MCB 3020 Exam 1,
Bacterial cells uptake nutrients that are dissolved T/F
True Bacteria rely on transport systems that operate on fairly small, water-soluble compounds
Generally, lipopolysaccharides are found only in gram-negative bacteria T/F
True LPS is associated with the outer membrane which is found on gram-negative bacteria
Microtubules are composed of:
Tubulin
Which protein forms microtubules in the cell? - Keratin - Myosin - Tubulin - Actin - ATP
Tubulin
The relationship between the bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila and its nematode host, Steinernema carpocapsae, is classified as cooperation because both organisms benefit and
X. nematophila and S. carpocapsae can be grown separately.
Which of the following must a pathogen possess in order for it to be successful at causing infectious disease?
*All of the choices are correct.* Ability to adhere to, colonize, or invade the host Ability to exit the host Ability to be transported initially to the host Ability to damage the host
Microscopy that uses light to produce an image:
- Bright-field - Dark-field - Phase-contrast - Epifluorescence - Confocal
Ribozyme
-- is a term used to describe an RNA molecule that functions as a catalyst
Chromatin is a complex of _______ and _______.
-DNA -Histones
Most cells contain _____ ribosomes.
10,000-20,000
Virion size ranges from
10-400 nm.
One millimeter (mm) is equal to how many micrometers (um)? - 1000 - 1/10 - 10 - 100
1000
Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the ________ site.
A
Identify all the general similarities between Bacteria and Archaea A: smaller than eukaryotes B: peptidoglycan cell walls C: lack membrane bound organelles D: structure of lipids in the cell membrane
A and C
Which two of the following describes typical plasmids A: composed of DNA B: single-stranded C: double-stranded D: composed of RNA
A and C
Which two terms describe the image? A: uniporter B: antiporter C: ABC transporter D: symporter
A and C
Which two of the following are typical characteristics of eukaryotic cells? A: paucity of plasmids (plasmids not common) B: 70S ribosomes C: gas vesicles D: 80S ribosomes E: single circular chromosome
A and D
Which of the following structures is NOT found in an endospore? A) Capsule B) Coat C) Core D) Exosporium
A) Capsule
Which three of the following statements about the small subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome are true? A: about 30 proteins B: 18S rRNA C: 60S in size D: about 50S proteins E: 40S in size F: 5S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNAs
A, B, and E
Which three of the following statements are TRUE regarding the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells A: it includes a perinuclear space B: it is the location of the ETC C: it is continuous with the ER D: it is compsoed of 3 lipid bilayers E: the outer side is studded with ribosomes
A, C and E
37. Which of the following parts of the Golgi complex receives materials from the ER? A. Cis face. B. Trans face. C. Cisternal edges. D. None of these are correct.
A. Cis face.
Match each labeled structure of the cholorplast with the correct identification.
A. Stroma matrix B. Stroma lamella C. Inner membrane D. Outer membrane E. Granum F. Thylakoids
34. Enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found in A. lysosomes. B. Golgi apparatus. C. mitochondria. D. centrioles.
A. lysosomes.
When a bacterium is moving smoothly in a single direction, then it is said to be in a ___________. A: run B: pursuit C: marathon D: tumble
A: run
Which molecules is used to fuel all energy dependent cellular processes? - protein - cytoplasm - UV light - water - ATP
ATP
Which of the following describes the function of the FtsZ protein?
Aids in binary fission
How does penicillin kill some bacteria?
Allows osmotic stress to lysis the cell
When Alexander Fleming discovered what was to become penicillin, he noticed that wherever mold was growing on plates of Staphylococus sp., there was a zone of inhibition of bacterial growth around the fungi. What type of symbiotic relationship does this describe?
Ammensalistic
Differentiate between the types of microorganisms studied by microbiologists -virus
An infectious agent made up of protein, nucleic acids and sometimes a lipid membrane
Prokaryote
An organism characterized by having a cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryote
An organism characterized by having cells containing DNA in a membrane-bound organelle
Prokaryotic cells are found in which of the following domains? - Bacteria - Archaea - Eukarya
Bacteria, Archaea
Which three of the following are macronutrients?
C S O
The carboxysome serves as the site for _____.
CO2 fixation
Match the following according to their relationships capsule, slime layer, s-layer
Capsule: organized sugar layer Slime layer: unorganized sugar layer S-layer: organized protein layer
Match the following according to their relationships. capsule, slime layer, S-layer
Capsule: well attached Slime layer: easily detaches S-layer: aids in cellular shape
Macroelements include which of the following?
Carbon, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen and a few others
Which of the following statements is false concerning carbon fixation in carboxysomes?
Carbonic anhydrase is enclosed within the polyhedral shell.
Prior to the work of ____________, scientists did not distinguish between members of the Archaea and the Bacteria.
Carl Woese
Which of the following is a function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Cell membrane synthesis
Which of the following is considered true regarding cell membranes?
Cell membranes are a heterogeneous mixture of complex compounds floating in a "sea" of lipids.
Match the following common bacterial cellular components with their function
Cell wall: protection against osmotic stress Cell membrane: selectively permeable barrier Capsule: protective layer and sometimes aids in adhersion Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
Which two of the following are functions of nucleoid-associated proteins?
