warmer than winter (in each hemisphere) because the Sun's rays hit the Earth at a more ___________ __________-
direct angle
The density of a gas is __________ __________ to pressure.
directly proportional
Flux will depends on __________ from object and ___________ of __________
distance, angle of incidence
External forces create ________________ in systems
disturbances
Systems like the Earth are subject to varying inputs and conditions (called _____________), which cause their components to change.
disturbances
Eastern boundary currents associated with water mass ____________ and thus upwelling
divergence
Key to low pressure at the surface:
divergence aloft
Crust is created at ____________ and destroyed at _______________(subduction) boundaries
divergent convergent
Plates move apart
divergent boundary
Igneous: very common at:
divergent, convergent subduction, and hot spots
The population facing water scarcity will more than __________- over the next 30 years
double
High pressure associated with divergence of air at the surface, ______________ vertical motion and _______________ aloft
downward; convergence
Height of sea surface rises, but water transported downward
downwelling
sinking of water due to accumulation of converging water
downwelling
What are (and will be) some of the impacts of global climate change?
drought
a celestial body that -orbits the sun, has enough mass to assume a nearly round shape, has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit and is not a moon.
dwarf planet
Kendeda building expected to harvest about 460,000 gallons of water ________ ___________!!!
each year
example of a perturbation
earthquake, Ash plume from volcanic eruption, Tsunami, Meteorite impact
SST distribution coolest SST values are in the _________ Pacific
eastern
pros to geothermal energy 1. highly _____________ 2. low cost to run 3. doesn't depend on the temp outside air 4. runs _________ 5. lasts longer than most other heat pump systems 6. low ________________
efficient quietly maintenance
Using energy more ________________ is like stopping a leaky faucet.
efficiently
Light =
electromagnetic radiation
Clean coal does not actually do anything to the coal itself but deals with the by-products or
emissions
All objects with a non-zero absolute temperature (i.e., T > 0 K) ________ ________________
emit radiation
Where does Earth exhibit a net "surplus" of radiative energy?
energy surplus at low latitudes - tropics
chemistry of ocean acidification 1. CO2 from atmosphere diffuses into surface ocean --> key is CO2 source regions, where CO2 has net diffusion into oceans from atmosphere A warming climate ___________ rate of CO2 diffusion into oceans
enhances
CHALLENGES TO CO2SEQUESTRATION IN THE DEEP OCEAN 1.________________ consequences 2.No one has tried this out on a _________-_________ yet
environmental large-scale
The fair treatment and involvement of people of all color, race, ethnicity, income, and national origin with respect to addressing environmental issues (Ch. 17.1 -Sherman and Montgomery 2021)
environmental justice
Paleoclimate research uses ____________ and ___________ evidence
geologic biological
What do you think accounts for most of Iceland's renewable energy?
geothermal
utilizes temperature gradients within the solid Earth to generate electricity
geothermal energy
Place - Living buildings must be built on "____________" or "___________" -the goal is to build on land that has had pre-existing use and encourage the preservation of natural land that has not been built on
greyfield borwnfield
Tropical cyclones also accomplish
heat transport
Global warming potential is a measure of how much _______ a greenhouse gas traps in the _____________ up to a specific time horizon, relative to carbon dioxide.
heat, atmosphere
Ocean also responsible for transport of excess ________ from __________ toward poles (just like atmosphere)
heat, equator
Basalt is dark colored, fine grained rock enriched in __________- elements (Fe and Mg)
heavier
Do white daisies have a high albedo or low albedo?
high
high or low albedo... ice/snow?
high
Flow around Northern Hemisphere _______ pressure system is _____________
high clockwise
Flow around Southern Hemisphere ______ pressure system is ______________________
high counterclockwise
Where does Earth exhibit a net "deficit" of radiative energy?
high latitudes
Ozone concentrations highest at ________ ___________ and lowest in _______
high latitudes; tropics
During glacial periods, shells that formed in the ocean will have ____________ concentrations of 18 O.
higher
Model results often more trustworthy with ____________ _____________ -can better simulate past and present climate
higher resolution
natural gas cons - nonrenewable - does release some CO2 - lots of _____________ of the gas required - leaks can potentially cause
transportation fires or explosions
The density of a gas is _____________ _______________ to temperature.
inversely proportional
Earth's mantle and crust are depleted in
iron
Currently Atmospheric CO2 is or isnt in a Steady State?
is not
Transition regions between layers exhibit an ______________ ___________ - (nearly) zero change in temperature with height
isothermal profile
Energy use of _______________ is 72% more efficient than a building of similar size and occupancy
kendeda
cons to biomass - not enough _________ space to grow crops for biofuel - producing them actually requires more energy than they ________ - still ____________ when compared to wind and solar
land generate polluting
No observed trend in frequency of
landfalling tropical cyclones
The ____________ the glass, the ____________ the temperature of the atmosphere
larger warmer
The amounts of energy released when coal is burned gave inventors the ability to operate
larger and more productive steam engines.
water -> phase change =
latent heat
TC: sustained by ________ __________ via ___________ feedback loop
latent heat positive
CE: Increases with ____________
latitude
CE: Southern Hemisphere: Flow deflected to the _______
left
low salinity =
less dense (darker colors on SSS Map)
During an El Nino year: Thermocline is
less sloped; "flattens out"
"Hole" present if ozone concentration is
less than or equal to 100 Dobson units
Temperature, soil, and the amount of light and water help determine what ________ exists in a biome.
life
SSS Map higher salinity = lower salinity =
lighter colors darker colors
SST Map less dense = more dense =
lighter colors darker colors
66-100%
likely
Carbonate shells accumulate on ocean floor, form ________________(CaCO3), rock
limestone
Challenges to CO2 Sequestration 1.Difficult task 2.Need to ___________ CO2 (more dense, will sink) 3.Need right rock to store it in (must be ___________) 4.Need cap to prevent CO2 from coming back up into ___________ 5.Can _________ handle this much injected CO2? 6._______-
liquefy permeable atmosphere rocks Cost
S-waves cannot travel through the outer core because it is _________ and s-waves (transverse) waves cannot travel through fluids
liquid
Rocks: Sedimentary Formed from ____________, or ______________ of sediments to form sedimentary layers
lithification compaction
geoengineering is a ___________-____________ mitigation strategy
longer term
1. physical and chemical weathering produces _______ __________ 2. leaching: rainwater carries dissolved ions and clays ___________ 3. accumulation: new minerals ____________-- 4. interaction with ____________ (microbes, fungi, plants, animals); humus production
loose debris downward precipitate organisms
THC + Climate change expecting ice to melt will cause what
lowered albedo and more sunlight absorbed by the ocean
RH: Size of glass represents ____________ amount of water vapor atmosphere has room for at its ____________ (es)
maximum temperature
couplings
mechanisms that link the components of a system
Water absorbs heat from the surrounding environment when changing from solid to liquid to gas, thus cooling the environmental air, during the following:
melting, evaporation and sublimation
Extratropical Cyclone is Responsible for _________ ___________ _____________
meridional heat transport
transport excess heat (excess "cold" air) poleward (equatorward)
meridional heat transport
3 transition areas of the vertical profile of atmospheric temperature
mesopause stratopause tropopause
Altered while in the solid state from exposure to high temperatures and/or pressures
metamorphic
Simplest carbon example is
methane = CH4
Carbon storage, exchange processes between lithosphere and atmosphere/ocean on time scale of ________ ___ _________ If carbon was released to oceans and atmosphere too rapidly, would get "____________ ____________ _____________"
millions of years runaway greenhouse effect
a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence
mineral
Due to plate tectonics, winds, water, glaciers, and many other processes on Earth we are able to create many different
minerals and rocks
Arctic summer sea ice extent, which represents ___________ _____ ________ during calendar year, decreasing in areal extent --> why use minimum value?
