Mass Media: Chapter 4

firewall

A second problematic outcome of conglomeration, say critics, is that the quest for profits at all costs is eroding the ______________, the once inviolate barrier between newspapers' editorial and advertising missions.

*ethnic press*

African American papers, as they have for a century and half, remain a vibrant part of this country's ______________. African Americans represent about 12% of the total population. But because English is their native language, African Americans typically read mainstream papers. In fact, after whites they represent the 2nd-largedt group of newspaper readers in the country. Still, 200 dailies, weeklies, and semiweeklies aim specifically at African Americans. And papers like the "Amsterdam News" in New York, the "Los Angeles Sentinel," and the "Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder", the 2nd-oldest minority publication in America, specialize in urban-based journalism unlike hat found in the traditional mainstream dailies.

*Bill of Rights*

After the Revolution, the new government of the US had to determine for itself just how free a press it was willing to tolerate. When the first Congress convened under the new constitution in 1790, the nation's founders debated, drafted, and adopted the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, called the ________________________. The *First Amendment* reads: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peacefully to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances."

the Washington Post

Amazon founder Jeff Bezos bought ___________________.

*alternative press*

Another type of paper , most commonly a weekly and available at no cost, is the ____________________. The offspring of the underground press of the 1960s antiwar, antiracism, pro-drug culture, these papers have redefined themselves. The most successful among them - the "Village Voice (America's first alternative weekly)," the "LA Weekly," the "Miami New Times," and the "Seattle Weekly"--succeed by attracting upwardly mobile young people and young professionals, not the disaffected counterculture readers who were their original audiences. Their strategy of downplaying politics and emphasizing events listings, local arts advertising, and eccentric personal classified ads has permitted the country's 114 alternative weeklies to attract 25 million hard-copy and online readers a week. But this figure masks the fact that the number of hard-copy readers is in decline, as content once considered "alternative" and therefore not suited for traditional newspapers is quite at home on the Web. In response, most alternative papers have a Web presence, and there are now Web-only alternative "papers," leading the industry trade group, the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies, to change its name in 2011 to the Association of Alternative Newsmedia. Beyond declining circulation, the trend that best characterizes that state of contemporary alternative papers is acquisition by the dominant newspaper in their respective cities.

*zoned editions*

As big cities cease to be industrial centers, homes, jobs, and interests have turned away from downtown. Those large metropolitan dailies that are succeeding have used a number of strategies to cut costs and to attract and keep more suburban-oriented readers. Some publish _______________-suburban or regional versions of the paper-to attract readers and to combat competition for advertising dollars from the suburban papers. But once-customary features like these zoned editions (Providence Journal), stand-alone book review sections (Chicago Tribune, The Washington Post), weekly magazines (Los Angeles Times), classified sections (Cincinnati Enquirer, The Boston Globe), even daily home delivery (Cleveland Plain Dealer, Vermont's Rutland Herald) are disappearing as papers big and small battle declining ad revenue and rising production and distribution costs.

conglomeration hyper-commercialism

As in other media, __________________ has led to increased pressure on newspapers to turn a profit. This manifests itself in 3 distinct but related ways - _______________________, erasure of the distinction between ads and news, and ultimately, loss of the journalistic mission itself.

*penny press*; "New York Sun"; "The Sun shines for all,"

At the turn of the 19th century, New York City provided all the ingredients necessary for a new kind of audience for a new kind of newspaper and a new kind of journalism. The island city was densely populated, a center of culture, commerce, and politics, and especially because of the waves of immigrants that had come to its shores, demographically diverse. Add to this growing literacy among working people, and conditions were ripe for the _______________, one-cent newspapers for everyone. Benjamin Day's September 3, 1833 issue of the ________________ was the first of the penny papers. Day's innovation was to price his paper so inexpensively that it would attract a large readership, which could then be "sold" to advertisers. Day succeeded because he anticipated a new kind of reader. He filled the "Sun's" pages with police and court reports, crime stories, entertainment news, and human interest stories. Because the paper lived up to its motto, "____________________," there was little of the elite political and business information that had characterized earlier papers.

28

Billionaire investor Warren Buffet owns so many papers, buying ______ in the last few years alone. Buffet knows newspapers are an indispensable local medium, so indispensable, his papers earn a 10% after-tax profit (better than most businesses). This not only makes him and his investors money, but now banks are also starting to look at papers again as a place to put their money. That means more *investment*, which means a better *product*, which means more *profit*.