Compact the chromosome during binary fission Bridge distant sections of the chromosome
Study of similarities between nucleotide and amino acid sequences among organisms to infer gene function and evolution is called
Comparative Genomics
Bacterial and archaeal ribosomes are known as ________ ribosomes, based on their sedimentation coefficient. A) 50S B) 30S C) 80S D) 70S
D) 70S
Bacterial internal membrane structures are often connected to the ___________. A: cytoskeleton B: peptidoglycan C: outer membrane D: plasma membrane
D: plasma membrane
A procedure that divides organisms into two or more groups depending on their individual reactions to the same staining procedure is referred to as __________ staining
Differential
The Gram-staining procedure is an example of
Differential staining
Purpose of Pasteur's experiment
Disprove spontaneous generation
Immersion oil is used to prevent a specimen from drying out
False
Who is usually credited with the discovery of penicillin?
Fleming
Which term describes the external polysaccharide coat that encompasses the terms capsule and slime layer?
Glycocalyx
In eukaryotic cells, the organelle composed of a stack of flattened, saclike cisternae is called the ______________.
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that arise from the _________
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that arise from the __________.
Golgi apparatus
The _______ ________ is the organelle that packages cellular materials and prepares them for secretion, and is involved in the formation of lysosomes.
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following cell types would normally have two membranes?
Gram-negative
Some archaea have been observed to form tubelike structures with tiny grappling hooks at the ends. These tubelike structures are called ______.
Hami
Which of the following seems a reasonable strategy for a large cell to deal with surface area to volume ratio problems?
Have a highly convoluted cell membrane
Which microbial control method best describes the process of pasteurization?
Heat
they lack differentiated tissues (and/or cell types)
How are macroscopic microorganisms distinguished from other multicellular life forms?
Which of the following must leave the nucleus via the nuclear pore complexes?
Immature ribosomal subunits, tRNA, and mRNA
Koch
In whose lab was the agar plate for culturing microorganisms developed?
Which of the following best describes integral membrane proteins?
Integral proteins span the membrane.
Eukarya
Introns are common 80S ribosomes Fairly complex cytoskeleton Linear chromosomes
Select a harmful effect that can result from bacterial colonization of the human body.
Invasion of host cells
In the Gram-staining procedure, the mordant is
Iodine
free-living bacterial cells
It is believed that chloroplasts were once --
Examine the image. How does the endospore get its second membrane? 1. Cell divided into 2 parts, each with DNA. 2. Cell membrane folds to enclose part of DNA. 3. Mother cell grows and engulfs endospore in 2nd membrane. 4. Cortex laid down between membranes. 5. Cortex is coated. 6. Endospore forms in center of cell. 7. Endospore at center of cell is free of cell.
It is engulfed by the mother cell.
All of the following statements about the periplasmic space are true except:
It is found only in gram-positive bacteria.
Examine the image. What happens to the mother cell at the end of sporulation? 1. Cell divided into 2 parts, each with DNA. 2. Cell membrane folds to enclose part of DNA. 3. Mother cell grows and engulfs endospore in 2nd membrane. 4. Cortex laid down between membranes. 5. Cortex is coated. 6. Endospore forms in center of cell. 7. Endospore at center of cell is free of cell.
It is lysed by the endospore.
antiseptics
Joseph Lister is best known for his work with --
The __________ __________ component of LPS can act as a toxin to people infected with gram-negative bacteria
Lipid A
Which component of LPS anchors the compound in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria?
Lipid A
Which component of LPS can act as a toxin in a gram-negative bacterial infection?
Lipid A
Which of the following is true regarding macronutrients and micronutrients?
Macronutrients are substances needed in large quantities.
An electron microscope uses __________ lenses to focus beams of electrons onto a specimen
Magnetic
viruses
Martinis Beijerinck is known to have used very precise (bacterial) filters to purify --
Flagella and cillia are associated with ________.
Motility
Which two of the following are the sugar monomers found in peptidoglycan?
N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylmuramic acid
The two sugars found in peptidoglycan are abbreviated as ____ and _____.
NAG NAM
Which metric unit is best used to describe the thickness of a plasma membrane?
Nanometer (nm)
Which of the following practices do you expect to see in a commercial establishment dedicated to body piercing?
Needles are factory-sterilized and used for only a single customer before disposal. The piercing environment is sanitized daily by wiping counters and furniture with a strong disinfectant.
Will penicillin typically kill a bacterium residing in an isotonic environment?
No
the relatedness of two organisms
On a phylogenetic tree, the distance from the tip of one branch to the tip of another represents --
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the
Packaging of material for excretion
When two or more genes from the same genome have nucleotide sequences so alike that they most probably arose from gene duplication those genes are called _______.
Paralogs
The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is colonizing frogs across the globe causing massive mortality and even pushing some amphibian species to the brink of extinction. The Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis-frog relationship can be considered which of the following?
Parasitic
If the objective lenses of a microscope can be changed without losing focus on the specimen, they are said to be
Parfocal
A cell is placed into a slightly hostile environment where the temperature is not ideal for the cell but tolerable. Which of the following transport mechanisms would probably work the fastest?
Passive diffusion because it is unaffected by the hostile conditions
recombinant DNA
Paul Berg is best known for his work with --
Which of the following best describes peripheral membrane proteins?
Peripheral proteins are on the surface of a membrane.
________ are carrier proteins embedded in the membrane that increase the rate of diffusion of specific molecules across selectively permeable membranes.
Permeases
Why are pathogens that are transmitted person-to-person often less virulent than those transmitted by arthropod vectors?
Person-to-person transmission requires the infected host to remain alive long enough to transmit the organism to another susceptible host.
Which of the following cells will be expected to contain the most active lysosomes?