minimum ice coverage
normal thermocline in the east
much shallower
humidityAir outside feels "_________-" when dew points are high
muggy
Silicate weathering rate and atmospheric CO2is _____________ coupling
negative
in daisyworld: what is the relationship between planetary albedo and Climate Average Surface Temperature?
negative
negative or positive feedback loop? Blanket and body temperature for one person
negative
negative or positive feedback loop? Thermoregulation of the human body
negative
Designated by circular arrowhead
negative coupling
Planetary energy balance systems diagram with greenhouse gases
negative feedback loop?
Odd number of negative couplings = Even number of negative couplings = Only positive couplings =
negative, positive, positive
Advantages to hydropower 1.Moderate to high ______ energy 2.______ cost after initial set up 3.No ______ emissions 4.Reservoir for irrigation 5.Long life span
net low CO2
which permanent gases make up 99.9% of Earth's atmosphere?
nitrogen and oxygen
example of permanent gasses
nitrogen, oxygen, argon
What happens if the Walker Circulation is neutral
no el nino or la nina
no tilt =
no seasons
In recent years, the ___________ industry has struggled due to safety concerns, rising competition from natural gas, and renewables
nuclear
Produced from nuclear fission (splitting of atomic nucleus) of uranium atoms (most common)
nuclear energy
Slash and Burn and clearing of tropical rainforests disrupts the
nutrient cycle
Light can be described both as a __________ __________and as a __________
traveling wave, particle
Reductionism
understanding a system by breaking system down into its constituent parts
0-33%
unlikely
positive feedbacks =
unstable
Coastal ___________- along eastern boundary currents -Northern Hemisphere
upwelling
Height of sea surface decreases at surface due to divergence, but water transported upward
upwelling
Ocean circulation upwells carbon, nutrients back to the surface, but on very slow timescales (____________ is not part of the biological pump)
upwelling
rising of colder water to replace warm, diverging water
upwelling
which of the two downwelling or upwelling is able to bring bacteria to animals(plankton)
upwelling
An increase in depth and decrease in temperature leads to
upwelling of cold water downwelling of warmer water
Soil influence _____________- and further influence _______ ______________ from the atmosphere
vegetation CO2 removal
Soils will influence ____________, which will then influence what types of _________ live there and the resulting biomes
vegetation animals
The __________ ( ________ for north) equinox occurs ~March 20.
vernal (spring)
igneous rocks commonly formed where
very common at divergent, convergent subduction and hot spots
99%-100%
virtually certain
short chains= low ____________ (fluidic) ---> high volatility (easy to evaporate)
viscosity
Extrusive(or ____________) igneous rock
volcanic
Extrusive(or __________) igneous rock formed by rapid cooling at the Earth's ___________
volcanic surface
formed by rapid cooling at the Earth's surface (ex.
volcanic igneous ex. basalt
Weathering counteracts ____________ on long timescale (i.e., millions of years)
volcanism
La Niña -SST's _______ more than average in _______ Pacific; strengthening of trade winds, _______________ __________________
warm West Walker Circulation
More "gentle" rising of warm air over cold air
warm front
Loss of Vegetation -Less shade and evapotranspiration -leads to _____________, ___________ conditions
warmer, drier Temperature increases Relative humidity decreases
After the Little Ice Age, enter a trend of
warming
advantages to wind power 1.Nonpolluting 2.Requires almost no __________- usage (except to clean blades) 3.Could theoretically produce energy _____________
water forever
What are the largest anthropogenic environmental issues we face on Earth today?
water pollution, deforestation and soil loss, and air pollution
The liquid water in the glass represents the vapor pressure --> how much __________ ____________ is actually in atmosphere
water vapor
What are some examples of variable gases? Why do we care about these?
water vapor and CO2 Although these are found in small amounts, they can have significant effects on weather and climate. Water vapor is the source of all clouds and precipitation, and often that is the most common reason people think of for water. water vapor and carbon dioxide--do absorb a portion of the infrared heat radiated by the earth's surface, thereby preventing it from reaching space. ... creating the GHG effect
the most abundant greenhouse gasses are
water vapor and co2
example of condensational warming
water vapor molecule in air strikes a cold soda can it releases heat water vapor condenses your drink warms
Light waves are characterized by what 4 categories
wave speed, wavelength, frequency, and amplitude
During El Niño year: Trade winds are
weaker(anomalous westerly flow)
EarthThe initial glaciation was likely caused by a combination of: •Rapid _______________ of Earth's continents, which sucked carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and caused temperatures to plummet •Continental _______________-(large landmass), which allowed ice to grow quickly •Changes in solar ____________ ______________, which could reduce global temperatures •Eruption of a _______________, which could have increased Earth's albedo
weathering distribution energy output supervolcano
Atmospheric pressure is due to the _________ of the column of air above the surface of the Earth
weight
The buoyant force is equal to the ......
weight of the displaced fluid
thermocline for el nino:
west = rises closer to surface east = sinks
sinking motion now over what in an el nino
west pacific
SST distribution Warmest SST values are in the ___________ Pacific
western
***"Wet" regions expected to get ___________, while "dry" regions expected to get _________ -most extreme changes in RCP8.5 scenario***
wetter drier
Observed changes in precipitation over land show equatorial and mid-latitudes getting ___________, subtropics getting _________
wetter drier
When do solstices occur? (in terms of the axis tilt)
when the tilt of the Earth's axis is oriented at its extremes. Tilted the farthest or closest
Use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electricity
wind power
Ocean Surface Circulation driven by atmospheric surface wind, which is driven by solar heating --> we call this the
wind-driven circulation within ocean system
The December Solstice marks the beginning of ________/ (________) for the ___________/ (__________) hemisphere.
winter (summer) northern (southern)
Can a disturbance include all three types?
yes
Convergent Subduction Boundary...Volcanism?
yes
(in blackbody curve) Sun's curve has greater area underneath than Earth...does this make sense, and why/why not?
yes - sun is larger than earth
(in blackbody curve) Sun's peak of radiative flux occurs at shorter wavelength relative to Earth...does this make sense, and why/why not?
yes- sun has more nrg than earth/emits a greater level of radiation
Coriolis Force is ________ at the equator!!!
zero
ENSO change in atmosphere/ocean circulation (time)
~2-7 years
Earth Age
~4.5 billion years old
Solar System Age
~4.567 billion years old
Ferrel Cell Air rises _________ and sinks ________________
~60°latitude ~30°latitude
Polar Cell Air rises _____________ and sinks ___________
~60°latitude ~90°latitude
number of tectonic plates
~7 major plates and many smaller ones
how does kendeda accomplish the water petal
•50,000 gallon cistern •Rainwater capture •Water purification
Regions of highest productivity:
•High latitudes --> ocean surface layer very thin or nonexistent. •Upwelling regions (including equator) •Near major river deltas
climate forcings
•Milanokovitch Cycles •Sun Spots •Plate Tectonics •Major Volcanic Eruptions •Forest Fires
Effect of Silicate Mineral Chemical Weathering on Atmospheric CO2
•This negative feedback loop is reason Earth's long term climate has remained stable •Weathering counteracts volcanism on long timescale (i.e., millions of years)
Ecosystems are affected by changes in:
•temperature •rainfall/moisture •pH •salinity (saltiness) •activities & distribution of other species •ranges
What makes climate change?