*Alien and Sedition Acts*

But a mere 8 years later, fearful of the subversive activities of foreigners sympathetic to France, Congress passed a group of 4 laws known collectively as the ___________________________. *The Sedition Acts made illegal writing, publishing, or printing "any false scandalous and malicious writing" about the president, Congress, or the federal government.* *So unpopular were these laws with a citizenry who had just waged a war of independence against similar limits on their freedom of expression that they were not renewed when Congress reconsidered them 2 years later in 1800.*

crowdfunded journalism

But over the last several years, hoping to make a difference, hundreds of nonprofit newsrooms-staffed by veteran and newly minted professional journalists-have sprung up to fill the void. Some are funded by foundations, some receive voluntary payments from their for-profit media partners, and some, for example, the "Texas Tribune" (to cover the state legislature) and St. Louis's "Beacon Reader" (to cover race relations in and around St. Louis), practice ___________________________, where journalists pitch stories to readers who contribute small amounts of money for those they want to see completed. Large investigative reporting nonprofits "ProPublica and the Center for Public Integrity" are backed by major philanthropies like the Ford and Knight Foundations. And while some nonprofit newsrooms are small and serve local communities and local media, many maintain partnerships with major national media. "The New York Times" uses the work of nonprofit newsrooms in Chicago, San Francisico, and other locations to strengthen its reporting in those locales. In addition to "The Times", major media outlets such as "60 Minutea", "National Public Radio", "Salon", "USA Today", "NBC-owned television stations", the "Los Angeles Times", "Bloomberg Businessweek", and "the Washington Post" make regular use of several nonprofit' investigative reporting on controversial and expensive investigations into issues like natural gas drilling, abuse of federal stimulus dollars, and the failure of many of the nation's coroner and medical examiner offices.

Yellow Kid; *yellow journalism*

Drawing its name from the _____________, a popular cartoon character of the time, ________________________ was a study in excess--sensational sex, crime, and disaster news; giant headlines; heavy use of illustrations; and reliance on cartoons and color. It was successful at first, and other papers around the country adopted all or part of its style. Although public reaction to the excesses of yellow journalism soon led to its decline, traces of its popular features remain. Large headlines, big front-page pictures, extensive use of photos and illustrations, and cartoons are characteristic even of today's best newspapers.

Nathaniel Butter; Thomas Archer; Nicholas Bourne *diurnals*

Englishmen ___________________, ________________, and _______________ eventually began printing their own occasional news sheets, using the same title for consecutive editions. They stopped publishing in 1641, the same year that regular, daily accounts of local news started appearing in other news sheets. These true forerunners of our daily newspaper were called ______________, but by the 1660s, the word "newspaper" had entered the English language.

"New York Tribune" ; social action

Horace Greeley's __________________ was an important penny paper as well. Its non sensationalistic, issues-oriented, and humanitarian reporting established mass newspaper as a powerful medium of _________________.

one

In 1690 Boston bookseller/printer (and coffeehouse owner) Benjamin Harris printed his own broadside, "Publick Occurences Both Forreign and Domestick." Intended for continuous publication, the country's first paper lasted only _____ day; Harris had been critical of local and European dignitaries, and he had also failed to obtain a license. *(This was the first daily newspaper to appear in the 13 colonies. It lasted through one edition.)*

3

In 1721 Boston had _____ papers. James Franlin's "New-England Courant" was the only one publishing without authority. The "Courant" was popular and controversial, but when it criticized the Massachusetts governor, Franklin was jailed for printing "scandalous libels." When released, he returned to his old ways, earning himself and the "Courant" a publishing ban, which he circumvented by installing his younger brother Benjamin as nominal publisher. Ben Franklin soon moved to Philadelphia, and without his leadership the "Courant" was out of business in 3 years. *Its lasting legacy, however, was demonstrating that a newspaper with popular support could indeed challenge authority.*

Peter Zenger; seditious libel; Andrew Hamilton

In 1734, "New York Weekly Journal" publisher __________________ was jailed for criticizing that colony's royal governor. The charge was __________________, and the verdict was based not on the truth or falsehood of the printed words but on whether they had been printed. The criticisms had been published, so Zenger was clearly guilty. But his attorney, __________________, argued to the jury, "For the words themselves must be libelous, that is, false, scandalous and seditious, or else we are not guilty." Zenger's peers agreed, and he was freed. *The Zenger trial became a powerful symbol of colonial newspaper independence from the Crown.*