Phagocytosing white blood cell
Which of the following cells will be expected to contain the most active lysosomes? Intestinal cell Incorrect Kidney cell Skin cell Brain cell Phagocytosing white blood cell
Phagocytosing white blood cell
Elie Metchnikoff discovered __________, which is a major feature of the host immune response.
Phagocytosis
Protrusions from the cell surface engulf particulate matter outside of the cell during:
Phagocytosis
Phagosomes fuse directly with lysosomes to form:
Phagolysosomes
The vesicles formed during phagocytosis are called ______.
Phagosomes
An instrument that magnifies slight differences in the refractive index of cell structures is called a (n) __________ microscope
Phase-contrast
The first surgical antiseptic to be used was
Phenol
Microbial __________ are scientists who investigate the synthesis of antibiotics and toxins, the production of energy with microorganisms, and the ways in which microorganisms survive harsh environmental conditions.
Physiologists
The abnormal form of prion protein is designated _________.
PrPSc
The abnormal form of the protein is designated _________
PrPSc
The abnormal form of the protein is designated _________.
PrPSc
The most notable difference between PrPC (normal protein) and PrPSc (prion protein) is
PrPc folds appropriately whereas PrPSc does not fold correctly.
Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
Prokaryotes
The transcription enzyme first attaches to the ________ of the gene.
Promoter
What enzymes hydrolyze proteins, releasing amino acids?
Proteases
RNA serves to convert the information stores in DNA to
Protein
An Italian physician, __________, challenged the concept of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots do not arise from decaying meat but rather from developing fly eggs.
Redi
Which two of the following are functions of bacterial inclusions?
Reduce osmotic pressure Storage
Which pathway(s) is used to fix carbon dioxide?
Reductive tricarboxylic pathway
Immersion oil can be used to increase the resolution achieved with some microscope lenses because it increases the __________ between the specimen and the objective lens
Refractive index
A lysosome that contains materials that could not be digested is called a(n) _________.
Residual
What does it mean to have better resolution?
Resolution is the ability to see clearly distinguishable things
Proteins are synthesized by the:
Ribosome
microscopes
Robert Hooke is best known for his early work with --
In which of the following organelles would you expect to find protein synthesis occurring?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
The Calvin cycle begins by the attachment of CO2 to which of the following?(Video)
RuBP
Which is the most common cell wall in most Archaea?
S Layer
The surface layer that is regularly structured and patterned like floor tiles is the
S-layer
Which of the following aids in the cell shape?
S-layer
Which of the following can form (oligomerize) spontaneously from simple subunits?
S-layer
Which of the following would be used to show the three dimensional features of a very small structure? - SEM - Compound light microscope - Dissecting microscope - TEM
SEM
In the Gram-staining procedure, the counterstain is
Safranin
What microscope would be the best to use to view cell surface features of a specimen?
Scanning electron
soil microbiology
Sergei Winogradsky is best known for his contributions to --
Choose the characteristic of a microbe that would allow it to be controlled by filtration.
Size of microbe
Thin films of bacteria that have been air-dried onto a glass microscope slide are called __________.
Smears
Select the reasons that archaea are of interest to scientists Some archaea produce methane, a greenhouse gas Archaea share features with bacteria and eukaryotes Many archaea cause disease in agricultural crops Some archaea live in extreme conditions Some archaea produce toxins that can kill livestock
Some archaea produce methane, a green house gas Archaea share features with bacteria and eukaryotes Some archaea live in extreme conditions
Which describes a bacterial hopanoid?
Sterol-like compounds
Which term describes the cellular arrangement of spherical cells linked in a chain?
Streptococcus
Which of the following best describes why bacterial cells are so small?
Surface area to volume ratio
Scanning electron microscopy is most often used to reveal
Surface structures
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate are three-carbon molecules produced during the Calvin Cycle.(Video)
T
Some photosynthetic bacteria produce gas vacuoles that regulate their buoyancy but contain no lipid.
T
The Calvin Cycle functions to construct carbohydrates from carbon dioxide. (Video)
T
The majority of mitochondrial proteins are manufactured under the direction of the nuclear DNA by cytoplasmic ribosomes.
T
The science dealing with classification is called ______.
Taxonomy
Which compounds typically gives gram-positive bacterial cell walls their net-negative charge?
Teichoic acids
Examine this image of a carrier protein transporting a solute across the plasma membrane. Which of the following statements is false?
The ATP required for transport is hydrolyzed on the cytoplasmic face of the carrier protein.
Which two of the following statements regarding the amino acid component of peptidoglycan are true?
The amino acids form a short peptide called the stem peptide. Some of the amino acids are found only in peptidoglycan, not in proteins.
Which two of the following statements regarding the amino acid component of peptidoglycan are false?
The amino acids in peptidoglycan are all the L isomer. The amino acids are attached to each NAG in peptidoglycan.
Examine this image of a carrier protein transporting a solute across the plasma membrane. Which of the following statements is true?
The carrier protein has two conformations, one open to the environment, and the other open to the cytoplasm. The carrier protein is an integral membrane protein. The carrier protein is moving the solute with a concentration gradient.
Which of the following statements regarding carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion is true?
The carrier protein is an intrinsic membrane protein. The carrier protein moves hydrophilic molecules through a membrane. The carrier protein has two configurations, one open to the outside, one open to the cytoplasm.
Which of the following statements regarding carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion is false?
The carrier protein moves solute molecules against a concentration gradient.
How does the addition of immersion oil provide better magnification than a high power lens alone?
The immersion oil has the same refractive index as glass; by placing a drop of oil between the glass slide and the lens, this eliminates two refractive surfaces
Koch's Postulate (1)
The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease, but absent from healthy organisms
Which of the following describes the "protoplast"?