●Changes in the sun ●Changes in the Earth's orbit ●Changes in the clouds ●Volcanic eruptions ●Changes in the gases in the atmosphere (Greenhouse effect) ●Internal Wiggles (for example El Niño) ●Plate tectonics & ocean circulation
Seasons controlled by:
obliquity (tilt)
How do we know the climate is changing?
observational data
actual measurements of past and present --> these events have already happened or are happening!
observations
Mid-latitude Westerlies
occur between 30o and 60o latitude and travel from west to east.
OIL Pros - inexpensive (with huge subsidies) but this is changing - infrastructure in place (___________- etc) - high net energy yield - ample supply for immediate ________- - versatile - low ________ use * generates less CO2 than _______
pipelines future land coal
Required for OIL PRODUCTION
plankton nutrient rich water burial
Impact climate by: •changing land mass and ice caps (size & location) •changing ocean circulation patterns, which transport heat around the Earth and in turn influences atmospheric circulation processes.
plate tectonics
Intrusive(or ___________) igneous rocks cooled slowly under Earth's surface
plutonic
Igneous Intrusive(or ____________) igneous rocks cooled slowly under Earth's surface (ex. ___________)
plutonic granite
pros to solar power - no ____________ - easy installation - access to energy in ________ locations - long term benefits
pollution remote
anthropogenic examples
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
ENSO Events involve interaction between atmosphere and ocean in tropical Pacific - feedback loop =
positive
There is a _____________ correlation between increasing sunspots and increasing temperature on Earth
positive
in daisyworld: what is the relationship between daisies area coverage and planetary albedo?
positive
negative or positive feedback loop? # Births and population
positive
total radiative forcing is _____________ , and has led to an uptake of energy by the ____________ ___________. The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750
positive climate system
Planetary energy balance systems diagram without greenhouse gases
positive feedback loop ?
Latent heat absorbed (___________) or released (____________) during phase change
positive, negative
Designated by normal arrowhead
postive coupling
transfer of water from the atmosphere back to the earth -can be liquid or solid
precipitation
the weight of air within a column above a unit area
pressure
air parcel - "package" of air that has the same ____________ as the surrounding environment, but all other properties _______ from the environment
pressure; vary
A strategy for dealing with climate change that implements tactics designed to reduce the threat.
prevention
Respiration leads to a ______________ of energy
production
the kinePc energy (KE)of gas molecules is _______________ to their temperature.
proportional
Parent or __________- rock is limestone which metamorphoses into marble
protolith
Georgia Commute Options incentives
providing participants cash for logging miles using alternative transportation
An RCP is a projected change to anthropogenic forcing expressed as
radiative forcing
___________ of increase of global annual average temperature has also increased
rate
list of banned substances from the building -these are materials that are harmful to the environment and/or human health
red list
what is the difference between Systems and Reductionist thinking
reductionist focuses on the parts and systems focuses on the connections between the parts
Amount of water vapor in air relative to the maximum amount that can be present given the temperature of the air (0-100%)
relative humidity
Water ____________ ___________ to the surrounding environment when changing from ________ to _________ to __________, thus warming the environmental air
releases heat gas to liquid to solid
Photosynthesis
removes CO2 from atmosphere
pros to biomass - inherently ___________- - emit less pollution than traditional based gasoline and diesel fuels - easier to transition to without special _______________ needs
renewable infrastructure
US has seen 15% decline in coal consumption from 2018 while _______________ ______________- consumption is growing
renewable energy
periodic disturbances are described as what?
repeats at regular intervals and amplitudes
average length of time that a substance (e.g., CO2) spends within a given reservoir -assume steady state for calculation below
residence time
CE: Northern Hemisphere: Flow deflected to the ______
right
Column water mass is transported at a 90°angle to the _______ of the surface wind direction in the _________ Hemisphere ________ of the surface wind direction in the ________________ hemisphere
right, northern left, southern
Walker Circulation Warm, moist air over the West Pacific Ocean _______ due to convergence of air in the region of low pressure As air rises, reaches the _______________ Air diverges at tropopause --> Why??
rises tropopause the stratosphere is too stable for vertical motions!
Remember that warm air _______ in the atmosphere and cold air ______ in the atmosphere.
rises, sinks
Atmospheric CO2not in steady state, as concentrations are
rising
Low pressure where the air is ________, __________ _________ in Hadley Cell
rising diverging aloft
impacts of future climate change •_________ global temperatures •Melting ______ •_______ _________ rise •Increase in coastal ____________ events •Increase in ___________ and ____________ of heat waves
rising ice sea level flooding intensity and number
Hadley Cell Regions where air is _________ associated with _____ pressure
rising low
transfer of water from land to the oceans
river runoff
Transporting Atmospheric CO2 into Solid Earth -Precipitation takes carbon dioxide out of atmosphere and puts carbon into _________, __________ -Long-term __________ __________ cycle sink for atmosphere
rivers, ocean inorganic carbon
99.9% of carbon on Earth is sequestered in ________(limestone, carbon-rich shales, coal and oil deposits)
rock
coherent aggregate of multiple minerals
rock
What are the two largest carbon reservoirs on Earth's Surface?
rock reservoir and organic carbon sedimentary rocks ??