*wire services*

In 1848, 6 large New York papers, including the "Sun," the "Herald," and the "Tribune," decided to pool efforts and share expenses collecting news from foreign ships docking at the city's harbor. After determining rules of membership and other organizational issues, in 1856 the papers established the first news-gathering (and distribution) organization, the New York Associated Press. Other domestic ___________________, originally named for their reliance on the telegraph, followed-the Associated Press in 1900, the United Press in 1907, and the International News Service in 1909.

common man

In 1883 Hungarian immigrant Joseph Pulitzer bought the troubled "New York World." Adopting a populist approach to the news, he brought a crusading, activist style of coverage to numerous turn-of-the-century social problems-growing slums, labor tensions, and failing farms. The audience for this "new journalism" was the "_________________", and he succeeded in reaching readers with light, sensationalistic news coverage, extensive use of illustrations, and circulation-building stunts and promotions. Ad revenues and circulation figures exploded.

*Acta Diurna*; actions of the day one

In Caesar's time, Rome had a newspaper, the ____________, meaning ____________________. It was carved on a tablet and posted on a wall after each meeting of the Senate. Its circulation was _____, and there is no reliable measure of its total readership. However, it does show that people have always wanted to know what was happening and that others have helped them do so.

"Pennsylvania Gazette"

In Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin established a print shop and later, in 1729, took over a failing newspaper, which he revived and renamed the _______________. By combining the income from his bookshop and printing businesses with that from his popular daily, Franklin could run the "Gazette" with significant independence. Even though he held the contract for Philadelphia's official printing, he was unafraid to criticize those in authority. In addition, he began to develop advertising support, which also helped shield his newspaper from government control by decreasing its dependence on official printing contracts for survival. *Ben Franklin demonstrated that financial independence could lead to editorial independence.* (It was not, however, a guarantee.) Example next:

*broadsides*; *broadsheets*

In the colonies, bookseller/print shops became the focal point for the exchange of news and information, which led to the beginning of the colonial newspaper. It was at these establishments that _______________ (sometimes referred to as ________________), single-sheet announcements or accounts of events imported from England, would be posted.

USA Today

The other national daily is _____________. Founded in 1982, it calls itself "The Nation's Newspaper," and despite early derision from industry pros for its lack of depth and apparent dependence on style over substance, it has become a serious national newspaper with significant global influence. Today, the paper's daily circulation of 958,000 (4.1 million including special branded editions and digital subscriptions) suggests that readers welcome its mix of short, lively, upbeat stories; full-color graphics; state-by-state news and sports briefs; and libera; use of easy-to-read illustrated graphs and tables.

Revolution

More successful was Boston postmaster John Campbell, whose 1704 "Boston News-;letter survived until the _________________. The paper featured foreign news, reprints of articles from England, government announcements, and shipping news. It was dull and expensive. Nonetheless, it established the newspaper in the colonies.

*soft news*; *hard news*

Newspaper publishers know well that print newspaper readership in the US is least prevalent among younger people. The problem facing newspapers, then ,is how to lure young people (readers of the future) to their pages. Online and alternative weeklies might be two solutions, but the fundamental question remains: Should newspapers give these readers what they "should" want to what they "do" want? Some newspapers confront this problem directly. They add inserts or sections directed toward, and sometimes written baby, teens and young people. But traditionalists disagree with another youth-targeted strategy-altering other, more serious (presumably more important) parts of the paper to cater to the infrequent and non-newspaper reader. What happens to journalistic integrity, critics ask, to community serve, to the traditional role of newspapers in our democracy, when front pages are given over to reports of starlets' affairs, sports heroes' retirements, and full-color photos of plane wrecks because this is what younger readers want? Many major news organizations now require that their reporters keep their stories between 300 and 500 words, allowing only 700 words for the "top two stories" they're covering, and that's when they aren't writing click bait. What kind of culture develops on a diet of *______________* (sensational stories that do not serve the democratic function of journalism) rather than *_____________* (stories that help citizens make intelligent decisions and keep up with important issues of the day)?

advertising *paywall*

Newspapers don't have a demand problem, they have a business-model problem (says former Google CEO Eric Schmidt). Newspapers still face two lingering questions about their online success. The first, is how they will earn income from their Web operations. Internet users expect free content, and for years newspapers were happy to provide their product at no cost, simply to establish their presence online. Unfortunately, they now find that people are unwilling to pay for what the papers themselves have been giving away for free online. So, newspapers have to fix their business models. Among those "fixes" are papers that rely on ___________________ for their online revenue. Many continue to provide free access, hoping to attract more readers and, therefore, more advertising revenue. Some papers even offer free online classifieds to draw people to their sites (and their paid advertisers). Other papers, recognizing that the internet surpassed print papers as readers' source of news in 2009, are experimenting with variations of a *___________*, that is, making all or some of their content available only to those visitors willing to pay. Many papers, large and small, have strict paywalls; readers gain access only by paying for it. Today 80% of papers with more than 50,000 circulation maintain a paywall of some form.

local

Newspapers remain a powerful ad medium because they are the most ________ mass medium and they continue to attract million of print and online readers.