The plasma membrane and all structures within it.
Which of the following is useful in distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
The presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm
Koch's Postulate (3)
The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
Koch's Postulate (4)
The same microorganisms must be isolated again from the diseased host
Koch's Postulate (2)
The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
What event occurs as the ribosome shifts down the mRNA by a distance of three nucleotides?
The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the E site
What is the role of porin proteins?
To facilitate the transport of compounds like glucose across the outer membrane.
Why are there far fewer antiviral agents than there are antibacterial agents?
Viruses enter host cells and make use of host components.
Robert Koch
Which scientist was not involved in the spontaneous generation debate?
__________ discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy.
Winogradsky
Pasteur's experiment (After contamination)
With long stem (broken), blue fluid, particles entering
Pasteur's experiment (Start)
With long stem, Yellow fluid, microbes being destroyed, vigorous heat applied
Pasteur's experiment (Sterile)
With long stem, pink fluid, particles entering
axenic
a "pure" culture is also known as a(n) -- culture
shared stable properties
a bacterial species is defined by--
lophotrichous
a cluster of flagella at one or both ends of the cell
Sanger
a popular DNA sequencing method was developed by Frederick --
Which of the following describes the average size of a rod-shaped bacterium like Escherichia coli?
about 1 μm wide and 2-6 μm long
The core polysaccharide of LPS is composed of ____.
about 10 sugars
Which of the following is not normally present in the acidic gastric juice
acetic acid
Formerly called microfilaments, ______________ filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion
actin
The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells contains minute cytoskeletal filaments that are 4 to 7 nm in diameter, composed of the protein ___________.
actin
Select the three types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. flagella, actin filametns, microtubules, nanotubules, axial filaments, intermediate filaments
actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
Which two statements are part of the cell theory? - energy cannot be created nor destroyed - all infectious diseases are caused by specific organisms - all cells come from pre-existing cells - all organisms are made up of cells
all cells come from pre-existing cells, all organisms are made up of cells
Which of the following diseases is (are) caused by prions? -Scrapie -mad cow disease, -kuru and creutzfeldt-jakob disease
all of the above
genome
all of the genetic material in an organism is called a(n) --
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called ______.
anabolism
Chemotherapeutic agents that are natural products of microorganisms are most specifically referred to as __________.
antibiotics
A microbe is discovered living in an extreme environment near a deep sea vent. The microorganism lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan in its cell wall, but it does have unusual membrane lipids. This species is most likely a member of the Domain ________.
archaea
If you found a microbe with an S-layer as the major component of its cell wall, how would you identify this microbe?
as an archaeon
Fimbriae can ____. (Choose three.)
attach to surfaces transport DNA to the cytoplasm function in motility
Enzymes called sortases are responsible for
attaching secreted proteins to the peptidoglycan
The bacterial shape known as a rod is also termed a _.
bacillis
Bacterial viruses typically infect host cells
by injecting their nucleic acid
Plant viruses can be transmitted
by insects by grafting one plant to another by using mechanical abrasives by fungi
It is easier to transform bacteria with plasmid DNA since plasmids
can independently replicate within the host and are not as easily degraded as are linear fragments
What is the function of chlorophyll? - convert oxygen into water - convert oxygen into carbon dioxide - produce solar energy - capture solar energy - produce ATP
capture solar energy
Chloroplasts use solar energy to synthesize - carbon dioxide - water - ATP - carbohydrates - solar energy
carbohydrates
Which of the following bacterial structures is most responsible for cellular shape?
cell wall
The substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins in a eukaryotic cell's nucleus is called
chromosomes
Laser light is used in __________ microscopy, generating three-dimensional images.
confocal
Sex pili are associated with which of the following processes?
conjugation
Infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane are called __________ .
cristae
Koch's
criteria used for establishing the relationship between microorganisms and specific disease are called -- postulates
Virally infected eukaryotic cells often show microscopic or macroscopic abnormalities that are generally called ___________ effects.
cytopathic
Amphipathic organic molecules that serve as disinfectants by disrupting membranes and denaturing proteins are called
detergents
Bacterial magnetosomes function to ____.
determine orientation in the planetary magnetic field
genomic analysis
determining protein-coding regions and their functions is typically part of ?
Bacterial cells acquire nutrients that are ____.
dissolved
Catalytic proteins are known as ___________ whereas catalytic RNA molecules are known as ____________
enzymes; ribozymes
Light at specific wavelengths is used to excite dyes in specimens that then emit light at specific wavelengths in _________ microscopy.
epifluorescence
Which mechanism of solute transport is illustrated here?
facilitated diffusion
T/F: The original differentiation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes was based on structures found in prokaryotes that are lacking in eukaryotes.
false
How many basal body rings are found in gram-negative bacteria?
four
lack a nucleus, single-celled, peptidoglycan cell wall, and lack membrane-bound organelles
four characteristics that are most common in domain Bacteria
Where are ribosomes typically located in a cell? (Mark all that apply) - free in the cytoplasm - attached to the endoplasmic reticulum - attached to the Golgi apparatus - inside the lysosome
free in the cytoplasm, attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
The cellular morphology of the bacterial cell in this image is
fruting body
Horizontal gene transfer
generally speaking, while bacteria do not reproduce sexually, different lineages share genetic information through which process?
eukaryotes only
generally, membrane-bound organelles can be found in --
Pathogenicity islands are typically associated with
genes encoding tRNA
Which of the following advances best describes that today we may be experiencing a second golden age of microbiology?
genomic testing
The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called the
germ theory
The role of teichoic acids appear to be to _____.
give added strength to the cell wall
The term ____ can refer to either capsules or slime layers.
glycocalyx
The ___________ ___________ is an organelle composed of flattened, saclike cisternae that have a network of tubules and vesicles at its edges
golgi apparatus
Which of the following organelles is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials?
golgi apparatus
Lipids in membranes arrange __________.
heads toward the water side
Which of the following has been associated with a form of liver cancer?
hepatitis B virus
The filament of the bacterial flagellum is attached to the basal body by the ____.
hook
Molecules or regions of molecules that readily interact with water are said to be ________, whereas molecules or regions of molecules that are insoluble in water or do not readily interact with water are said to be ________.