carbonic acid (H2CO3) in rainwater breaks down ___________
rocks
Expressed in units of "per mil" ‰
salinity
Common Sedimentary Rocks:
sandstone, shale, limestone
Meltwater from small glaciers and ice caps have so far contributed most to
sea level rise
Higher _______ ____________ and warmer __________ ____________ can intensify the hurricane impacts
sea levels ocean temperatures
the timescale for weather
sec - hrs -days - wks - mnths
Formed from lithification, or compaction of sediments to form sedimentary layers
sedimentary
types of rocks
sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic
El Nino Persists for
several months (into May/June)
examples of sedimentary
shale, sandstone, limestone, flint
___________ not ____________ the Curve -Number of Cold vs. Hot Extreme Days
shifting flattening
natural variability examples
short term: El Nino/La Nina, volcanism long term: Milankovitch cycles, rock weathering
________-________ (< 10,000 yrs) vs. ________-________ (> 10,000 yrs) Timescales
short-term long term
THC: If water at surface becomes denser than water below, it will
sink
high pressure where the air is ____________, __________ ___________ in Hadley Cell
sinking converging aloft
Hadley Cell Regions where air is __________ associated with ______ pressure
sinking high
Subsidence
sinking motion
the latitude where the sun is directly overhead at solar noon
solar declination
Conversion of sunlight into electricity using photo-voltaic cells, typically made of silicon
solar power
energy petal: 917 panel photovoltaic cells will absorb incoming __________ _______________
solar radiation
Phases of Water on Earth
solid (ice) liquid (liquid water) gas (water vapor)
Unit is kJ/(kg°C)
specific heat
water -> temperature change =
specific heat
Earth has several "___________" that are all connected through ____________-______________ ________________
spheres, planetary-scale processes
equinox dates
spring: March 21 or 22 fall: September 21 or 22
negative feedbacks =
stable
Rock Cycle: Certain rocks will form at specific plate boundaries due to the nature of how the form. For example a rock that forms from volcanoes will not naturally form at a _____________- boundary.
transform
Plates slide past each other
transform boundary
What elements or compounds destroy ozone?
NO (nitric oxide) and Cl (chlorine)
Weathering: "___________ _____________" for Earth
Natural thermostat
Definition of a Planet
1) orbits a star (sun) 2) large enough for its own gravity to make it round 3) "cleared its neighborhood" of smaller objects
Sustainability Case Studies -Atlanta, GA
1. Atlanta Regional Commission - Georgia Commute Options and Livable Centers Initiative 2. Kendeda Building 3. Proctor Creek 4. Urban Heat Island effect
Other Fluxes out of the atmosphere
1. Ocean uptake
Environmental scientists often classify disturbances in terms of:
1. Perturbations 2. Forcing 3. Periodic
name two ozone problems from : Humans create products that create destructive ozone elements
1. Photochemical Smog -Nitrous Oxide (NO2) is a component of this, which helps to create NO, which destroys ozone! 2. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
7 petals required for Living Building Challenge Certification
1. Place: Restoring a healthy interrelationship with nature 2. Beauty: Uplifting the human spirit 3. Equity: Supporting a just and equitable world 4. Materials: Safe for all species through time 5. Health and happiness: optimize well being 6. energy: net-positive energy use 7. water: net positive water use
4 different processes to form soil
1. physical and chemical weathering 2. leaching 3. accumulation 4. interaction with organisms; humus production
Most (~99%)of the Sun's radiation is in the form of... 1. 2. 3.
1. visible radiation 2. infrared radiation (IR) 3. ultraviolet (UV)
Best reservoir rocks for sequestration:
1.Abandoned oil and gas fields 2.Saline Formations -porous sedimentary rocks saturated with salty water 3.Coal seems too deep for economic mining
Other Fluxes into Atmosphere
1.Decay 2. Combustion 3. Forest Fires 4. Ocean Emission
Earth's Energy Budget 100 (total incoming solar radiation)=
100 (outgoing)
solar cycles follow an ___ year cycle
11
What branch of the Hadley cell? Air is transported poleward in both hemispheres to higher latitudes (up to ~30°)Excess warm air transported poleward to mitigate radiative energy deficit
2
Humid conditions in the southeastern U.S. due to warm, moist air flowing onto land from the ocean
Bermuda High
Petroleum (36.72 quadrillion Btu) Natural gas (32.10 quadrillion Btu) Coal (11.32 quadrillion Btu)
2019 United States fuel consumption
On June 21stat solar noon, at which latitude is the sun directly overhead? What is the specific name of this latitude?
23.5°N, Tropic of Cancer
If the ice in Antarctica and Greenland completely melted, sea level would rise by ~_______ feet (70 m)
230
Plays role in steering Atlantic tropical cyclones during hurricane season
Bermuda High
cold front
A front where cold air moves in under a warm air mass. ( pushes the warm (less dense air up))
New StableEquilibrium State
A large disturbance from this state can carry the system into a new stable equilibrium state
Lithosphere
A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.
Relates Pressure vs. Height
Barometric Law
•Supports life, including the oceans, atmosphere, land surface and soils •Plays role with transport of water, carbon, other key elements within atmosphere, land and ocean
Biosphere -Living Biomass
of gyres associated with excess heat transport to poles as well as transport of cold water towards equator
Boundaries
previously used industrial or commercial space that is contaminated
Brownfield
an upward force (i.e. w/ respect to __________) on an object immersed in a fluid.
Buoyancy; gravity
Formation of the Earth ________ takes over and an accretionary disk starts to form
Gravity
Fossil Fuels (CO2emitting energy sources)
Coal, Oil, Gas
Polar Easterlies
Cold winds that come in from the poles and blow East to West.
two types of convergent boundaries
Collisional or Subduction
what kind of transport is the ekman transport ?
Column Water Mass Transport
of coal, gasoline, and natural gas to produce energy also produces CO2
Combustion
If three cells are responsible for meridional (i.e., north/south) winds, then what drives zonal (i.e., west/east) winds?
Coriolis Effect
Chemical Layers
Crust (O, Al, Si, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K) Mantle (Mg, O, & Si) Core (Fe & Ni)
what other part of the climate system is sometimes included and what does it include?
Cryosphere - ice aspect
What are the three Milankovitch Cycles and their effects on Earth's climate?
Eccentricity -affects shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun -can affect strength of Earth's season by altering distance between Sun and Earth (though tilt still primary control on Earth's seasons!!!) Obliquity -changes in angle of Earth's tilt -affects strength of seasonsPrecession -"wobbling" of Earth's tilt -affects strength of seasons
Improving coal plant efficiency will significantly reduce carbon emission. To do this requires alternative ways of using coal to produce electricity.
Efficient Electricity Production
results in convergence of water mass at center of an oceanic gyre
Ekman Spiral
"The Christ Child"
El Niño
ENSO
El Niño Southern Oscillation
So how will anthropogenic forcing on climate possibly affect ENSO frequency and intensity over the next several decades and/or centuries?
El Niño events projected to be more extreme, however regional variability in whether El Niño temperature changes are warmer or colder than present-day El Niño events
coal pros •Very Plentiful •High Net _________ (why China continues to increase coal usage) •Low ________- (why China continues to increase coal usage) •America's ________________ is set up for it
Energy Cost Infrastructure
Earth's Energy Budget Energy absorbed=
Energy emitted
same resources for all
Equality
normal pacific pattern
Equatorial winds gather warm water pool toward west. Cold water upwells along South American coast
"The intent of the ___________ Petal is to transform developments to foster a true, inclusive sense of community that is just and equitable regardless of an individual's background, age, class, race, gender or sexual orientation."
Equity
redistributing resources to make situation fair for everyone
Equity
pro of reductionism
Excellent method for understanding a variety of natural phenomena
Goal: Hold global annual average temperature increase to under 2°C through aggressive climate change mitigation
Paris Agreement
prevention strategies for reducing co2 emissions
Find ways to reduce energy usage Switch to energy sources that emit less or no CO2 Transportation Conservation Efficient Electricity Production
rate of energy received from the Sun by an object per unit area
Flux
any event or thing that causes or leads to change.
