MAP ch 25
A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is A. magnesium. B. calcium. C. zinc. D. sodium. E. potassium.
A
A(n) ________ protein contains all of the essential amino acids. A. complete B. incomplete C. vital D. phosphorylated E. real
A
By keeping the other two variables constant and changing only one at a time, based on the formula: LDL = cholesterol - HDL - (Triglycerides/5), which of the following would have the greatest effect in reducing LDL levels? A. reducing cholesterol levels B. reducing triglyceride levels C. increasing triglyceride levels D. reducing HDL levels
A
How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule? A. 36 ATP B. 2 ATP C. 63 ATP D. 500 ATP E. 32 ATP
A
Hypervitaminosis is a serious health threat associated with excessive amounts of ingested fat-soluble vitamins. Why do water-soluble vitamins not commonly pose the same threat? A. Water-soluble vitamins are not absorbed and stored within adipocytes. B. Water-soluble vitamins bond more strongly with micelles for better absorption into the blood stream. C. Water-soluble vitamins bind with intrinsic factor, which allows for rapid excretion through the urinary system. D. All water-soluble vitamins are more readily stored to ensure a steady supply when dietary intake is insufficient.
A
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of A. vitamin A. B. vitamin B12. C. vitamin C. D. riboflavin. E. niacin.
A
In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure A. total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level. B. triglyceride and monoglyceride levels. C. total cholesterol level. D. HDL level. E. triglyceride level.
A
In which of the following is excess cholesterol from body cells carried? A. high-density lipoprotein (HDL) B. chylomicrons C. very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) D. low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
A
Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called A. low-density lipoproteins. B. high-density lipoproteins. C. intermediate-density lipoproteins. D. very-low-density lipoproteins. E. chylomicrons.
A
The condition where the blood pH drops because of ketone bodies in the blood is called __________. A. ketoacidosis B. ketosis C. ketoalkalosis D. ketonemia
A
The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is A. zinc. B. cobalt. C. iodine. D. iron. E. selenium.
A
The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of A. kilocalories. B. ounces. C. grams. D. moles. E. kilograms.
A
The enzyme that removes the amino group from amino acids requires a co-enzyme derived from vitamin __________. A. B-6 B. C C. D D. A
A
The function of the citric acid cycle is to A. remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. B. produce water. C. hydrolyze glucose in the presence of oxygen to obtain two pyruvate molecules. D. produce carbon dioxide to balance the oxygen requirement for cellular respiration. E. transfer the acetyl group gained from glycolysis to molecules of pyruvate.
A
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are A. fats. B. carbohydrates. C. proteins. D. nucleic acids. E. vitamins.
A
The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called A. gluconeogenesis. B. cellular respiration. C. glycemia. D. glycogenesis. E. glycolysis
A
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called A. metabolism. B. oxidative phosphorylation. C. catabolism. D. anabolism. E. glycolysis.
A
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin A. A. B. B. C. C. D. D. E. E.
A
The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is A. thiamine. B. riboflavin. C. niacin. D. folic acid (folate). E. cobalamin.
A
What is the function of the urea cycle? A. reduce the concentration of ammonia B. deaminate amino acids C. recycle amino acids for protein synthesis D. produce urea to be used in the citric acid cycle
A
What is the role of NADH in metabolism? A. transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes B. convert pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA C. produce carbon dioxide D. phosphorylate ADP into ATP E. produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer
A
Which of the following chemicals builds up in the blood stream as a result of lipid or amino acid metabolism in the liver during the postabsorptive state? A. ketone bodies B. fatty acids C. amino Acids D. glycerol
A
Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? A. Glucose B. ATP C. Water D. Oxygen
A
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? A. glycolysis B. acetyl CoA formation C. ATP production by ATP synthase D. electron transport chain E. citric acid cycle
A
Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for ________ because their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA. A. glycogenesis B. cellular respiration C. glycolysis D. gluconeogenesis E. glycemia
D
Which of the following processes represent(s) catabolism? A. endocytosis B. intracellular transport C. contraction D. All of these are catabolic processes.
D
Which of these statements is NOT true about beta-oxidation? A. Two-carbon fragments are formed. B. It yields large amounts of ATP. C. It takes place in mitochondria. D. Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules.
D
________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. A. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) B. Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) C. Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs) D. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) E. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
D
During starvation, A. gluconeogenesis ceases. B. carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds. C. carbohydrate utilization increases. D. there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. E. muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
E
Heat loss to the cooler air that moves across the surface of your body is called A. conduction. B. transmission. C. evaporation. D. radiation. E. convection.
E
In an environment that is cooler than your body, you lose heat in a process called A. convection. B. conduction. C. thermal regulation. D. evaporation. E. radiation.
E
In the electron transport chain, A. generates a concentration gradient by pumping hydrogen ions. B. oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation. C. NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms. D. reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation. E. All of the answers are correct.
