Mastering A&P, Chapter 16, The Endocrine System

epinephrine.

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is cortisol. thyroid hormone. epinephrine. testosterone. aldosterone.

growth hormone

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is MSH. insulin. growth hormone. prolactin. ACTH.

exhaustion phase

During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is there a collapse of vital systems? (Module 16.17C) alarm phase adjustment phase exhaustion phase complications phase resistance phase

carbohydrates

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except carbohydrates. steroids. eicosanoids. peptides. amino acid derivatives.

glucocorticoids.

Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the catecholamines. mineralocorticoids. gonadotropins. glucocorticoids. androgens.

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells. Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells. Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells. Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells.

glucagon

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting GHIH. thyroid hormone. aldosterone. antidiuretic hormone. glucagon.

type 1

In ____________ diabetes, no insulin is produced. type 1 type 2 both type 1 and type 2

type 2

In ______________ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin. type 1 type 2 both type 1 and type 2

both type 1 and type 2

In _________________ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal. type 1 type 2 both type 1 and type 2

antagonistic

In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ________ to those of the renin-angiotensin system. synergistic permissive integrative additive antagonistic

decreased insulin secretion

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? decreased insulin secretion decreased cardiac output decreased or difficulty breathing decreased sweating

endocrine communication

In which mechanism of intercellular communication are target cells in distant tissues and organs? endocrine communication synaptic communication paracrine communication direct communication

diabetes mellitus.

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in diabetes insipidus. Addison's disease. acromegaly. goiter. diabetes mellitus.

PTH

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. cortisol aldosterone thymosin calcitonin PTH

aldosterone.

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of antidiuretic hormone. aldosterone. oxytocin. calcitonin. cortisone.

epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The adrenal medulla produces the hormones epinephrine and androgen. androgens and progesterone. corticosterone and testosterone. norcortisol and cortisol. epinephrine and norepinephrine.

cAMP in the cytoplasm

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. plasma membrane receptors adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane water-soluble hormone in the blood phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm cAMP in the cytoplasm

homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called homeostasis. positive feedback. negative feedback. diabetes. None of the above.

angiotensin I

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of angiotensin I. adrenaline. erythropoietin. atrial natriuretic peptide. cortisol.

sets circadian rhythms

Which is a function of melatonin in humans? sets circadian rhythms stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex stimulates reproductive function stimulates the melanocytes of the skin

heart palpitations

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? heart palpitations slow heart rate cool, dry skin low blood glucose

phosphodiesterase

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? G protein protein kinase phosphodiesterase adenylate cyclase

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? epinephrine insulin parathyroid hormone growth hormone cortisol

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? cortisol aldosterone epinephrine ADH (vasopressin)

oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? oxytocin cortisol antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? increased body temperature increased oxygen consumption increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation increased heart rate All of the answers are correct.

cyclic AMP

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger? epinephrine insulin cyclic AMP ACTH TSH

Hormones

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. Paracrine factors Hormones Neurotransmitters Neuropeptides None of the answers is correct.

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

Body cells that respond to insulin include Intestinal cells only. Liver cells and muscle cells only. Liver cells only. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. Muscle cells only.

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

A liver cell responds to insulin by Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. Releasing glucagon. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. Releasing insulin.

iodine

Thyroid hormone contains the element zinc. iodine. fluorine. iron. chlorine.

ADH (vasopressin)

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? cortisol angiotensin II ADH (vasopressin) aldosterone

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) control secretion of thyroid hormones control secretion of oxytocin

hypoglycemia

A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms except hyperglycemia. excessive thirst. glucosuria. hypoglycemia. polyuria.

parathyroid hormone

Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone? (Module 16.9C) calcitonin cortisol thyroid stimulating hormone growth hormone parathyroid hormone

have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals.

All target cells secrete hormones and have hormone receptors. have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals. secrete hormones. can respond to chemical signals. have hormone receptors.

several

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time. one or two only one several two

Cushing's disease

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." pheochromocytoma Cushing's disease Addison's disease

phosphodiesterase

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________. AMP protein kinase adenylate cyclase phosphodiesterase G proteins

The structural classification of hormones divides them into amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones (built from amino acids as prohormones), and lipid derivatives (built from fatty acids or cholesterol).