*agenda setting*

Newspapers tell readers what is significant and meaningful through their placement of stories in and on their pages. Within a paper's sections (for example, front, leisure, sports, and business), readers almost invariably read pages in order (that is, page 1, then page 2, and so on). Recognizing this, papers place the stories they think are the most important on the earliest pages. Newspaper jargon for this phenomenon has even entered our everyday language. "Front-page news" means the same thing in the living room as in the pressroom. The placement of stories on a page is also important. English readers read from top to bottom and from left to right. Stories that the newspaper stafff deems important tend to place above the fold and toward the left of the page. This is an important aspect of the power of newspapers to influence public opinion and of media literacy. Relative story placement is a factor in *________________*-the way newspapers and other media influence not only what we think but also what we think about.

*newsholes*

Newspapers will die, say conglomeration's critics, because they will have abandoned their traditional democratic mission, a failure all the more tragic because despite falling circulation, more newspapers might have remained financially healthy had they invested rather than cut when times were good. In the era of record revenues and record profits, papers were laying off staff, closing state and regional bureaus, hiring younger and less experience reporters, and shrinking their *______________* - the amount of space given to news.

*sponsored content*

One particularly dramatic example of that interplay is ____________________, "content that matches the form and function of editorial but is, in fact, paid for by an advertiser." There are many names for the practice, including branded content, native advertising, brand journalism, and content marketing, but whatever the label, the strategy of permitting advertisers to pay for or even create articles that look like traditional editorial content is common as newspapers try to find new sources of income. Sometimes the material is written by the paper's journalists; other times it is provided by the sponsor or its advertising agency. In wither case, the story typically looks in tone and design like content usually found on the paper's site to in its pages and is intended to "take on the form and function of the platform it appears on/" All papers of size now engage in the practice, and it promises to mark up a quarter of the industry's revenues by 2018.

"New York Morning Herald."

Soon there were penny papers in all the major cities; among the most important was James Gordon Bennett's _________________________. Although more sensationalistic than the "Sun," the "Herald" pioneered the correspondent system, placing reporters in Washington DC and other major US cities as well as brad. Corespondents filed their stories by means of the telegraph, invented in 1844.

Boston Globe

Sports mogul John Henry purchased the ___________.

government subsidies

The "Boston News-Letter" was able to survive in part because of ______________________. With government support came government control, but the buildup to the Revolution helped establish the medium's independence.

World War II

The advent of television at the end of _______________ coincided with several important social and cultural changes in the US. Shorter work hours, more leisure, more expendable cash, movement to the suburbs, and women joining the workforce in greater numbers all served to alter the newspaper-reader relationship. When the war ended, circulation equaled 1.24 papers per American household per day; today that figure is 0.37 per household per day.

*impressions* *integrated audience reach* *click bait*

The digital readership raises the second question faced by online newspapers: How will circulation be measured? In fact, if visitors to a newspaper's website are added to its hard-copy readership, newspapers are more popular than ever; that is, they are drawing readers in larger numbers than ever before. Therefore, if many inline papers continue to rely on a free-to-the-user, ad-supported model to boost their "circulation," how do they quantify that readership for advertisers, both print and online? Industry insiders have therefore called for a new metric to more accurately describe a paper's true reach, especially as ad rates are determined by how many *___________________*--the number of times an online ad is seen--an individual article can generate. "Circulation" , they say, should be replaced by *______________________________*, the total number of readers of the print edition plus those unduplicated Web readers who access the paper only online or via a mobile device. This is not insignificant given the heavy traffic enjoyed by newspaper websites. There is the danger that new metrics might encourage newspapers to chase *_____________*, stories designed to gain impressions rather than make an impression.