Forcing
Cutting or burning down of forests to make agricultural or urban areas leads to a net loss of organic carbon.
Forest Fires
runaway greenhouse concerns ____________ __________ __________, cement production take carbon out of rock and into the atmosphere much more rapidly than natural processes Natural processes do put carbon back into the lithosphere, but this process is much slower
Fossil fuel usage
Allowing greenhouse gases to accumulate while counteracting their effect by artificially cooling the climate (example: seeding stratosphere with sulfate aerosols)
GEOENGINEERING
24 HOBO sensors set up around campus to observe temperature changes and better understand micro-climate conditions
GT Urban Climate Network -Urban Climate Lab
What hypothesis did James Lovelock create?
Gaia Hypothesis
_____________ was the fuel with the largest absolute decline in demand related to Covid-19 containment measures with the global average falling ~50%.
Gasoline
_____________- is initial molecule produced in photosynthesis
Glucose
Goal of the Kendeda Building
Goal: be the most sustainable building in the southeast - meet "Living Building Challenge 3.1 Certification" by year 2021
water petal goal
Goal: building should "absorb" water (i.e., produce more water than it wastes)
examples of persistent changes?
Gradual slowing of Earth's rotation and increase in length of each day due to lunar tidal attraction Annual mean atmospheric CO2due to anthropogenic activity
Earth's average surface temperature is warmer with an atmosphere =
Greenhouse Effect
underutilized land (e.g., parking lots, struggling retail malls)
Greyfield
THC Tour 3. NADW flows south towards the South Atlantic, Southern Ocean over Antarctic Bottom Water (ABW)
Heat from ocean water is also lost to the atmosphere in the Weddell Sea, increasing water density and promoting sinking motion Formation of ABW in Southern Ocean
Why do we care about buoyancy?
Helps us determine where air will be rising and sinking
________________- undergo respiration to convert energy from organic compounds into usable form
Heterotrophs
Regions of Highest Productivity:
High Latitudes, Equator and Eastern Boundary Currents (i.e., where upwelling occurs)
Destructive Elements of a Tropical Cyclone
High Wind Speeds Storm Surge Inland Flooding Tornadoes
light surface =
High albedo
195 countries participated in creation of this report, which was released in 2013-14 (Run by the UN)
IPPC 5th Assessment Report
What if T_parcel = T_environment?
Then density_parcel = density_environment. The air parcel neither moves up or down (i.e. it floats).
Incoming radiative flux (S) decreases with radius (r) from the source squared
Inverse Square Law
This law explains how effective temperature decreases with distance from Sun
Inverse Square Law
Who came up with the theoretical world - daisyworld?
James Lovelock
during which month would the surface area of the solar zenith angle be smaller - June or December
June
When do solstices occur? (dates)
June 21 and December 21 summer and winter
The ______ _________marks the beginning of summer (winter) for the northern (southern) hemisphere.
June Solstice
In the northern hemisphere it is also known as the summer solstice =
June solstice
Atlanta and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect What is the Urban Heat Island Effect?
Local warming of air temperature due to one or more of the following factors: 1.Loss of vegetation 2.Significant concentration of impervious materials 3.Waste heat 4.Urban morphology
Extratropical Cyclone =
Low Pressure System
dark surface =
Low albedo
what must the temperature be converted to for the Stefan-Boltzmann law?
Kelvin
Funded by Kendeda Fund ($30 million commitment) •$25 million for 100% of building construction •$5 million for building-related program support
Kendeda Building
How has the frequency and intensity of ENSO events changed in the past with global climate change? How will the frequency and intensity of ENSO events change with global climate change?
Key Finding -number of ENSO events varies between centuries -function of natural and anthropogenic climate variability!
deepest drilling attempt
Kola Borehole
-20 million tons of sulfur was released into the atmosphere -Produced a volcanic winter (reducing worldwide temperatures by an average of 1.2°C (2.2°F) for five years)
Krakatoa Eruption (1883)
Climate Policy Agreements
Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement
how long after the forcing that the response starts to occur
Lag
Large amounts of coal deposits were formed in the ________ _______________ after vast swampy areas started to decay
Late Carboniferous
heat absorbed (released) from (to) the environment due to melting (freezing) per unit mass of water
Latent heat of fusion (Lf)
heat absorbed (released) from (to) the environment due to evaporation (condensation) per unit mass of water
Latent heat of vaporization (Lv)
If a system at equilibrium is altered by a change of condition, then the system shifts the equilibrium composition to reduce the change of condition.
LeChatelier's Principle
Why is Thermohaline Circulation Important to climate?
Link to Gulf Stream in the poleward transport of heat Feedback in climate change (past and future)
Grant program encouraging sustainability projects within the greater Atlanta, GA region
Livable Centers Initiative
Proctor Creek Greenway -Cons
Major concern is gentrification - changing of neighborhood and housing to make more "middle-class" With gentrification comes increased rent and housing prices, which can make an area less equitable, especially for lower-income families
"The intent of the _______________ Petal is to help create a materials economy that is non-toxic, ecologically restorative, transparent, and socially equitable."
Materials
1._________________: absence of rain 2.Agricultural: absence of _____________ ____________ 3.Hydrological: absence of water in ________, ________ and _____________
Meteorological soil moisture rivers, lakes, and reservoirs
_____________ would be about actions, if taken, that would minimize the impact of the CO2 that is emitted.
Mitigation
stable equilibrium state
Modest disturbances from this state followed by return to this state
what is the ozone made of
Molecule consisting of three Oxygen atoms (O3)
THC Tour Water eventually travels back to ___________ ________ , repeating cycle!
North Atlantic
Anticyclonic: clockwise in _____________ Hemisphere counterclockwise in the __________________ hemisphere
Northern Southern
Cyclonic: counterclockwise in _________ Hemisphere clockwise in the ________________ Hemisphere
Northern Southern
Non-CO2emitting energy sources
Nuclear, Renewables
key "ingredient" of Biosphere
Nutrients
O reacts with O2plus third molecule M (e.g., N2, O2, Ar, other molecules in the atmosphere) to form ______
O3
angle of Earth's spin axis relative to a line drawn perpendicular to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, currently 23.5 degrees
Obliquity
tilt of the spin axis
Obliquity
______ demand in March declined by more than 10mb/d relative to March 2019
Oil
example of an Anthropogenic Aerosol
Paper Mills Particulate matter, sulfur oxides Power Plants Coal: sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides Oil: sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, CO
__________ __________ of the world's population is now subject to water scarcity
One third of the world's population is now subject to water scarcity
Coal vs. Petroleum -Both are _________ Carbon
Organic
___________ carbon: C-containing compounds with one or more C-H or C-C bonds
Organic
•Atmospheric Fluxes - Short Term, ___________ •Biological Pump -________ _________, Organic •Rock Weathering -Long Term, _________ •Volcanism -Long Term, ____________
Organic Short Term Inorganic Inorganic
Sustainability "Doughnut"
Outer portion -if we exceed the safe "ecological ceiling," any of the outer consequences will harm humanity Inner portion -sustainability topics that need to be accounted for in order to make society equal and equitable
Energy Out:
Outgoing longwave IR radiation
Studying Past ENSO Events using
Oxygen Isotope Measurements
EXAMPLES OF WHAT Photolysis: O2reacts with a UV photon, O2breaks apart into two O atoms ("odd oxygen") O reacts with O2plus third molecule M (e.g., N2, O2, Ar, other molecules in the atmosphere) to form O3
Ozone production
We know that the Earth has different layers based on
P-and S-Wave Reflection and Refraction
three wind forces that control where wind is going?