Describe the structural classification of hormones. (Module 16.2A) The structural classification of hormones divides them into negative feedback and positive feedback hormones. The structural classification of hormones divides them into amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones (built from amino acids as prohormones), and lipid derivatives (built from fatty acids or cholesterol). The structural classification of hormones divides them into hormones produced by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, or target organs. The structural classification of hormones divides them into catabolic or anabolic hormones. The structural classification of hormones divides them into systemic or local acting hormones.

resistance

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). resistance extension alarm exhaustion prolonged

melatonin

Increased amounts of light would inhibit the production of which hormone? (Module 16.12B) insulin melatonin growth hormone ADH oxytocin

GH (growth hormone)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? prolactin (PRL) oxytocin thyroid hormones GH (growth hormone)

The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin.

Name the hormone and enzyme secreted by the kidneys. (Module 16.15B) The kidneys secrete the hormone aldosterone and the enzyme renin. The kidneys secrete the hormone natriuretic peptide and the enzyme aldosterone. The kidneys secrete the hormone antidiuretic hormone and the enzyme renin. The kidneys secrete the hormone thrombopoietin and the enzyme aldosterone. The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin.

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

Steroid hormones are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. are proteins. cannot diffuse through cell membranes.

both production and release

TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones. only the production only the inhibition only the release both inhibition and production both production and release

All of the answers are correct.

The hypophyseal portal system has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. does not transport ADH and oxytocin. carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

a G protein.

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually ATP. cGMP. calcium ion levels. cAMP. a G protein.

insulin

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is glucagon. insulin. erythropoietin. cortisol. somatotropin.

ADH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes MSH. ADH. TSH. ACTH. FSH.

plasma membrane receptors

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. plasma membrane receptors protein kinases cytoplasmic receptors cAMP adenylate cyclase

Liver cells.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? Intestinal cells. Muscle cells. Cells in the pancreas. Liver cells. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.

Increased cortisol levels would increase blood glucose levels.

What effect would increased cortisol levels have on blood glucose level? (Module 16.10C) Increased cortisol levels would increase blood glucose levels. Increased cortisol levels would not affect blood glucose levels. Increased cortisol levels would decrease blood glucose levels.

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? hypothalamus anterior pituitary kidney posterior pituitary

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which anterior pituitary hormone induces ovulation in females and stimulates sex hormone production by the interstitial cells of the testes in males? luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) prolactin (PRL) growth hormone (GH)

If thyroid hormones are absent during fetal development or the first year of life, the nervous system will not develop normally, and mental retardation will result.

Which endocrine effect on normal growth is correct? If thyroid hormones are absent during fetal development or the first year of life, the nervous system will not develop normally, and mental retardation will result. PTH and calcitonin promote the absorption of calcium salts for subsequent deposition in bone. Without ADH, the passage of amino acids and glucose across plasma membranes is drastically reduced or eliminated. The targets for androgens and estrogens are not gender specific.

lipid reserves are mobilized.

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), proteins are conserved. levels of insulin decrease. blood glucose levels fall drastically. lipid reserves are mobilized. levels of growth hormone decrease.

Increased glucagon will decrease the amount of glycogen stored in the liver.

What is the effect of increased glucagon levels on the amount of glycogen stored in the liver? (Module 16.11C) Increased glucagon will not change the amount of glycogen stored in the liver. Increased glucagon will increase the amount of glycogen stored in the liver. Increased glucagon will decrease the amount of glycogen stored in the liver.

negative feedback

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? negative feedback a circadian rhythm of release thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Phosphorylate proteins.

What is the role of activated protein kinases? Phosphorylate proteins. Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation. Phosphorylate ADP to ATP. Degrade cAMP to AMP. Activate adenylate cyclase.

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) growth hormone (GH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. cell membrane becomes depolarized. second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. cell becomes inactive.

The pancreas releases insulin.

When blood glucose levels are high The pancreas releases glucose. The pancreas releases glucagon. The liver releases insulin. The liver releases glucagon. The pancreas releases insulin.

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are low The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

glucagon is released.

When blood glucose levels fall, glucagon is released and protein synthesis increases. glucagon is released. protein synthesis increases. peripheral cells take up more glucose. insulin is released.