*feature syndicates* comics

The feature services, called ______________________,do not gather and distribute news. Instead, they operate as clearinghouses for the work of columnists, essayists, cartoonists, and other creative individuals. Among the material provided (by satellite, by computer, or physically in packages) are opinion pieces such as commentaries by Ellen Goodman or Garrison Keillor; horoscope, chess, and bridge columns; editorial cartoons, such as the work of Scott Willis and Ben Sergeant; and __________, the most common and popular form of syndicated material. Among the major syndicates, the best known are the "New York Times" News Service, King Features, Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), The "Washington Post" News Service, and United Feature Syndicate.

"Freedom's Journal" "The Ram's Horn" "North Star"

The first African American newspaper was __________________, published initially in 1827 by John B. Russwurm and the Reverend Samuel Cornish. Others soon followed, but it was Frederick Douglass who made best use of the new mass circulation style in his newspaper "_____________________", founded expressly to challenge the editorial policies of Benjamin Day's "Sun." Although this particular effort failed, Douglass had established himself and the minority press as a viable voice for those otherwise silenced. Douglass's "___________", founded in 1847 with the masthead slogan "Right is of no Sex-Truth is of no Color-G-d is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren," was the most influential African American newspaper before the Civil War.

Craigslist

The internet has devastated newspapers' advertising income. the internet has proven equally financially damaging in its attack on newspapers' classified advertising business. Before the internet, classified advertising was the exclusive domain of local newspapers. Today, the internet overwhelms newspapers' one-time dominance through commercial online classified advertising sites (ex: e-bay), advertising connecting directly with customers on their own sites and bypassing newspapers altogether, and communitarian-minded (that is, free community-based) sites. Ex: ____________ Craiglist, originating in San Francisco in 1995, is now in more than 700 cities across 70 different countries. Craigslist alone cost local papers more than $5 billion in classified ad revenues from 2000 to 2007, and as a whole, online classified sites have reduced papers' income from classified advertising from $20 billion in 2000 to under $5 billion today.

"Chicago Defender"

The most influential African American newspaper after the Civil War, and the first black paper to be a commercial success (its predecessors typically were subsidized by political and church groups), was the "____________________." First published on May 5, 1905, by Robert Sengstacke Abbott, the "Defender"eventually earned a nationwide circulation of more than 230,000. After Abbott declared May 15, 1917, the date of "the Great Northern Drive," the "Defender's" central editorial goal was to encourage southern black people to move north. The paper would regularly contrast horrific accounts of southern lynchings with northern African American success stories. Within 2 years of the start of the "Great Drive," more than 500,000 followed.

competition papers; ownership 12 *joint operating agreements (JOAs)*

The newspaper industry has seen a dramatic decline in ____________________. This has taken two forms: loss of competing __________ and concentration of ___________________. In 1923, 502 American cities had 2 or more competition papers (having different ownership) dailies. Today, fewer than _____ have separate competing papers. With print circulation and advertising revenues continuing to fall for urban dailies, very few cities can support more than one paper. Congress attempted to reverse this trend with the 1970 Newspaper Preservation Act, which allowed *___________________________ (____)*. A JOA permits a failing paper to merge most aspects of its business with a successful local competition as long as their editorial and reporting operations remain separate. The philosophy is that it is better to have two more-or-kess independent parts in one city than to allow one to close. 6 cities, including Detroit, Michigan, and Charleston, West Virginia, currently have JOAs. The concern that drove the creation of JOAs was editorial diversity. Cities with only one newspaper have only one newspaper editorial voice. This runs counter to two long-held American beliefs about the relationship between a free press and its readers: -Truth flows from a multitude of tongues -The people are best served by a number of antagonistic voices. These are the same values that fuel worry over concentration as well. What becomes of political, cultural, and social debate when there are neither multiple or antagonistic (or at least different) voices? Media critic Robert McChesney offered this answer: "As ownership concentrated nationally in the form of chains, journalism came to reflect the partisan interests of owners and advertisers, rather than the diverse interests of any given community." Today, 5 chains -Gannett (112 papers), McClatchy (88), trone (12), Advance Publications (63), and Media News Group (58)-receive nearly half of all newspaper industry revenue.

advertising

The newspaper was also the first mass medium to rely on ___________ for financial support, changing the relationship between audience and media from that time one.

17th *Corantos* Thirty Years' War

The newspapers we recognize today have their roots in ______-century Europe. ________________one-page news sheets about specific events, were printed in English in Holland in 1620 and imported to England by British booksellers who were eager to satisfy public demand for information about Continental happenings that eventually led to what we now call the ____________________.

