MBA 759 Test 3

social strucure

A society's ______ ________ is its basic social organization.

social strata

All societies are stratified on a hierarchical basis into social categories, or

ethnocentric behavior

Belief in the superiority of one's own culture

caste

Buddhism does not support the _______ system, so individuals do have some mobility and can work with individuals from different classes.

critiques

Critiques of Hofstede's work: •Assumes a one-to-one relationship between culture and nation-state. •Research may be culturally bound. •Informants only worked within a single industry and within one company. •Example: computers within IBM. •Certain social classes excluded from research.

Islam

Economic Implications of _________. •Koran establishes explicit economic principles—many of which are pro-free enterprise. •Under Islam, people do not own property but only act as trustees for God and thus must take care of what they are entrusted with. •Stresses living up to contractual obligations, keeping one's word, and abstaining from deception. •Islamic banks have experimented with two different banking methods—the mudarabah and the murabaha.

social mobility

Extent to which individuals can move out of the strata they are born into.

values and norms

Formal education supplements the family's role in socializing the young into the _______ and _______ of a society.

Hofstede

Geert __________ isolated five dimensions that summarized different cultures: •Power distance. •Individualism versus collectivism. •Uncertainty avoidance. •Masculinity versus femininity. •Long-term versus short-term orientation.

GLOBE

Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (_________) instrument is designed to address the notion that a leader's effectiveness is contextual

values

Ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.

Protestant

In 1904, Max Weber suggested that the _____________ work ethic was the driving force of capitalism. •Focus on hard work, wealth creation, and frugality. •_______________ gave individuals more freedom to develop own relationship with God, which may have paved way to economic freedom.

Edward Tylor

In the 1870s, anthropologist ________ _______ defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society." Since then, hundreds of other definitions have been offered.

social stratification

Individuals are born into a particular stratum. They become a member of the social category to which their parents belong. Individuals born into a stratum toward the top of the social hierarchy tend to have better life chances than those born into a stratum toward the bottom of the hierarchy

asceticism

It has been argued that the values of Hindu ____________- and self-reliance that Gandhi advocated had a negative impact on the economic development of post-independence India.

strong

Japan's culture has _______ uncertainty avoidance and high masculinity. This characterization fits the standard stereotype of Japan as a country that is male dominant and where uncertainty avoidance exhibits itself in the institution of lifetime employment.

high

Latin American and Asian countries emphasize collectivism over individualism and score _____ on the power distance scale.

individual

Two dimensions of social structure to consider: First, degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the ____________, as opposed to the group.

classes or castes

Two dimensions of social structure to consider: Second, degree to which a society is stratified into _______ or ________.

directly and indirectly

Values and norms are taught both _______ and _____________.

high; low

Western nations such as the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom score _____ on the individualism scale and ______ on the power distance scale

values and norms

______ and _____ of a culture evolve based on: •Prevailing political and economic philosophies. •Society's social structure. •Dominant religion, language, and education.

british

_______ society was divided into three main classes: upper class, middle class, working class

culture.

________ forms when people's behaviors—as a result of these various influences—become ingrained in people's daily activities, patterns, and ways of doing things.

societies

_________ differ in terms of: •Degree of mobility between social strata. Significance attached to social strata in a business context

World Values Survey (WVS)

a research project spanning more than 100 countries that explores people's values and norms, how they change over time, and what impact they have in society and business.

culture

a system of values and norms shared among a group of people and, when taken together, constitute a design for living

cross-cultural literacy

an understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way business is practiced

group

association of two or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other's behavior

murabaha

cost-plus sale agreement where a financial institution (often a bank) purchases goods and resells them to a client at a higher price, including a profit margin

evolves

culture is not static - it ________

power distance

how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities

zen orientation

incorporating principles from ______ philosophy, such as mindfulness, focus, and empathy, to create a more mindful and productive work environment

masculinity vs femininity

looked at the relationship between gender and work roles

upper class

made up of individuals whose families for generations had wealth, prestige, and occasionally power

uncertainty avoidance

measured the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty

working class

members earned their living from manual occupations

middle class

members were involved in professional, managerial, and clerical occupations

mores

norms that are central to the functioning of a society and its social life (ex: indictments against theft, adultery, incest, and cannibalism. In many societies, certain ________ have been enacted into law)

class consciousness

people perceive themselves in terms of class background

nation-state

political creations that may contain a single culture or several subcultures. Cultures can embrace several nations

class system

position a person has by birth but can be changed through achievement or luck.