PGF(Pressure Gradient Force) Coriolis Effect Friction
in terms of the ozone hole... More (less) _______ --- more (less) ice nuclei in stratosphere ---- more (less) _____ free to destroy O3
PSC's, Cl's
Plays role in steering tropical cyclones towards Hawaii, central Pacific
Pacific High
Semi-Permanent High Pressure System
Pacific High Bermuda High
How long would it take for carbon in atmosphere added by anthropogenic forcing to get put back into lithosphere?
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) 55 Mya --> large flux of carbon to atmosphere --> significant warming How long did it take climate system to recover and cool from this? 40,000 - 60,000 years
the study of past climate
Paleoclimate
the study of Earth's climate during the entire history of the Earth.
Paleoclimatology
example of CO2 sequestration project
Sleipner Project
Unstable Equilibrium State
Slightest disturbance from this state will carry it away from this state to a stable state
______________ ______________ Evidence -Glacial deposits in tropical locations -Cap carbonates or sharp transition to precipitated rocks on top of glacial deposits -Iridium layer? -Carbon isotopes -Banded Iron Formations
Snowball Earth
.What role do each of the following play with respect to changing Earth's climate? Solar Cycles, Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes,Wildfires
Solar Cycles -number of sunspots, sunspot activity plays role in 11-year solar cycle, however effects on climate are rather minimal compared to other natural and anthropogenic forcings Plate Tectonics -affects distribution and location of continental crust, which affects climate on land and ocean circulation Volcanoes -short term cooling effect due to aerosol direct and indirect effects, long term warming effect due to role in increasing atmospheric CO2concentrationsWildfires -similar to volcanoes but weaker in magnitude and shorter in timescale
Insolation
Solar radiation that reaches the surface of the earth
Management of resources on Earth such that Earth is not degraded or does not play role in degrading Earth's natural resources in future (Sherman and Montgomery 2021)
Sustainability
All 'glasses' are same size "atmospheres" at same ___
T
The temperature of planet Geode is 500°F. What is max for planet Geode.
T (°C) = 500-32/1.8= 260°C T(K) = 260°C + 273.15 = 533.15 K l𝐦𝐚𝐱=𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟖/𝟓𝟑𝟑.𝟏𝟓=𝟓.𝟒𝛍𝐦
recycles cold water through the deep ocean
THC Tour
Can identify deep water types using a
TS (Temperature-Salinity) diagram
What variables affect Earth's effective temperature? What about Earth's surface temperature?
T_eff: Solar constant and albedo T_sfc: Solar constant, albedo, and greenhouse gases
Before its untimely demise by the Empire, the planet Alderaanhad a Tsof 75°F, 47% of incoming solar radiation is reflected, and a flux of 1576 W/m2and the same Stefan Boltzmanconstant as Earth. What is the greenhouse effect on planet Alderaan?
T_eff=15761−0.474(5.67x10−8W/m2/K4) 𝑻𝒆𝒇𝒇=246.35K ∆𝐓𝐠=𝐓𝐬−𝐓𝐞𝐟𝐟 ∆𝑻𝒈=𝟐𝟗𝟕.𝟎𝟑−𝟐𝟒𝟔.𝟑𝟓 ∆𝑻𝒈=𝟓𝟎.𝟔𝟖
in a hot air balloon, what is the relationship
T_parcel > T_environment density_parcel < density_environment
Average energyof the molecules within the substance of interest.
Temperature
In July, how do the temperatures at the North Pole compare to temperatures at the South Pole? What causes such a large difference in temperatures?
Temperatures at the North Pole are much warmer than the temperatures at the South Pole. The large temperature difference occurs because the North Pole receives more radiation overall than the South Pole.
What is the Paris Agreement? What is one advantage and one disadvantage to this type of agreement?
The Paris Agreement is a 2015 international consensus calling for limiting greenhouse emissions to levels that keep temperatures from rising more than 2°C (or even 1.5°C) above pre-industrial levels. One advantage is that this helps align climate mitigation interests across all countries to encourage a global effort towards climate change mitigation. One disadvantage is that it does not address fossil fuel production (and there is no real policy for checking for compliance)
tectonic plate motion
Transform, Divergent, and Convergent (Collisional and Subduction)
THC Tour 4. Cold, salty, dense water from Southern Ocean travels across Southern Ocean to Pacific Ocean
The water warms up due to the mixing of cold, dense water with warmer, less dense water above it
How does the solar flux change as latitude increases? Why?
The solar flux decreases poleward due to increasing zenith angle
steep gradient in which temperature changes more rapidly resulting in layer above and below in which the water is at different temperatures.
Thermocline
How do phytoplankton gain access to nutrients at ocean floor?
Thermohaline Circulation
global "conveyor belt" deep water circulation, dependent on temperature and salinity
Thermohaline Circulation
So how do we form deep water? What forces water from the surface to sink, become "deep?"
Thermohaline Circulation is a buoyancy-driven circulation -the key is to make surface water dense enough to sink
THC Tour 2. In the North Atlantic Ocean region, this water cools due to radiative cooling and interaction with colder atmospheric air
This increases density of water, which is already salty too! Water sinks to deep ocean --> becomes North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
Effect of Silicate Mineral Chemical Weathering on Atmospheric CO2
This negative feedback loop is reason Earth's long term climate has remained stable
how does obliquity influence temperature
Tilt causes seasons on Earth as well as extended periods of light or dark for the poles. These differences result in an uneven heat distribution across the globe.
Flux unit
W m^-2
Polar Cell Warm (cold) air transported poleward in ___________ troposphere (near surface)
Warm (cold) air transported poleward in ___________ troposphere (near surface)
Ferrel Cell Warm (cold) air transported ____________ near-surface (in upper troposphere)
Warm (cold) air transported poleward near surface (in upper troposphere)
El Nino conditions
Warm water pool approaches South American coast. Absence of cold upwelling increases warming.