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called _____.
inclusions
Which two of the following are mechanisms to protect the DNA in an endospore?
inserting complexes of calcium-dipicolinic acid between the bases covering the DNA with small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs)
Proteins that are embedded within the cytoplasmic membrane and not easily extracted are called __________ proteins.
integral
The proteome
is the entire collection of proteins that an organism can produce.
Spheroplasts are formed when a bacterial cell ____.
is treated with lysozyme
Sterilization involves __________ all viable microorganisms.
killing OR removing
Which of the following experiments is used to identify new pathogens?
koch postulates
Flagella are ____ compared to fimbriae.
larger
In a chemical gradient, E. coli cells exhibit _____ when moving toward the attractant.
long runs and infrequent tumbles
Complete the following chart concerning bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic cells.
look at image
Label the diagram of the prokaryotic cell in order to review the major structures of a bacterial cell.
look at image
A lysosome contains
lysozyme and proteases that digest bacteria.
The high concentration of macromolecules in the cytoplasm results in a viscous solution that affects fundamental physical and chemical processes. This phenomenon is termed _____.
macromolecular crowding
Elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are considered _________.
macronutrients
The bacterial chromosome is typically _____ the bacterial cell.
many times longer than
Microbes that normally colonize the mouth must be resistant to
mechanical removal through adhesion
The first direct evidence of primitive cellular life was the 1977 discovery of _________ fossils in the Swartkoppie chert, a type of granular sedimentary rock rich in silica
microbial
Elements required in low concentrations for cell growth are called ______.
micronutrients
Bacteria growing at higher temperatures have phospholipids with _____.
more saturated fatty acids
shape
morphovar
The cell type indicated by the letter A is a(n) ____ cell.
mother
Crystal violet is attracted the bacterial cell's _____ charge.
negative
A bacterial cell will produce _____ endospore(s).
one
Most bacteria have ____ chromosome(s).
one circular
An intracellular structure of a eukaryotic cell that carries out one or more specific functions is generally called a(n) ___________
organelle
plant host
pathovar
Which of the following structures can be associated with DNA uptake (e.g., conjugation)?
pili
Extrachromosomal DNA in Bacteria and Archaea are commonly found in the form of
plasmids
Macromolecules are
proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
Select all of the following that are components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes - proteins - phospholipids - plasmids - cellulose - peptidoglycan
proteins, phospholipids
Bacteria : introns in genes
rarely introns
Carl Woese distinguished between the members of the Archaea and the Bacteria using studies of their ________.
ribosomal RNA
This image is of the molecular structure known as the ____.
ribosome
When the potential energy of an ion gradient promotes the movement of a substance across a membrane, this is called _____.
secondary active transport
Bassi
silk-worm disease was shown to be due to fungal infections by Agostino -- in 1835
monotrichous
single flagellum
Microorganisms assimilate large amounts of all of the following except ______ into organic molecules.
sodium
This lipid molecule is classified as a(n) ___________.
sterole
photoaxis
stimulant = light
osmotaxis
stimulant = osmotic pressure
aerotaxis
stimulant = oxygen
thermotaxis
stimulant = temperature
The main function of a vacuole is - respiration - digestion - storage - reproduction - oxidation
storage
endosymbiotic
the -- hypothesis proposes an origin for mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells
While inspecting the genome sequence of your newly discovered organism, you note that while the genome overall is 50% G + C, there is a cluster of genes comprising about 20,000 bp that is 64% G + C. The best explanation for this is
the 20,000 bp segment is a recent acquisition via horizontal gene transfer.
The component of lipopolysaccharide indicated by the letter A is _____. A: Top of the chain bent to the right. Made of clusters of molecules colored red, white, and orange. B: Middle of the chain. Goes straight up and down, is thicker at bottom than top, and is mostly made of clusters of red and white molecules. C: Bottom of chain. Goes straight up and down and has a more rigid structure than other sections, with molecules stacked neatly on top of one another instead of in clusters. Molecules in this section are mostly white and orange.
the O antigen
Protozoa and algae
the Protist kingdom is divided into --
The most important distinguishing feature of eukaryotes that is lacking in prokaryotes is
the division of the cell into compartments bounded by membranes.
Archaea bacteria
the domain Eukarya does not include which group of organisms ?
The amphipathic character of phospholipids found in plasma membranes implies that ______.
the lipid is asymmetric
billion
the oldest fossils ever found are believed to be 3.5 -- years old
The limitation on microbial growth rate at high nutrient levels is/are
the saturation of the transport proteins for nutrient uptake.
enter a host cell
to reproduce, viruses must --
The secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells functions in moving materials To the exterior of the cell From the bloodstream into the tissues To the plasma membrane Within the cell from place to place From the external environment into the cell
to the exterior of the cell, to the plasma membrane, within the cell from place to place
medical
tracking down unidentified human pathogens falls within which field of microbiology?
