Life-Span Development Exam 1 - Summer 2020

phoneme

A ___ is the basic unit of sound in a language

scaffolding

A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of:

the vocabulary spurt

A rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called:

45%

A recent national study revealed that ___ of children's meals exceed recommendations for saturated and trans fats

sensitive care

According to Erikson, establishing the lifelong expectation that the world will be good and pleasant place starts with physical comfort and ___

reasoning

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods used by parents, the two most common methods parents use for managing and guiding the 12-month-old infants' undesirable behaviors are inverting attention and:

maintenance; regulation of loss

Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, ___ and ___ in her capacities will take center stage

teratogen

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behaviors outcomes

reciprocal or synchronous

As parents change their emotional expressions in response to their infants, the infants also modify their emotional expressions in response. These mutually regulated responses are described as:

decreased responsiveness

Baby Max watches his mother jingle her keys in front of him. After several minutes, he looks away no longer interested. This would indicate that he has habituated as he is showing a(n) ___ to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

75%

By the 2nd birthday, a toddler's brain is about ___ of its adult weight

all of these factors are present

Children can better adjust to their parents' divorce if ___

depressed brain activity

Children who grow up in a deprived environment are likely to show:

autonomous morality

Dante is a 10-year-old who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teachers him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development

securely attached

Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver; he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base form which to explore the room. He would be classified as:

multidimensional

Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that Development is:

preoperational stage

During Piaget's ___, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. They also form stable concepts and begin to reason

An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers, siblings, or parents.

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is MOST likely to occur?

social competence

Emotional regulation is a foundational part of developing:

Longevity genes

Erin is 90 years old. She has relatively good health and is fully mobile. Most of Erin's blood relatives lived to a much later age than most of their same-age friends. Which of the following genes might be responsible for this?

communication

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in:

someone to play with

For most young children, a friend is ___

all of these

Growth patterns vary individually due to which of the following?

be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.

Her pediatrician has just told Sandra that her four-year-old son, Manuel, has gained six pounds in the last year. Sandra should:

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

In Piaget's theory, schemes are:

motor vehicle accidents

In the US, which of the following is the leading cause of death in young children?

cephalocaudal

Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a ___ pattern of growth

pincer grip

Jake, age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair by grasping them with his thumb and forefinger. Jake has developed the:

nonnormative life event

Keesha's father died unexpectedly in an accident when she was four years old. This incident will likely affect Keesha's development and is an example of a: ___

nonnormative life event

Keith has won the lottery and now has more money than he ever dreamed of having. This incident will likely affect Keith's development and is an example of a:

scaffolding

Mary often plays the game peek-a-boo with her baby. Initially, Mary covers her baby and then removes the cover, registering "surprise" at the baby's reappearance. After a time, her baby does the covering and uncovering. This is an example of:

life-span

On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) ___ approach

gene x environment (G x E) interaction

Recent studies have shown that individuals with a short version of a gene labeled five-HTTLPR have an elevated risk of developing depression, but only if they also lead stressful lives. This is an example of:

use multiclause sentences

Regarding language rules, a preschool child would be able to do all of the following, EXCEPT:

all of these

Research shows that which of the following is linked to achievement in the elementary years?

developmentally appropriate practice

Schooling that is based on knowledge of the typical development of children within an age span, as well as the uniqueness of the child, is referred to as:

an emergency, because the baby's survival is in doubt

The Apgar Scale is a method used to assess the health of newborns. A score of three would indicate:

amnion

The ___ is like a bag or an envelope and contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

postpartum period

The adjustment period that follows the birth of a child, usually about six weeks long, is called the:

normative historical change

The cultural makeup of the US population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of: ___

social orientation

The fact that infants are captivated by the social world, are attuned to the sounds of human voices, and stare intently at the faces of their caregivers is reflective of their:

normative age-graded

The finding that most women enter menopause by age 51 is an example of how a biological process can exert a ___ influence on development

child neglect

The most common form of child maltreatment is:

in vitro fertilization

The process of ___ involves fertilizing eggs in a laboratory dish and transferring those eggs to a woman's uterus

two years of age

The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth until about:

germinal

The zygote first begins rapid cell division in the ___ period of prenatal development

plastic

Tzu-Chiang is 55 years old and is currently enrolled in a college algebra course. He is pleasantly surprised that he is performing well in the course despite not taking a formal math class for over 30 years. Researchers would consider this an instance that illustrates how development is: ___

Babinski

When Anna took her infant daughter, Chloe, to the clinic for a checkup, it looked like the nurse was tickling Chloe's feet. Chloe would twist her foot and fan out her toes. The nurse was checking Chloe's ___ reflex

nonnormative life

When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ___ event can influence a person's development

life-span

When teaching his psychology class, Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs throughout adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) ___ approach to developmental change

explicit; implicit

When tucker first started tying his shoes he had to think about it and move slowly. Now that he is older and has practiced tying his shoes many times, he does it without any thought. His memory for this activity has moved from ___ to ___

Genetic expression is influenced by the environment

Which of the following is TRUE regarding genes?

all of these

Which of the following is a type of child maltreatment?

all of these

Which of the following is an example of a self-conscious emotion?

play inhibits language development

Which of the following statements regarding play is FALSE?

Egocentrism

While walking with his grandmother, fiver-year-old Danny suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at the pretty bird!" There are many trees and bushes, and she isn't sure where he's pointing. Danny gets frustrated and shouts, "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" His frustration is a result of his:

deferred imitation

Zoe heard a child on the playground singing, "Fa la fa la fa la." Later that evening while the family was eating dinner, Zoe started singing, "fa la fa la fa la" just the way she heard it earlier in the day. Zoe is demonstrating;

authoritative parenting

___ encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions.

parental sensitivity

___ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment

gender idenity

___ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female

Practice

___ play, which can be engaged in throughout life, involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

Evolutionary

___ psychology emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior

Project Head Start

__________ is a compensatory education program designed to provide children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire important school success skills and experiences.

the zone of proximal development

a range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but that can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more skilled peers is called

theory of mind

awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others is referred to as:

crying and smiling

babies first forms of emotional communication, particularly with parents, are:

depth perception

the "visual cliff" experiment was used to measure:

immanent justice

the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately is

engage in sensitive care giving with them

when infants become stressed, they show better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregivers: