Safety Registry Review Assignment

A shorter wavelength photon is associated with A higher frequency, higher energy, and increased ionizing potential. B lower frequency, lower energy, and decreased ionizing potential. C higher frequency, higher energy, and decreased ionizing potential. D lower frequency, higher energy, and increased ionizing potential.

A

How is the average energy of the x-ray beam affected with added filtration? A It is increased. B It is decreased. C It is unaffected. D None of the above.

A

How should a typical personal radiation monitor be worn with respect to a lead apron? A Outside the lead apron B In a radiation-free area C Under the lead apron D Under the lead apron, at waist level

A

In what type of interaction does the incident photon lose up to one-third of its energy? A Compton interaction B Photodisintegration interaction C Classical interaction D Photoelectric interaction

A

No safe dose of ionizing radiation refers to A the linear no-threshold model (LNT) B risk vs benefit C as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) D effective dose limit

A

The Federally required minimum lead equivalent for lead aprons is A 0.25 mm Pb equiv. B 0.5 mm Pb equiv. C 5.0 mm Pb equiv. D There is no minimum lead equivalent

A

The acronym ALARA stands for as low as reasonably A achievable B acceptable C allowable D allotted

A

The control monitor, which is provided in each batch of dosimeters, should be placed A in a radiation-free area B anywhere inside the x-ray room C behind a secondary barrier D at waist level

A

The energy of the diagnostic x-ray beam is correctly described as A polyenergetic. B homogeneous. C monoenergetic. D high LET.

A

The rotational scheduling of personnel uses which of the cardinal principles of radiation safety? A Time B Distance C Shielding D Inverse square law

A

To within what percentage of the SID must the collimator light and actual irradiated area be accurate? A 2% B 5% C 10% D 15%

A

What effect does the presence of oxygen have on radiosensitivity? A It increases radiosensitivity B It decreases radiosensitivity C It can increase or decrease radiosensitivity D It has no effect on radiosensitivity

A

What is the active ingredient found in a thermoluminescent dosimeter? A Lithium fluoride B Aluminum oxide C Film D Ionization chamber

A

What is the annual dose limit for occupationally exposed individuals 18 years of age and older? A 50 mSv B 55 mSv C 65 mSv D 100 mSv

A

What is the electrical charge of the anode? A Positive B Watts C Negative D Ohms

A

What part(s) of the body should be shielded from the useful beam whenever possible? A The lens of the eye, the breasts, and the reproductive organs B The reproductive organs C The breasts and the reproductive organs D The lens of the eye

A

What type of effects are described as: "those biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that exhibit a threshold dose below which the effect does not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases"? A Tissue effects/deterministic B Stochastic

A

Which generator is associated with an approximate 13% voltage ripple (87% actual voltage)? A Three-phase 6 pulse B Three-phase 12 pulse C High-frequency D Autotransformer

A

Which of the following illustrates the inverse square law? 1.Distance is a most effective protection from radiation. 2.Distance is a rather ineffective protection from radiation. 3.As distance from the radiation source decreases, radiation decreases. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

A

Which of the following would most likely result in the greatest skin dose? A Short SID B High kVp C Increased filtration D Increased mA

A

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is responsible for scattered radiation fog? A Compton scatter B Photoelectric effect C Bremsstrahlung D Coherent/Classical

A

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells poses a radiation hazard to personnel? A Compton scatter B Photoelectric effect C Bremsstrahlung D Coherent/Classical

A

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells predominates in the diagnostic x-ray range? A Compton scatter B Photoelectric effect C Bremsstrahlung D Coherent/Classical

A

Who of the following is likely to be the most radiosensitive? A One-year-old child B Twenty-year-old young adult C Fifty-year-old adult D All are equally radiosensitive

A

Which of the following results from use of the air gap technique? (select the two that apply) A. A higher dose to the patient B. A lower dose to the patient C. A reduction in scatter radiation D. An increase in scatter radiation

A, C

Which of the following statements are true with respect to the accompanying animation? (select the three that apply) A. The predominant scattering event in diagnostic x-ray B. Occurs within the tungsten target C. One end product is an ejected/recoil electron D. Responsible for scattered radiation fog E. Likely occurs in tissues having high atomic numbers F. Occurs with high speed projectile electrons