Tronc

The problem of the loss of classified ad income is magnified by the exodus of young people, that highly desirable demographic, from print to electronic news sources. Only 5 out of 100 American hard-copy newspaper readers are under 29 years old, as young people favor the Web over print. Not only do the internet and the world wide web provide readers with more information and more depth, and with greater speed, than the traditional newspaper, but they empower readers to control and interact with the news, in essence becoming their own editors in chief. As a result, the traditional newspaper is reinventing itself by converging with these very same technologies. In 2016 the number of people employed in digital publishing exceeded the number working at newspapers for the first time in history; the Newspaper Association of America dropped "newspaper" from its name, becoming the News Media Alliance, and began accepting digital-only news sites as members; the American Society of News Editors announced that it would estimate a newspapers' size not by circulation but by monthly web traffic in setting membership dues; newspaper chain Tribune Publishing reinvented itself as __________, a "content curation and monetization company focused on creating and distributing premium, verified content."; and Facebook began offering free online training for journalists.

reach local educated; incomes

The reason we have the number and variety of newspapers we do is that readers value them. When newspapers prosper financially, it is because advertisers recognize their worth as an ad medium. Nonetheless, the difficult truth for newspapers is that print advertising revenues fell 8% from 2014 to 2015, typical of several years of declining income. A 1% uptick in online advertising hardly compensated for that precipitous drop. Of the industry's nearly $38 billion in income in 2015, 2/3 was from advertising and 1/3 from subscriptions. Still, over $25 billion in annual ad sales suggests that advertisers find newspapers' readers an attractive audience. One reason is the medium's __________. 80% of all Americans read a print or online paper every month, 4 out of 10 every dat, or the equivalent of a daily Super Bowl broadcast. A second reason is newspapers are __________. Supermarkets, car dealers, department stores, movie theaters, and other local merchants who want to announce a sale or offer a coupon or circular automatically turn to the local paper. A third reason is newspaper readers, regardless of the platform on which they read, are attractive to advertisers: they are likely to be more _______________ than are nonreaders and have annual household ______________ over $100,000.

*newspaper chains*

The wire services internationalized. United Press International started gathering news from Japan in 1909 and was covering South America and Europe by 1921. In response to the competition from radio and magazines for advertising dollars , newspapers began consolidating into _______________________-papers in different cities across the country owned by a single company. Hearst and Scripps were among the most powerful chains in the 1920s. For all practical purposes, the modern newspaper had now emerged.

1910

The years between the era of yellow journalism and the coming of television were a time of remarkable growth in the development of newspapers. From 1910 to the beginning of World War II, daily newspaper subscription doubled and ad revenues tripled. In _______ there were 2,600 daily papers in the US, more than at any time before or since.

5

To be a daily, a paper must be published at least ______ times a week.

*Pass-along readership*

Today there are more than 8,000 newspapers operating in the US. Of these, 14% are dailies, and the rest are weeklies (77%) and semiweeklies (8%). They have a combined print circulation of nearly 130 million. _________________________-readers who did not originally purchase the paper-brings 100 million people a day in touch with a daily and 200 million a week in touch with a weekly. But as we've seen, overall print circulation is falling despite a growing population. Therefore, to have success and to ensure their future, newspapers have had to adjust.

the Wall Street Journal

We traditionally think of the newspaper as a local medium, our town's paper. But two national daily newspapers enjoy large circulations and significant social and political impact. The older and more respected is _______________________, founded in 1889 by Charles Dow and Edward Jones. It has been ranked the most believable and credible newspaper in every Pew Research newspaper study since 1985. Its focus is on the world of business, although its definition of business is broad. The "Journal" has a circulation of 1.4 million (2.3 million including digital subscribers), and an average household income of its readers of $150,000 makes it a favorite for upscale advertisers. In 2007 it became part of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. media empire.

"Oxford Gazette" "London Gazette"

When the monarchy prevailed, it granted monopoly publication rights to the __________________, the official voice of the Crown. Founded in 1665 and later renamed the ________________, this journal used a formula of foreign news, official information, royal proclamations, and local news that became the model for the first colonial newspapers.

49% 8; 10

______ of all US adults, 121 million people, will read a printed newspaper in an average week (half of them read exclusively in print); when digital readership is included, newspapers reach _____ in ______ Americans every month.

Newspapers

__________ have a long history as the people's medium.

*disruptive transition*

________________________: radical change brought about by the introduction of a new technology or product (newspapers are currently going through this)