indulgence

refers to a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun

restraint

refers to a society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms

long term vs short term orientation

refers to the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs

folkways

routine conventions of everyday life (ex: Concerns attitudes toward time in different countries. Businesspeople are very conscious about scheduling their time and are quickly irritated when their time is wasted because a business associate is late for a meeting or if they are kept waiting.)

ethical system

set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape behavior.

caste system

social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is unlikely; most rigid system

religion

system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred.

individualism vs collectivism

the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows

the individual

•Emphasized in Western societies. •Encourages individual achievement and entrepreneurship. •Fosters managerial mobility. Encourages job switching and lack of loyalty to the firm.

the group

•Emphasized in non-Westernized societies, such as Japan. •Cooperation and teamwork are encouraged, and lifetime employment is common. •Individual initiative and creativity may be suppressed. •Primacy of the group discourages managers and others from moving from one company to another.

(four basic principles of) social stratification

•It is a trait of society, not a reflection of individual differences. •It carries over from one generation to the next. •It is generally universal but variable. •It involves not just inequality but also beliefs.

economic implications of hinduism

•Max Weber: Hinduism does not foster entrepreneurism. •Modern India is a dynamic entrepreneurial society. •Mahatma Gandhi embodied Hindu asceticism. •Historically, Hinduism also supported India's caste system, which still influences Indian life.

spoken language

•Nature of a language structures how we perceive the world. •Countries with more than one spoken language often have more than one culture. •Mandarin (Chinese) is the native language of the largest number of people in the world. •English is the most widely spoken language in the world and is becoming the language of international business.

unspoken language

•Nonverbal cues are important communication source. •Examples include facial expressions and hand gestures. •Personal space is the customary distance between two people.

Buddhism

•Suffering originates in people's desire for pleasure. •Stresses spiritual growth and afterlife, rather than achievement while in this world. •The Noble Eightfold Path. •Economic Implications of Buddhism. •Does not support caste system. Recent trend of "Zen" orientation into Western businesses.

formal education

•Teaches the language, conceptual, and technical skills that are indispensable in modern society. •Can provide a competitive advantage and make a country more or less attractive for expanding businesses. •Porter points to Japan's excellent education system in explaining its postwar economic success. •The general education level of a country is a good indicator of types of products that might sell or types of promotional materials that might be successful.

economic implications of confucianism

•Three key teachings of Confucianism: loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty. •Guanxi means relationships, or in business, connections. •May lead to a lowering of the cost of doing business in Confucian societies.

confucianism

•Until 1949, official ethical system of China. •Not a religion, but a guiding ideology. •High moral and ethical conduct and loyalty to others. •Attain personal salvation through right action.

Hinduism

•World's oldest major religion. •Moral force in society requires acceptance of certain responsibilities called dharma. •Believe in reincarnation and karma. •Individuals can eventually achieve nirvana by devoting their lives to spiritual (not material) quest.

norms

The social rules that govern the actions of people toward one another.

low; low

Sweden and Denmark stand out as countries that have both ______ uncertainty avoidance and ______ masculinity (high emphasis on "feminine" values)

lower middle class

The middle class was further subdivided into the ____-______ ______ whose members were involved in clerical work (e.g., bank tellers) and the less prestigious professions (e.g., schoolteachers).

upper middle class

The middle class was further subdivided into the _______-_______ _______, whose members were involved in important managerial occupations and the prestigious professions (e.g., lawyers, accountants, doctors