Leftover heat release from industry, cars, etc... ----> increases the temperature
Waste Heat
Carbonate-Silicate Geochemical Cycle
Weathering of minerals on land Ca-Si minerals do not reform under Earth surface conditions
During an El Nino year: Pressure higher than usual at the surface in _________ Pacific ----> _______________ convective activity
West reduced
In general, lower MSLP values in the
Western Pacific
Blackbodies emit blackbody radiation with characteristic wavelength distribution dependent on the body's ____________ ________________
absolute temperature
In reality, Atmosphere not a perfect blackbody, it _________ and ___________ only a fraction of outgoing longwave radiation
absorbs and emits
Water ___________ __________ from the surrounding environment when changing from __________ to _______ to _____, thus cooling the environmental air
absorbs heat solid to liquid to gas
Sinking and decay of phytoplankton causes an ____________ of nutrients in the deep ocean...where phytoplankton cannot use them
abundance
The acidity of solution based on the number of H+ ions within it pH is a measure of ________: pH < 7 ---> ________ pH > 7 ---> _________ pH = 7 ---> ___________(pH of pure water)
acidity acidic basic neutral
A strategy for dealing with climate change that refers to simply living with the threat and the consequences associated with the threat.
adaption
Particulates in solid or liquid form that remain suspended within the atmosphere -originate at surface
aerosols
Play key role in cloud droplet, precipitation formation
aerosols
Differences in _____ ____________- drive convection, large-scale atmospheric circulation
air density
OIL Cons - reserves are limited and declining - produces ________ ___________ - drilling process impacts - ____ ________ - disruption to _________ habitats
air pollution oil spills wildlife
Sulfate aerosols from volcanic eruptions(small airborne particles) create stratospheric haze that increases _____________, resulting in global cooling
albedo
Methane is an ____________ or saturated hydrocarbon
alkane
The distribution of incoming solar energy varies with: season, latitude, or both?
both
how does kendeda accomplish the energy petal
building powered via solar panels on roof
Formation of Coal, Petroleum through ________ of carbon at extreme ___________, temperatures key mechanism for input of organic carbon into sedimentary organic carbon reservoir!
burial pressures
Increasing CO2 in atmosphere also makes choral skeleton, shells, etc. less stable as carbonic acid dissolves _______ _________ ___________ This is bad for coral reefs and organisms with carbonate shells!
calcium carbonate shells
Rapid decline in CO2 in Carboniferous was likely due to massive organic __________ ____________(creating many coal deposits)
carbon burial
(building efficiency) Reducing heating and energy use would reduce the amount of
carbon released into the atmosphere
tax imposed on any energy source that produces CO2 in order to reduce emissions via economic means
carbon tax
chemistry of ocean acidification 4. HCO3-ion dissociates within ocean water and releases an H+ion, yielding a _____________ ________(CO32-)
carbonate ion
chemistry of ocean acidification 2. CO2(gas) within the oceans reacts with water (liquid) to form __________ ___________ (H2CO3; aqueous)
carbonic acid
Carbon dioxide (CO2) in atmosphere reacts with liquid water (H2O), either from raindrops or ocean water, and forms
carbonic acid (H2CO3)
natural
caused by non-human factors
5. Noting that the three reactions we showed all have "double arrows," LeChatlier's Principle demonstrates that, when the equation is out of balance, the chemical reaction can "_________ ___________" ---> when H+concentration too large, H+reacts with CO32-to form more bicarbonate
change directions
__________- Weathering 1. dissolution 2. oxidation 3. hydration 4."bio-weathering"
chemical
physical weathering accelerates __________ weathering chemical weathering accelerates ___________ weathering
chemical physical
Very common in hot and wet regions
chemical weathering
Natural gas pros - ___________ than comparative fossil fuels - emits less CO2 - doesn't pollute ____________ when burned - used for cooking, heating, homes, and running appliances
cleaner groundwater
Biomes move as the ___________ changes.
climate
main difference between climate and whether
climate is what you expect and weather is what you get
Global _________ has been changing; _______________ show this
climate, observations
What happens in the east walker circulation and why?
cooler air is present over east pacific and thus sinks increased sea level pressure
solar radiation acts as a _____________ effect
cooling
Earth's iron is found in the
core
ENSO is a .... based on changes to trade winds and SST's in the central and eastern Pacific near the equator
coupled atmospheric-ocean phenomenon
Oil reserves represent ___________ oil that can be extracted with current technologies
crude
Coriolis effect Arises because the Earth's rotation rate is greatest at the ____________ (464 m s-1) and decreases to _______ at the poles.
equator zero
Disturbances will often result in a system response that is meant to return the system to _____________
equilibrium
Sunlight strikes the earth most directly at the equator during what event
equinox
phase change of water from liquid to gas -adds water vapor to atmosphere
evaporation
Climate change increases the odds of worsening drought "Warmer temperatures can amplify the impacts of drought. Increased temperatures enhance ______________ from soils, making periodic droughts worse than they would be under __________ conditions"
evaporation cooler
hydrologic cycle steps
evaporation, condensation, precipitation, advection, ground water, river runoff
Worldwide distribution (current vs. 2080) of the mosquito Aedes aegypti -which can spread dengue fever, Zika virus, and yellow fever-by duration of time in each region
ex of a range shift
cons to geothermal energy 1. ____________ installation 2. ____________ installation
expensive extensive
Pressure and density change _____________ with altitude
exponentially
Ferrel, Polar cells accomplish the above at higher latitudes via __________ ________________- - these cyclones have _______, _______ fronts that generate clouds, precipitation
extratropical cyclones cold, warm
it is _____________ _____________ that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century
extremely likely
Any temperature values outside of the curve are _________ ___________ to occur at the location of interest
extremely unlikely
T/F Persistent changes can be noticed within a lifetime?
false
"Some range shifts even create _____________ (positive or negative) on the climate system, altering the __________ of climate change. "
feedbacks pace
-Lighter in color -Less dense -Common elements include (Si, Al, Na, and K)
fine grained - extrusive
-Produce little sulfur emissions and the ash typically remains at low altitudes, which is "washed out" quickly.
fires
The buoyant force allows the object to "__________" or at least to appear to have less weight.
float
Rate of inflow or outflow (mass yr-1)
flux
systems thinking
focus on connections between parts of a system
"Climate-driven changes in species distributions, or "range shifts," affect human well-being both directly (for example, through emerging diseases and changes in ________ ________) and indirectly, by degrading ecosystem health."
food supply
While ocean responds to anthropogenic CO2increases by creating more bicarbonate, ________ _________ ___________ greater than bicarbonate in oceans
fossil fuel burning
Most pledges made under the Paris Agreement address emissions and not
fossil fuel production
NRG More than 80% of energy generation is from
fossil fuels
albedo
fraction of incoming sunlight reflected back to space
Water releases heat to the surrounding environment when changing from gas to liquid to solid, thus warming the environmental air, during the following:
freezing, condensation and deposition
Due to a combination of ________ and ___________ , surface water currents deflected ~20-45°from surface wind direction
friction and Coriolis forces
Surface wind notations based on direction winds blow _______
from
Increasing the ___________ _______________ of cars will reduce the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere
fuel efficiency
A gas where the individual molecules do not interact with each other at all
ideal gas
the relationship PV=nRT
ideal gas law
Solidified from molten rock or melt.
igneous
three types of rock
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
Impervious Materials -Darker surfaces that decrease local albedo ------->____________ temperature
increase
In all future climate scenarios (including RCP2.6) --> curve will "shift" to the right •The average temperature at nearly all locations on Earth will ____________ •The probability of extreme warm temperatures will _____________, but will ___________ for extreme cold temperatures
increase increase, decrease
Global annual average surface land and ocean temperature has ______________ at almost every location on Earth in the last century!
