Lippincott - Special Sensories Chapter 19

A 36-year-old woman complains about progressive hearing loss in the last year and is diagnosed with otosclerosis. Otosclerosis primarily affects which of the following structures of the ear, leading to impaired hearing? (A) Auditory ossicles (B) Auditory tube (C) Cochlear labyrinth (D) Tympanic membrane (E) Vestibular labyrinth

(A) Auditory ossicles

You are invited to attend an outdoor concert in the park during the summer. Your ear detects delightful changes in the frequency of sound vibrations (notes with different pitch). Which of the following structures in the internal ear encodes this frequency-based acoustic information and converts it into nerve impulses that are conveyed to the brain? (A) Basilar membrane (B) Crista ampullaris (C) Macula of saccule (D) Macula of utricle (E) Vestibular membrane

(A) Basilar membrane

An 18-year-old man is color-blind and fails his physical examination for military pilot training. Deficiency in which of the following cells accounts for his color blindness? (A) Bipolar (B) Cone (C) Ganglion (D) Müller (E) Rod

(B) Cone

Which of the following structures transforms vibrations of the ossicles into waves of fluid in the cochlea? (A) Ampullae of semicircular ducts (B) Oval window (C) Round window (D) Saccule (E) Utricle

(B) Oval window

A 6-year-old boy who does not respond when his mother calls him is brought in for evaluation. Large earwax masses are found to be plugging both of his ears. The major component of earwax, cerumen, is produced by which of the following structures in the external acoustic meatus? (A) Cartilage tissue (B) Eccrine sweat gland (C) Modified apocrine sweat gland (D) Hair follicle (E) Tympanic membrane

(C) Modified apocrine sweat gland

A 14-year-old girl with a 4-year history of type 1 diabetes presents with blurred vision. Ophthalmic examination reveals "snowflake" cataracts. Which of the following abnormalities accounts for the pathogenesis of cataracts in this patient? (A) Accumulation of sorbitol in the lens (B) Increased anteroposterior diameter of the eye (C) Increased intraocular pressure (D) Macular degeneration (E) Retinitis pigmentosa

(A) Accumulation of sorbitol in the lens

The auditory tube described in the previous question is lined by which of the following types of epithelium? (A) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar (B) Simple cuboidal (C) Simple squamous (D) Stratified columnar (E) Stratified squamous

(A) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

A 29-year-old man with myopia inquires about the benefits of LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis) surgery to correct and improve vision. You explain to him that LASIK surgery reshapes which of the following components of the eye? (A) Cornea (B) Iris (C) Lens (D) Retina (E) Vitreous body

(A) Cornea

When reading, detailed patterns of letters on the printed page are detected primarily in which of the following areas of the retina? (A) Fovea (B) Lamina cribrosa (C) Macula lutea (D) Optic disc (E) Optic papilla

(A) Fovea

A 72-year-old woman with a history of coronary heart disease complains of blurred vision in her left eye. Funduscopic examination reveals a cherry-red spot. Which of the following abnormalities underlies this pathologic finding? (A) Cataract (B) Central retinal artery occlusion (C) Central retinal vein occlusion (D) Melanoma (E) Retinal detachment

(B) Central retinal artery occlusion

A 7-year-old girl complains of pain, excessive tearing, and decreased vision in her left eye. She was diagnosed with a herpes simplex virus infection 6 months ago. Physical examination reveals multiple, minute corneal ulcers. Which of the following structures is primarily affected in this superficial punctate keratopathy? (A) Corneal endothelium (B) Corneal epithelium (C) Iris (D) Lacrimal gland (E) Lens

(B) Corneal epithelium

A 23-year-old man who wears contact lenses complains of severe pain, foreign body sensation, and photophobia in his right eye. Physical examination reveals localized roughening of the corneal epithelium. The patient is subsequently diagnosed with recurrent corneal erosion. Separation between which of the following pairs of structures underlies this patient's condition? (A) Bowman membrane and corneal stroma (B) Corneal epithelium and Bowman membrane (C) Corneal stroma and Descemet membrane (D) Descemet membrane and corneal endothelium (E) Neighboring epithelial cells

(B) Corneal epithelium and Bowman membrane

A 42-year-old woman complains of attacks of loss of balance and spinning sensation (vertigo). She states that nausea, vomiting, and hearing loss, lasting about 24 hours, accompany these intermittent attacks. She has experienced several of these episodes over the past year. The patient is subsequently diagnosed with Ménière disease. Which of the following mechanisms of disease is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms? (A) Degeneration of the hair cells in the crista ampullaris (B) Dilation of the endolymphatic system (C) Injury of cranial nerve VIII (D) Labyrinth toxicity (E) Viral labyrinthitis

(B) Dilation of the endolymphatic system

A 54-year-old woman complains blurry vision when reading. Her vision of distant objects is fine. Which of the following age-related changes underlies presbyopia in this patient? (A) Dilated pupil (B) Flattened lens (C) Opacity of the lens (D) Relaxed zonular fibers (E) Rounded lens

(B) Flattened lens

Corneal epithelium is composed of which of the following types of tissue? (A) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (B) Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (C) Pseudostratified epithelium (D) Stratified columnar epithelium (E) Stratified cuboidal epithelium

(B) Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The primary visual cortex that processes and interprets the visual image captured by the retina is located in which of the following parts of the central nervous system? (A) Frontal lobe (B) Occipital lobe (C) Parietal lobe (D) Temporal lobe (E) Thalamus

(B) Occipital lobe

Which of the following types of cells initiates neuronal transduction during sound perception? (A) Hair cells of the crista ampullaris (B) Hair cells of the macula of utricle (C) Hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti (D) Phalangeal cells (E) Pillar cells