A, C, D (COMPTOM)

Which two of the following will represent a great difference between adjacent densities? (select the two that apply) A. Increased contrast B. Decreased contrast C. High kVp D. Low kVp

A, D

Which of the following statements are true with respect to the accompanying animation? (select the three that apply) A. Occurs with low energy photons B. Electron is absorbed by tungsten atom C. Photon ejects outer shell electron D. Accounts for absorbed dose E. Occurs in high atomic number tissue F. Leaves atom in excited state, with no ionization

A, D, E (PHOTOELECTRIC)

Which of the following statements are true with respect to the accompanying animation? (select the three that apply) A. Electron interacts with tungsten nuclear field B. Produces discrete energy photons C. Interaction between photon and nuclear field D. Results from electron loss of kinetic energy E. Occurs with nuclei of tissue atoms F. Produces a wide range of x-ray energies

A, D, F (BREMS)

Select the effects more likely to occur from low radiation doses (select the two that apply) A. Leukemia B. Epilation C. Cancer D. Erythema E. Infertility

A,C

Which of the following describes the use of low kVp in a radiographic image? (select the two that apply) A. High contrast B. Low contrast C. Wide exposure latitude D. Narrow exposure latitude

A,D

A pregnant radiographer's gestational fetal exposure must not exceed what amount in one month? A 0.05 mSv. B 0.5 mSv. C 1 mSv. D 1.5 mSv.

B

HVL and kV are used to express A beam intensity. B beam quality. C focal spot size. D effective dose.

B

Ionizing radiation that is emitted from the x-ray tube housing in directions other than that of the useful beam is termed A scattered radiation. B leakage radiation. C extra-focal radiation. D recoil radiation.

B

Nonoccupationally exposed individuals, the general public, are limited to an annual dose of A 0.5 mSv. B 1.0 mSv. C 50 mSv. D 150 mSv.

B

Occupational radiation is A low energy and high LET. B low energy and low LET. C high energy and high LET. D high energy and low LET.

B

The SSD in mobile fluoroscopy must be at least A 28 centimeters. B 30 centimeters. C 38 centimeters. D 1 meter.

B

The fluoroscopic protective curtain must have at least what lead equivalent? A 0.20 mm Pb equiv B 0.25 mm Pb equiv C 0.30 mm Pb equiv D 0.35 mm Pb equiv

B

The two basic types of protective barriers are A simple barriers and complex barriers. B primary barriers and secondary barriers. C primary barriers and tertiary barriers. D None of the above

B

The type of acute radiation syndrome that requires the least amount of ionizing radiation dose to occur is A Osseous B Hematological C Gastrointestinal D CNS

B

What must be the lead equivalent of the fluoroscopic image intensifier assembly? A 0.2 mm Pb equiv B 2.0 mm Pb equiv C 20 mm Pb equiv D 20 cm Pb equiv

B

What unit is used to describe ionization in air? A Sv B Gya C Gyt D None of the above

B

When a 1-mm Pb flat contact shield is used to shield female reproductive organs, their dose is reduced by about A 10% B 50% C 90 to 95% D 100%

B

Where should the Bucky tray be located during fluoroscopic examinations? A at the head of the x-ray table B at the foot of the x-ray table C at the center of the x-ray table D none of the above

B

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves a low-energy (low kV) incident photon? A Compton scatter B Photoelectric effect C Bremsstrahlung D Coherent/Classical

B

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves the greatest patient dose? A Compton scatter B Photoelectric effect C Bremsstrahlung D Coherent/Classical

B

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter is more likely to produce short-scale contrast? A Compton scatter B Photoelectric effect C Compton scatter and photoelectric effect D None of the above

B

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the cardinal principals of radiation protection for personnel? A Distance B Collimation C Shielding D Time

B

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells is most likely to occur with tissues having high atomic number? A Compton scatter B Photoelectric effect C Bremsstrahlung D Coherent/Classical

B

Which of the major interactions between x-ray photons and tissue cells results in total absorption of the incident photon? A Compton scatter B Photoelectric effect C Bremsstrahlung D Coherent/Classical

B

Which term refers to the smallest dose of radiation that will produce a specific effect? A Deterministic B Threshold C Stochastic D Non-threshold

B

Which of the following statements are true with respect to the accompanying animation? (select the three that apply) A. Occurs with the tungsten atom nucleus B. Produces a K characteristic ray having at least 57 kV energy C. Likely occurs with tissues having high atomic numbers D. Produces broad-spectrum Brems x-ray photons E. Comprises a small portion of the total x-ray beam F. Produces photons having very specific energies

B, E, F (CHARACTERISTIC)

Which of the following is needed for current to flow in a solid-state rectifier? (select the two that apply) A. P-type crystal receives a negative charge B. N-type crystal receives a negative charge C. P-type crystal receives a positive charge D. N-type crystal receives a positive charge

B,C

A 0.5-mm Pb equivalent apron will attenuate what percentage of the scattered beam at 100 kV? A 25% B 50% C 75% D 100%

C

A controlled area is one that is A restricted to access by nonradiation workers only B monitored by survey meters C occupied by radiation workers D occupied by the general population

C

A radiation worker can determine his/her lifetime cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit using which of the following formulas? A age in years × 0.1 mSv B age in years × 1 mSv C age in years × 10 mSv D age in years × 100 mSv

C

Biologic material irradiated under hypoxic conditions is A more sensitive than when irradiated under oxygenated conditions B less sensitive than when irradiated under anoxic conditions C less sensitive than when irradiated under oxygenated conditions D unaffected by the presence or absence of oxygen

C

Radiographers use monitoring devices to record their monthly exposure to radiation. The types of devices suited for this purpose include the 1.pocket dosimeter.2.TLD.3.OSL dosimeter. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3

C

Select the 3 types of personal radiation monitors from the list below 1. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSL) 2. Scintillation counter 3. G-M counter 4. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)5.personnel Digital Ionization Chamber A 1, 3, and 4 B 2, 3, and 4 C 1, 4, and 5 D 1, 3, and 5

C

Select the four correct statements from those listed below: 1. Rapid acceleration of electrons at the anode results in the production of x-rays. 2. X-rays have a biologic effect on living tissue. 3. The nickel (Ni) or molybdenum (Mo) focusing cup functions to direct the electrons toward the anode's focal spot. 4. X-rays have an ionizing effect on air. 5. The application of high voltage serves to accelerate the electrons toward the cathode. 6. X-rays travel in straight lines. 7. X-rays are focused by the collimator shutters. A 1, 3, 5, 7 B 2, 3, 4, 7 C 2, 3, 4, 6 D 1, 3, 5, 7

C

The best term to describe both early and late effects due to excessive radiation exposure to specific tissues in the body, such as the skin and the lens of the eye, are often identified as what type of effects? A Probabilistic B Negative C Deterministic D Stochastic

C

The individual that receives and reviews personnel monitoring reports for safety compliance is the A lead technologist. B department administrator. C radiation safety officer. D chief radiologist.

C

The intensity of scatter 1 m from the patient is about what percentage of the useful beam? A 10% B 1% C 0.1% D 0.01%

C

The intensity of x-rays increases from the anode side of the x-ray beam to the cathode side because of A the line-focus principle B actual focal spot size C the anode heel effect D the inverse square law

C

The purpose of personnel monitoring is A protect the user from scattered radiation B protect the user from leakage radiation C evaluate the effectiveness of personal radiation protection D identify the type and energy of ionizing radiation

C

The type of personnel monitor that utilizes lithium fluoride being heated is called a/an A film badge B optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter C thermoluminescent dosimeter D pocket dosimeter

C

To check for cracks and damage, lead aprons and other protective apparel are imaged A prior to each use. B monthly C annually D Lead aprons and other protective apparel should not be imaged

C

What is described as a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue? A Tissue reactions (formerly deterministic effects) B Stochastic C LET D RBE

C

What weighting factor(s) is/are used to determine the Sievert? A Wt B Wr C Wt and Wr D None of the above

C

Which interaction with matter contributes most to the absorption characteristics of the x-ray image? A Compton B Characteristic C Photoelectric D Classical