E
In the human body, cholesterol is important because it A. helps waterproof the epidermis. B. is a lipid component of all cell membranes. C. is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3. D. is a key constituent of bile. E. All of the answers are correct.
E
Inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes are called A. free radicals. B. trace minerals. C. nutrients. D. vitamins. E. minerals.
E
Lipids A. are difficult to store since they are not water soluble. B. yield quick bursts of energy. C. deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose. D. are the primary nutrient metabolized in cells. E. provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.
E
Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin A. A. B. B9. C. C. D. B12. E. B6.
E
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group? A. A B. C C. folic acid D. E E. All of the answers are correct.
E
The heat-gain center for thermoregulation A. resides in the pre-optic hypothalamus. B. activates shivering thermogenesis. C. activates nonshivering thermogenesis. D. activates skin vasoconstriction. E. All of the answers are correct.
E
The inherited metabolic disorder that results from the accumulation of phenylketones from phenylalanine is A. kwashiorkor. B. ketosis. C. acidosis. D. marasmus. E. phenylketonuria.
E
The major cation in cytoplasm is A. iron. B. magnesium. C. calcium. D. sodium. E. potassium.
E
The major cation in extracellular fluid is A. iron. B. calcium. C. magnesium. D. potassium. E. sodium.
E
The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as A. uremia. B. polyuria. C. ketosis. D. hematuria. E. ketonuria.
E
The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as A. the Atkins diet. B. glycolysis reaction. C. overeating. D. carbohydrate craving. E. carbohydrate loading.
E
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin A. A. B. B. C. C. D. D. E. E.
E
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+. A. oxidized; reduced B. phosphorylated; dephosphorylated C. made; recycled D. phosphorylated; deaminated E. reduced; oxidized
E
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? A. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. B. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. C. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. D. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. E. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
E
A(n) ________ protein is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids. A. phosphorylated B. incomplete C. real D. vital E. complete
B
Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that A. proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates. B. most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs. C. extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis. D. one of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia. E. the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids.
B
Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of ________ from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol, or amino acids. A. glucagon B. glucose C. glycogen D. glycerides
B
Hydrogen atoms from one FADH2 from the citric acid cycle produce how much ATP in the electron transport system? A. 3 ATP B. 2 ATP C. 1 ATP D. 4 ATP E. 32 ATP
B
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? A. lysosome B. mitochondrion C. chloroplast D. nucleus E. Golgi apparatus
B
Terry has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Recently, she was found comatose and hospitalized. Later she was diagnosed with ketoacidosis. Which of the following best describes how these conditions are related? A. She was severally underweight. Due to this, her liver not producing enough glycogen to meet her energy needs. So her system went into anaerobic shock resulting in ketone body build-up in the kidneys. B. The anorexia nervosa induced a starvation condition in Terry. In turn, this starvation caused an increase in ketone bodies in the blood. Ketone body accumulation caused acidification dropping the pH too low, resulting in coma. C. The lack of nutrients characteristic of anorexia nervosa caused a pathological drop in blood glucose levels. Lack of glucose to the neural tissue induced both coma and increased ketone body production. D. Anorexia nervosa is closely associated with excessive exercise. Due to this, Terry had no glucose reserves in her skeletal muscles. This caused a drop in ATP production and compromised the citric acid cycle, leading to ketoacidosis.
B
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during A. the formation of water. B. the citric acid cycle. C. electron transport. D. glycolysis. E. the formation of pyruvic acid.
B
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces A. nitrate. B. urea. C. water. D. ketone bodies. E. acetyl-CoA.
B
The direct transfer of heat energy from one object to another through physical contact is called A. convection. B. conduction. C. evaporation. D. transmission. E. radiation.
B
The major anion in body fluids is A. iodide. B. chloride. C. sulfate. D. bicarbonate.
B
The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD is A. thiamine. B. riboflavin. C. niacin. D. folic acid (folate). E. cobalamin.
B
Urea is formed in the A. stomach. B. liver. C. kidneys. D. small intestine. E. large intestine.
B
What are the other fat-soluble vitamins? A. vitamins C and B1 B. vitamins D, E, and K C. riboflavin and biotin D. vitamins B5, B6, and folic acid
B
What exactly is the link between the extra glycogen associated with carbohydrate loading and enhanced performance in endurance sports? A. The extra glycogen is used during beta oxidation, which is a series of chemical reactions resulting in the formation of acetyl coenzyme A, which is essential to start the citric acid cycle of aerobic cellular respiration. B. The extra glycogen serves as a reservoir for glucose, which serves as the main fuel molecule for increased cellular respiration, resulting in more available ATP. C. The extra glycogen undergoes the process of deamination, which is the first step in the breakdown of the carbon chains needed for ATP synthesis. D. All of the listed responses explain the link between carbohydrate loading and enhanced performance in endurance sports.