T/F: Copper (Cu) is considered a micronutrient.
true
T/F: Some photosynthetic aquatic bacteria produce gas vacuoles that lack a lipid-bound membrane in order to regulate their buoyancy.
true
T/F: Sterol-like molecules called hopanoids are thought to be important for the structural integrity of many bacteria because of their suspected role in membrane stabilization.
true
True or false: Mycella are found in many types of fungi.
true
Bacterial twitching motility requires ____.
type IV pili
Most primary active transport systems are ____.
uniporters
Archaea: cytoskeleton
very basic
Bacteria: cytoskeleton
very basic
organisms and acellular biological entities
which entities are included as microorganisms?
it is more chemically stable than RNA
why is it believed that DNA became the storage molecule for genetic information?
Pink
Gram-negative
Why do gram-negative bacteria have more basal body rings for flagella than gram-positive bacteria?
Gram-negative bacteria have two membranes.
Purple
Gram-positive
This image illustrates the components of the _____ cell wall. A: Strands that intersect cell wall at perpendicular angles and connect cell wall to plasma membrane. B: Chains of pill-shaped structures that make up cell wall. Chains are stacked on top of one another. C: Structures that make up the bilayer of the inner membrane. D: Amorphous structures that intersect with plasma membrane.
Gram-positive
Which of the following mechanisms is exemplified by the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)?
Group translocation
The nucleoid-associated protein found in almost all bacteria is _____.
HU
The location of pyruvate fermentation in some anaerobic protists is a small organele called the _______
Hydrogenosomes
The cytoskeletal proteins that determine cell shape by positioning the enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan are _____ and _____.
MreB MbI
_______ filaments are a heterogeneous group of cytoskeletal elements that are involved primarily in structural roles within eukaryotic cells.
Intermediate
The LPS component responsible for stimulating an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections is the ____ antigen.
O
The LPS component responsible for stimulating an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections is the __________ antigen
O
Which component of LPS generates an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections?
O antigen
Which of the following components of LPS is most external in the outer membrane?
O antigen
This type of pathogen cannot grow outside a host cell.
Obligate intracellular pathogen
Approximate focal lengths for four different objective lenses are given below. Choose the lens that would provide the highest magnification. - Lens A: 1.3 mm - Lens B: 40 mm - Lens C: 4 mm - Lens D: 17 mm
Lens A: 1.3 mm
Which of the following statements about the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome are true?
- 5S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNAS - About 50 proteins - 60S in size
Which of the following statements about the small subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome are true?
- About 50 proteins - 40S in size - 18S rRNA
Match each type of cytoskeletal element with the correct diameter
- Actin filament: 4 to 7nm - Intermediate filament: 10 nm - Microtubule: 25nm
Which of the following are types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cell
- Actin filaments - Intermediate filaments - Microtubules
Which of the following statements about mitochondria are true?
- Outer membrane similar to that of Gram-negative bacteria - Inner membrane has infolding called cristae - Has bacterial-like chromosome inside
The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized anaerobically via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway in prokaryotes is
2
Order the following structures (layers) that a small molecule must pass through as it moves from outside of an encapsulated Gram-negative cell to the cytoplasm. 1. Capsule 2. Outer membrane 3. Periplasm and Peptidoglycan 4. Plasma membrane
2, 1, 4, 3
In these images of bacterial cells, gas vacuoles are indicated by the letter _____. Left cell gray. Right cell white and purple. A: Bumpy area in left cell. B: White central area of right cell. C: Round white space inside purple border of right cell. D: Chain of spherical structures inside purple border of right cell.
A
The ____ ____ component of LPS can act as a toxin to people infected with gram-negative bacteria.
Lipid A
Which of the following processes is associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Lipid biosynthesis
Acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis contain __________ constructed from mycolic acids in their cell walls
Lipids
Archaea are cellular organisms that have unique cell membrane __________.
Lipids
Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by
Lister
Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by
Lister.
Which of the following processes can be used to bring nutrients into a cell against a concentration gradient? A) Active transport B) Facilitated diffusion C) Passive diffusion D) Active transport and facilitated diffusion
A) Active transport
Which of the following statements is false regarding the differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins? A) Eukaryotic cells have cytoskeletal fibers comprised of tubulin and actin proteins, whereas bacterial cells lack cytoskeletal proteins. B) Proteins in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells are structurally similar to the tubulin and actin found in eukaryotic cells. C) Cytoskeletal proteins in both eukaryotes and bacteria function in cell division, protein localization and determination of cell shape. D) The bacterial protein FtsZ is a homologue of the eukaryotic protein tubulin, and MreB and Mbl are homologues of actin.
A) Eukaryotic cells have cytoskeletal fibers comprised of tubulin and actin proteins, whereas bacterial cells lack cytoskeletal proteins.
Which three of the following are functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton?
Localize specific proteins within the cell Determine cell shape Participate in cell division
Nucleus
Location for DNA and RNA synthesis
nucleus
Location for DNA and RNA synthesis
Lipids with polar and nonpolar ends are said to be ________. A) amphipathic B) amphibolic C) bilateral D) None of the choices are correct.