(C) Hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti

An 18-year-old man experiences seasickness while on a deep-sea fishing excursion. Overstimulation of which of the following structures causes vertigo in this patient? (A) Cochlear labyrinth (B) Crista ampullaris (C) Macula (D) Organ of Corti (E) Semicircular ducts

(C) Macula

A 37-year-old woman complains that her right pupil is smaller than her left pupil. Physical examination confirms this observation and further reveals that the patient's right hand is atrophic, warm, and dry. A subsequent neurological examination demonstrates an interruption of the patient's right cervical sympathetic trunk. Which of the following mechanisms of disease explains constriction of the patient's right pupil? (A) Increased tension of the zonular fibers (B) Paralysis of the ciliary muscle (C) Paralysis of the dilator pupillae (D) Tonic contraction of the ciliary muscle (E) Tonic contraction of the sphincter pupillae

(C) Paralysis of the dilator pupillae

A 39-year-old woman afflicted with corneal perforation receives a corneal transplant. Her vision is restored. The corneal graft is well tolerated and becomes fully integrated with the patient's other ocular tissues. Which of the following structural features provides the best explanation for why the corneal graft is not rejected by the recipient? (A) Basal cells of the corneal epithelium are able to regenerate. (B) The Bowman membrane protects against the spread of infections. (C) Collagen fibers are regularly packed. (D) Cornea is avascular and lacks lymphatic drainage. (E) Regeneration of the Descemet membrane assists wound healing.

(D) Cornea is avascular and lacks lymphatic drainage.

A 28-year-old man presents with pain, tearing, and the sense of a foreign object in his left eye. A tiny dust particle is observed and carefully removed. Minor corneal abrasions caused by the dust particle are also noted. After a few days, the scratches on the cornea have completely disappeared. Stem cells that populate the basal layer of the corneal epithelium and facilitate the healing of corneal abrasions originate from which of the following locations? (A) Blood vessels in the sclera (B) Bowman membrane (C) Corneal stroma (D) Corneoscleral limbus (E) Descemet membrane

(D) Corneoscleral limbus

A 68-year-old woman complains of gradual vision loss over the past year. Ophthalmic examination reveals elevated intraocular pressure. Funduscopic examination reveals optic cupping. The patient is subsequently diagnosed with open-angle glaucoma. Which of the following mechanisms of disease is associated with this patient's medical condition? (A) Corneal abrasion (B) Degeneration of the choroid (C) Degeneration of the lens (D) Increased resistance to the outflow of the aqueous humor (E) Retinal ischemia

(D) Increased resistance to the outflow of the aqueous humor

A 72-year-old man complains that he has had poor vision for 3 years. Ophthalmic examination reveals a loss of central vision, although the patient's peripheral vision remains unaffected. Which of the following structures is most likely affected? (A) Cornea (B) Iris (C) Lens (D) Macula lutea (E) Optic nerve

(D) Macula lutea

A 62-year-old man presents with persistent headaches and gradual visual field loss in his right eye. Ophthalmic examination demonstrates high intraocular pressure. The patient is subsequently diagnosed with closed-angle glaucoma, caused by inadequate drainage of aqueous humor. Which of the following structures in the eye produces aqueous humor? (A) Choroid (B) Corneal endothelial cells (C) Corneal epithelial cells (D) Nonpigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary process (E) Pigment epithelial cells of ciliary process

(D) Nonpigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary process

A 39-year-old woman complains of double vision. During the physical examination, you notice that the patient is unable to abduct her left eye, suggesting paralysis ofthe lateral rectus muscle. The patient is subsequently diagnosed with abducent nerve palsy. The lateral rectus muscle inserts to which of the following components of the eye? (A) Conjunctiva (B) Lens (C) Retina (D) Sclera (E) Uvea

(D) Sclera

The mother of a 2-year-old boy complains about her son's eye. Physical examination reveals two small red bumps and localized swelling on the outside of the patient's top right eyelid. Acute inflammation of which of the following structures most likely caused the stye observed in this patient? (A) Conjunctiva (B) Dermis (C) Lacrimal gland (D) Sebaceous gland of Zeis (E) Tarsus

(D) Sebaceous gland of Zeis

Cells in which of the following structures produce endolymph in the scala media? (A) Basilar membrane (B) Organ of Corti (C) Periosteum (D) Stria vascularis (E) Vestibular membrane

(D) Stria vascularis

The mother of an 18-month-old girl complains that her daughter has a fever, cough, and nasal discharge. Physical examination reveals an upper respiratory tract infection and a bulging tympanic membrane. The patient is subsequently diagnosed with otitis media secondary to an upper respiratory tract infection. The infection and inflammation in this patient affect which of the following areas of the ear? (A) Cochlear labyrinth (B) External acoustic meatus (C) Semicircular canal (D) Tympanic cavity (E) Vestibular labyrinth

(D) Tympanic cavity

You are looking in the mirror and examining your eye. You notice that your pupils are black. Which of the following structures gives a black appearance to the pupils? (A) Aqueous humor (B) Iris (C) Lens (D) Uvea (E) Vitreous body

(D) Uvea

A 48-year-old man loses vision in his right eye after an automobile accident. Funduscopy reveals intraocular hemorrhage and detachment of the retina. Retinal detachment occurs between which of the following paired tissue layers? (A) Bipolar cell layer and ganglion cell layer (B) Bruch membrane and retinal pigmented epithelium (C) Choroid and Bruch membrane (D) Outer nuclear layer and inner nuclear layer (E) Retinal pigmented epithelium and retinal photoreceptor layer

(E) Retinal pigmented epithelium and retinal photoreceptor layer