B
What provides energy required to produce ATP? A. ATP B. H+ ion gradient C. glucose D. NADH
B
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work? A. Glucose B. ATP C. Water D. Oxygen
B
Which of these is NOT required for glycolysis? A. ATP B. pyruvic acid C. glucose D. inorganic phosphate
B
Which of these provides the greatest yield of ATP? A. substrate-level phosphorylation B. NADH from the citric acid cycle C. FADH2 from the citric acid cycle D. NADH from glycolysis
B
Which statement describes glycolysis? A. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. B. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. C. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. D. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. E. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
B
Which statement describes the electron transport chain? A. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. B. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. C. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. D. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. E. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
B
About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________. A. feces B. perspiration C. heat D. urine
C
An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is A. calcium. B. magnesium. C. iron. D. cobalt. E. zinc.
C
Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids. A. metabolic B. vital C. essential D. oxidative E. non-metabolic
C
In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present? A. glucose B. NAD C. acetyl-CoA D. ADP E. ATP
C
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is A. transferred to acetyl-CoA. B. converted to ammonia. C. transferred to a keto acid. D. converted to urea. E. absorbed by water.
C
The amino group that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________. A. ammonium ion B. nitric oxide C. urea D. ketone bodies
C
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because A. ADP is phosphorylated. B. FADH2 is produced. C. oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. D. citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms. E. NAH+ is converted into NADH.
C
The process of glycogen formation is known as A. gluconeogenesis. B. glycemia. C. glycogenesis. D. cellular respiration. E. glycolysis.
C
The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is A. riboflavin. B. pyridoxine (B6). C. pantothenic acid. D. folic acid (folate). E. niacin.
C
The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is A. thiamine. B. riboflavin. C. niacin. D. folic acid (folate). E. cobalamin.
C
What can the body do naturally in order to reduce body temperature, not necessarily to the point of hypothermia, but rather to prevent overheating? A. secrete hormones such as epinephrine to decrease the metabolic activity of the body B. stand on a cool floor so that heat can be lost through conduction C. increase the respiratory rate to where breathing occurs through the mouth, leading to evaporative cooling D. All of the listed responses are effective ways to cool off the body.
C
What is the original source of all of the CO2 molecules in the process shown in this diagram? A. the pyruvate from the cytoplasm B. the oxygen inhaled C. the glucose, glycerol and amino acids from the diet D. the enzymes of the citric acid cycle
C
When an individual absorbs more nitrogen than he or she excretes, he or she is said to be in what state? A. negative nitrogen balance B. nitrogen balance C. positive nitrogen balance D. hypervitaminosis
C
A balanced diet is important to provide the body with all the necessary nutrients to ensure physiological functioning. What is the name of the process where new organic molecules are synthesized? A. catabolism B. metabolism C. aerobic metabolism D. anabolism
D
A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is A. sodium. B. selenium. C. magnesium. D. calcium. E. potassium.
D
A vitamin obtained that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is A. riboflavin. B. thiamine. C. niacin. D. pyridoxine (B6). E. folic acid (folate).
D
Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following except A. genetics. B. gender. C. body weight. D. physical exertion. E. age.
D
Glycolysis yields two molecules of pyruvate. Which of the following statements best describes what next happens to pyruvate? A. Pyruvate is used by the cell as a form of energy. B. Pyruvate leaves the cell by exocytosis and enters the interstitial fluid. C. Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A and becomes acetyl-CoA. D. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters a mitochondrion.
D
In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP? A. 4 B. 36 C. 38 D. 2 E. 30
D
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. A. a hydrogen ion B. ADP C. NAD D. a coenzyme E. the acetyl group
D
Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. A. A B. B12 C. C D. D E. E
D
More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of A. conduction. B. evaporation. C. concentration. D. radiation. E. convection.
D
The citric acid cycle occurs in the A. mitochondrial intermembrane space. B. cytosol. C. golgi apparatus. D. mitochondrial matrix. E. ribosome.
D
The end products of aerobic respiration are A. NADH and FADH2. B. carbon dioxide and alcohol. C. pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide. D. carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. E. oxygen and water.
D
The trace element needed as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is A. zinc. B. cobalt. C. iodine. D. copper. E. silicon.
D
The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is A. pantothenic acid. B. pyridoxine (B6). C. vitamin K. D. folic acid (folate). E. vitamin C.
D
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A. A. B. B. C. E. D. K. E. C.
D
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin A. A. B. B. C. C. D. D. E. E.
D
What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat? A. 40 B. 30 C. 20 D. 60 E. 50
D
Which hormone drives the most pathways in the absorptive state? A. androgens B. growth hormone C. estrogens D. insulin
D
Which of the following compounds contain(s) NO nitrogen? A. creatine B. purines C. amino acids D. ketoacids
D
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as A. anorexia nervosa. B. ketosis. C. lupus. D. rheumatoid arthritis. E. gout.
E
An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. A. sulfate B. chloride C. bicarbonate D. iodide E. phosphate
E
Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? A. growth and repair B. structural maintenance C. store nutrients D. produce secretions E. All of the answers are correct.
E