A) amphipathic
Which three of the following statements are TRUE regarding the nuclear pore complex? A: small molecules usually pass through unaided B: large molecules usually pass through unaided C: it is the transport route between cytoplasm and the nucleus D: each pore is formed by approximately 10 proteins E: Pores occupy about 10 to 25% of the nuclear surface
A, C, and E Each pore is formed by about 30 proteins
Which four statements about plastids are TRUE A: plastids often contain pigments B: plastids are the location of the tricarboxylic acid pathway C: plastids are the location of oxidative phosphorylation D: chloroplasts are surrounded by a single lipid bilayer E: chloroplasts are one type of plastid F: plastids can be a site of synthesis and storage of food reserves G: plastids are found in photosynthetic protists and plants
A, E, F, and G
golgi apparatus function
Location for protein synthesis and some protein modifications
Lysosomes
Location for storage of many types of degradative enzymes
lysosome function
Location for storage of many types of degradative enzymes
Viruses exist __________ cells. A: both outside and inside B: only outside C: only inside infected
A: both outside and inside
In the absence of a chemical gradient, E. coli cells move randomly, with A: both runs and tumbles of comparable length B: short runs and frequent tumbles C: long runs and infrequent tumbles
A: both runs and tumbles of comparable length
Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is true? A: twitching motility is powered by ATP hydrolysis B: twitching motility is normally seen in cells in a liquid suspension C: twitching motility requires a type VI secretion system D: twitching motility is characterized by smooth motions
A: twitching motility is powered by ATP hydrolysis
Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is false? A: twitching motility is powered by the proton motive force B: twitching motility requires a type IV pilus that extends and retracts C: twitching motility is characterized by short jerky motions D: twitching motility is normally seen on moist surfaces
A: twitching motility is powered by the proton motive force
Choose the answer below that is an end product of aerobic respiration.
ATP
Which of the following can be used as electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration?
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following diseases is (are) caused by prions?
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is (are) used by microorganisms to become resistant to a particular drug?
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is a function of pasteurization?
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is a useful mechanism of action for an antibacterial drug?
All of the choices are correct.
Which strategy can be used for regulation of metabolism?
All of the choices are correct.
Genomics is the study of
All of the choices are correct. the molecular organization of genomes. the gene products that genomes encode. the information content of genomes.
Differentiate between the types of microorganisms studied by microbiologists -viroid
An infectious agent consisting of only RNA
Differentiate between the types of microorganisms studied by microbiologists -prion
An infectious agent consisting of only protein
Differentiate between the types of microorganisms studied by microbiologists -prokaryote
An organism characterized by having a cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
Differentiate between the types of microorganisms studied by microbiologists -eukaryote
An organism characterized by having cells containing DNA in a membrane-bound Organelle
Peroxisomes
Location for storage of protective compounds that break down lipids and detoxify certain chemicals
Chloroplast
Location for the cellular process of photosynthesis
chloroplast function
Location for the cellular process of photosynthesis
Most substances endocytosed are digested in the:
Lysosome
Choose the statement that correctly explains how an antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis can be selective.
Antibiotic bind to the 70S bacterial ribosomes but not to the 80S eukaryotic ribosomes.
Because the lipids in the outer leaflet of eukaryotic plasma membranes differ from those in the inner leaflet, the distribution of lipids pattern is said to be
Asymmetric
Following endospore maturation, release, and germination, which of these cells will be a vegetative cell?
B green color area The mother cell of sporangium will be lysed when the endospore (B) is released.
Which three of the following statements are correct regarding mitochondrial structure? A: there is only one mitochondrion per cell B: the inner membrane has infoldings called cristae C: it has a dark staining region called the nucleolus D: the outer membrane contains porins like gram-negative bacteria E: many have bacterial-like chromosomes
B, D, and E
Which of the following bacterial shapes can be described as 1 μm wide and 2-6 μm long?
Bacillus (rod shape)
Export of flagellin subunits is mediated by ________. A) an apparatus in the basal body of the flagellum that is related to the type II secretion pathway B) the type I secretion pathway C) an apparatus in the basal body of the flagellum that is related to the type III secretion pathway D) None of the choices are correct.
C) an apparatus in the basal body of the flagellum that is related to the type III secretion pathway
A new protein has been described that transports a growth factor across the plasma membrane. This protein is most likely a(n) ________. A) peripheral membrane protein, facing outward B) peripheral membrane protein, facing the cytoplasmic side C) integral membrane protein D) cytoplasmic protein
C) integral membrane protein
Macroelements include which of the following? A: amino acids, sugars, nucleotides. and lipids B: proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and fats C: carbon, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, and a few others
C: carbon, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, and a few others
Which of the following describes proteins that aid in the movement of material across a membrane? A: integrases B: ashesin C: channels and carriers D: flippases
C: channels and carriers
The cell component composed of the plasma membrane and all structures exterior to the plasma membrane is called the ________.
Cell envelope
Considering the diversity of membranes and their components in bacterial and archaeal cells, which of the following statements are correct about ALL prokaryotic membranes?
Cell membranes require a hydrophobic interior and two hydrophilic surfaces to be an effective barrier between the cell cytoplasm and its external environment. Membrane lipids are covalently bonded to glycerol. Branched hydrocarbons in the lipid side chains are critical for dense packing in a membrane. Membrane thickness is equivalent to a 40-carbon hydrocarbon chain either in the form of two C20 bilayers, or a single C40 monolayer.
Definition of life includes all of the following except
Cells lack response to external environment.
The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supplies is __________.
Chlorine
In plants and photosynthetic protists, photosynthesis occurs in the _________.
Chloroplast
The light and dark reactions are localized in the organelle called the _________.
Chloroplast
The organelle that serves as the site of photosynthesis is the _______.