increased
Global annual average temperature has ___________ since 1850's
increased
increase in depth does what to salinity
increases
Physical weathering breaks the rocks apart. Surface area ___________ which allows __________ chemical and physical weathering.
increases more
how does ice formation affect density
increases density
Dissolution of CO2into water results in a lower pH, because it produces H+ions =
increases ocean acidification
Convergence aloft adds air mass to the air column ---
increases surface pressure
White daisies reflect more light from the Sun than the non-daisy patches. Therefore, the average albedo of Daisyworld _____________, and aver age surface temperature __________, as the daisy coverage __________.
increases, decreases, increases
Frequency of warm nights and warm days has been _________ over the past several decades
increasing
Salinity increases with
increasing depth
wavelength on electromagnetic spectrum: R->L =
increasing energy
wavelength on electromagnetic spectrum: L->R =
increasing length
Aerosols act as cloud droplet nuclei -affects amount of incoming solar radiation that reaches surface
indirect aerosol effect
The rise in sulphate aerosols was largely due to the increase in ________________ _____________ at the end of the second world war
industrial activities
The _____________ _________________ occurred as a result of the discovery of the amount of energy in coal.
industrial revolution
Using the diagram below, determine which type of radiation corresponds to the wavelengths that you calculated in Question 1 and fill in the table below.
infrared
(building efficiency) ______________ buildings, using _______________ energy sources, and _________ _____________ _________ are ways to reduce emissions.
insulating alternative solar water heating
climate change will affect carbon cycle processes in a way that will exacerbate the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere (high confidence). Further uptake of carbon by the ocean will increase ___________ ________________
ocean acidification
Increase in atmospheric and oceanic CO2 concentrations associated with increased
ocean acidity
Increase in acidity of oceans ---> driven by increase in CO2 concentrations Negative consequences on _________ ____________
ocean life
The nutrient cycle and the role of nutrients in limiting photosynthesis is reflected in distribution of
ocean productivity
-CO2 dissolves in oceans to make carbonic acid. This process is temperature dependent. CO2is more soluble in cold water. So under-saturated water will take up CO2. Ocean photosynthesis helps drive this process by consuming the CO2dissolved in the water and making organic material.
ocean uptake
which is more dense oceanic crust or continental crust
oceanic
Lithosphere varies in thickness: Smaller in ____________ regions(50-100 km) Thicker in _____________ regions (130-160km)
oceanic continental
Ocean: Less dense fluid ___________ , more dense fluid __________
on top, below
La Niña - _________- of El Niño An amplified version of the
opposite walker circulation
Most molecules made of mainly C,H,O are considered to be
organic
photosynthesis: Carbon is reduced to ___________ carbon and energy is stored
organic
EXAMPLES OF WHAT Photolysis: O3reacts with photon, O3breaks apart into two O2plus O -- remaining O can react with O2to form O3 O reacts with O3plus third molecule to form O3àO3is permanently destroyed
ozone destruction
As CO2increases in the atmosphere, this produces more carbonic acid in solution and will lower the ______ of rain.
pH
Induces cooler, dry conditions along the west coast of the U.S.
pacific high
What are some examples of air pollutants?
particles, smoke, particulate matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides
Aerosols (i.e.,
particulate matter
Ice cores can provide a record of
past climate
The "________" of the curve is the average temperature value at the location of interest, and the "______" are the coldest and warmest temperatures possible (which occur rarely)
peak tails
Not all solar radiation makes it to surface ... why?
percentage absorbed, scattered, reflected by clouds, other atmospheric constituents
Forcing disturbances aka ?
persistent change
KendedaBuilding on track to achieve Living Building Challenge 3.1 certification in 2021 -must achieve seven "_________" below
petals
marine organic carbon after burial and exposure to high pressure/temperature
petroleum
Living things are intimately connected to their ___________ _______________
physical surroundings.
Very common in cold and dry conditions
physical weathering
Bottom of the ocean's food chain
phytoplankton
Natural gas requires an extensive network of _____________
pipelines
condition in which the state of a system component (e.g., CO2) is constant with time (inflow rate = outflow rate)
steady state
ong chains= high viscosity (___________) ---> low volatility
sticky
clean coal 1.Can capture carbon emissions and ______- them 2.Scrubbing or removing sulfur dioxide from ________- plants 3.Making a plant more __________ in burning coal for energy (ex. using higher temperatures)
store coal efficient
Abnormal rise in sea level associated with a tropical cyclone or strong extratropical cyclone
storm surge
which layer ... Temperature increases with increasing altitude Second-lowest atmospheric layer Ozone "layer" absorbs incoming UV radiation from Sun, creating local maximum in temperature in upper stratosphere
stratosphere
UV-A and UV-B rays can make their way to Earth's surface, while UV-C absorbed by
stratospheric O3
is acid rain an example of a success story or an environmental challenge?
success story
is the ozone hole an example of a success story or an environmental challenge?
success story
Earth gets its energy from _____
sun
tilt is directed towards what during the summer solstice
sun
Phytoplankton need ____________ to carry out photosynthesis
sunlight
Respiration
supplies CO2 to atmosphere
The amount of phytoplankton and the amount of photosynthesis that occur in the photic zone is limited by the
supply of nutrients to the photic zone
Low pressure associated with the convergence of air at the __________, __________ vertical motion, and __________ aloft
surface; upward; divergence
example of evaporation cooling
sweat absorbs heat it evaporates your body cools
THC Tour characteristics
takes 1,000 + years for THC to make the full cycle
Outer rigid layer of the Earth (lithosphere) is broken into _____________ _______________
tectonic plates
Where plates meet and interact are active margins
tectonic plates
e_s increases exponentially with increasing _________________-!
temperature
Ratio of 18O:16O in fossils is dependent on seawater _______________ and extent of ______________
temperature glaciers
The density of surface water is controlled by
temperature and salinity
Four layers of atmosphere determined by where _______________ ________ ___________ (i.e., rate of change of temperature) switches sign
temperature lapse rate
___________ decreases as __________ increases, due to decrease in solar flux.
temperature, latitude
-Forest fires can cause local ______________ cooling -but to a much smaller degree than Volcanic activity.
temporary
when ice freezes, what happens to salt
the salt is left behind
rock cycle
the series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock
Weather
the state of the atmosphere at any given time
What is Earth's primary source of energy?
the sun
Effective temperature (Teff):
the temperature a planet would have if it radiated as a true blackbody
Walker Circulation
the winds which travel west across the Pacific, rise in the west (eastern coast of Australia), travel east again, and sink in the east (Western coast of the Americas)
Prevailing theory is that Younger Dryas was caused by slowing of _______________ _____________ that reduced heat transport to Northern Hemisphere
thermohaline circulation
for layers of the vertical profile of atmospheric temperature
thermosphere mesosphere stratosphere troposphere
The Atmosphere is very _______
thin
What is the best example of a periodic disturbance?
tide