C

Which of the following is a type of secondary radiation? A Scattered radiation B Leakage radiation C Both scattered and leakage radiation are types of secondary radiation D Neither scattered nor leakage radiation are types of secondary radiation

C

Which of the following represents the estimated dose to the gonads that, if received by the total population's gene pool, would produce the total genetic effect on the population as the sum of the individual doses actually received? A Mean marrow dose B Entrance skin dose C Genetically significant dose D ALARA

C

Which of the following sources of radiation exposure is related to the use of medical imaging? A Terrestrial B Internal C Manmade (artificial) D Cosmic

C

Which of the following terms is used for ionizing radiation-induced hair loss? 1. Alopecia 2. Epilation 3. Desquamation A 1 only B 2 only C 1 and 2 only D 1, 2, and 3

C

Which of these statements is/are true regarding electromagnetic radiation? A Electromagnetic radiations differ in velocity; they have the same frequency and wavelength. B Electromagnetic radiations have the same velocity, frequency, and wavelength. C Electromagnetic radiations have the same velocity, they differ in frequency and wavelength. D Electromagnetic radiations differ in velocity, frequency, and wavelength.

C

Which of those listed below have ionizing properties? I. visible light II. alpha particles III. x-rays IV. microwaves V. beta particles A I and II only B II, III, and IV only C II, III, and V only D III, IV, and V only

C

Each of the following is a type of beam restrictor, except A Collimator B Cone C Aperture diaphragm D Filter

D

Example of radiation-induced conditions that follow a linear nonthreshold dose-response relationship include? A genetic effects B radiation-induced cancer C leukemia D all of the above

D

For dose-reduction purposes during C-arm fluoroscopic procedures, the x-ray tube should be positioned A to the left of the patient B over the patient C to the right of the patient D under the patient

D

In C-arm imaging, it is recommended that the image intensifier be located above the patient for A decreased OID. B increased resolution. C decreased scattered radiation. D All of the above

D

In what type of interaction is the average energy of the photon one-third of the kVp selected at the control counsel? A Compton interaction B Photoelectric interaction C Characteristic interaction D Bremsstrahlung interaction

D

Radiation-induced reddening of the skin at a dose of 2 Gy is termed A epidermis B epilation C desquamation D erythema

D

The NCRP recommends an annual lens of eye EfD limit to the occupationally exposed of A 0.5 mSv. B 5.0 mSv. C 50 mSv. D 150 mSv.

D

The NCRP-recommended annual dose limit for the thyroid is A 5 mSv B 50 mSv C 150 mSv D 500 mSV

D

The NCRP-recommended annual occupational dose limit for localized areas of the skin, hands, and feet is A 0.5 mSv B 5 mSv C 50 mSv D 500 mSv

D

The fluoroscopy timer must provide signal after how much fluoroscopic time has elapsed? A 30 seconds B 1 minute C 2 minutes D 5 minutes

D

The type of badge that is used to see if personnel monitors have been irradiated during transit time is called a/an A OSL B TLD C film badge D control

D

The type of dosimeter that may be used to obtain an immediate reading is A optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). B thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD). C film badge. D pocket dosimeter.

D

To ensure continued reliability and effectiveness of protective aprons, they should NOT be stored A hung on an apron rack B draped over a storage bar C laid flat D folded

D

What is a 35-year-old radiation worker's lifetime cumulative effective dose limit? A 100 mSv B 150 mSv C 175 mSv D 350 mSv

D

What is the LD 50/30 for adult humans? A 1 Gy B 2.5 Gy C 3 Gy D 3 to 4 Gy

D

Which is among the guidelines for determining when the gonads should be shielded? A When the gonads are within 5 centimeters of the collimated primary beam B When the patient is of reproductive age C When clinical objectives permit D All of the above

D

Which of the following is not among the types of late effects of ionizing radiation exposure? A Carcinogenesis B Embryological effect C Lifespan shortening D All are types of late effects of ionizing radiation exposure

D

X-rays are electrically A positive. B negative. C both positive and negative. D neutral.

D

Which of the following are examples of localtissues that can be affected by ionizing radiation? I. Skin II. Male/female reproductive organs III. Chromosomes A I only B I and II only C I and III only D II and III only E I, II, and III

E