Chloroplast
Which organelle has a double membrane system, ribosomes, DNA, and produces carbohydrates using the energy of sunlight?
Chloroplast
In the Gram-staining procedure, the primary stain is
Crystal violet
44. Which of the following is a function of the mitochondrion? A. Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme reactions. B. Electron transport. C. ATP synthesis. D. All of the choices.
D. All of the choices.
24. Microdomains in eukaryotic plasma membranes can participate in A. cell movement. B. cell division. C. signal transduction. D. all of these.
D. all of these.
42. A (n) __________ is a special type of lysosome used by a cell to selectively digest and recycle cytoplasmic contents, such as mitochondria. A. suicide vacuole B. turnover lysosome C. recycling vacuole D. autophagosome
D. autophagosome
36. The major site of cell membrane synthesis is the A. nucleus. B. plasma membrane. C. lysosome. D. endoplasmic reticulum.
D. endoplasmic reticulum.
Which of the following bacterial structures is the site of protein synthesis? A: DNA (chromosome) B: plasma membrane C: cell wall D: ribosome
D: ribosome
Which of the following describe a bacteriophage that my lyse its host cell, or remain within the cell without lysing it? A: pleomorphic B: prophage C: virulent D: temperate
D: temperate
38. Receptor mediated endocytosis A. depends on formation of clathrin coated pits that pinch off. B. is used to internalize molecules such as hormones, growth factors, iron, and cholesterol. C. involves formation of caveolae that are enriched in cholesterol and caveolin. D. is typically used to internalize plasma membranes added by exocytosis. E. depends on formation of clathrin coated pits that pinch off and is used to internalize molecules such as hormones, growth factors, iron, and cholesterol.
E. depends on formation of clathrin coated pits that pinch off and is used to internalize molecules such as hormones, growth factors, iron, and cholesterol.
Which of the following is NOT a type of endocytic pathways found in mammalian cells? A: phagocytosis B: Clathrin-dependent endocytosis C: receptor-mediated endocytosis D: caveolin-dependent endocytosis E: facilitated diffusion
E: facilitated diffusion
The most common pathway for conversion of glucose to pyruvate is
Embden-Meyerhoff.
Materials are brought into the eukaryotic cell by which pathway?
Endocytic
______ is a general term for the process of moving substances into the eukaryotic cell from the outside.
Endocytosis
__________ is a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system.
Entropy
Which of the following describes an organism that contains 80S ribosomes?
Eukarya
Which of the following describes an organism that rarely contains plasmids?
Eukarya
Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
Eukaryotes
Generally speaking< which type of microbes have the largest cells?
Eukaryotes
Sphingolipids, sterols, and phospholipids are components of the plasma membrane of which type of microorganisms?
Eukaryotes
Fungi are _ organisms
Eukaryotic
Archaeal and Bacterial pili are identical in structure and function.
F
Viruses are not generally studied by microbiologists because they are not classified as living organisms.
F
Which of the following is NOT a type of endocytic pathways found in mammalian cells?
Facilitated diffusion
All archaea are methanogens T/F
False
The skin surface is a very favorable environment for colonization by most microorganisms.
False
The terminator of a gene is located upstream of the coding region. (T/F)
False
Vaccines present antibodies from a pathogen to stimulate immunity. (T/F)
False
__________ and __________ microbiology investigates the spoilage of products for human consumption and the use of microorganisms in the production of cheese, yogurt, pickles, beer, and the like.
Food, Dairy
This image of several cells undergoing binary fission has a green fluorescent label attached to the cytoskeletal protein _____.
FtsZ
Protists contain all of the following forms of life except
Fungi
Which group of microbes contains organisms necessary for production of wine and bread?
Fungi
The cell wall of bacteria are typically composed of ______.
Peptidoglycan
Which of the following is a polymer of NAM, NAG, and amino acids?
Peptidoglycan
Which of the following protects bacteria from lysis in dilute solutions and helps to determine their cellular morphology or shape?
Peptidoglycan
Pasteur's experiment (After time passes)
Pink fluid, with long stem
If the decolorizer is left on too long in the Gram-staining procedure, gram-positive organisms will be stained __________ and gram-negative organisms will be stained
Pink, Pink
Match the color with the cell type following a properly executed gram stain
Pink: gram negative Purple: gram positive
______________ is a form of endocytosis where solutes are brought into the cell while ______________ is a form of endocytosis where larger particles are brought into the cell.
Pinocytosis; phagocytosis
Which four statements about plastids are true?
Plastids often contain pigments. Plastids are found in photosynthetic protists and plants. Plastids can be a site of synthesis and storage of food reserves. Chloroplasts are one type of plastid.
Which of the following terms describes a bacterial cell that is variable in shape and lacks a single characteristic form?
Pleomorphic
Which three of the following characteristics distinguish bacteria from archaea? Motility structures are present 70S ribosomes present in cytoplasm Inclusions present in the cytoplasm Presence of peptidoglycan in cell walls Type of lipid molecules found in plasma membranes Capsules and slime layers found on most cells Chromosome is double-stranded DNA
Presence of peptidoglycan cell walls Type of lipid molecules found in plasma membranes Capsules and slime layers found on most cells
Which of the following transport mechanisms use ATP-binding cassette transporters?
Primary active transport
Which of the following uses ATP to move substances across a membrane?
Primary active transport
If the decolorizer is not left on long enough in the Gram-staining procedure, gram-positive organisms will be stained __________ and gram-negative organisms will be stained
Purple, purple
Archaea
Rarely introns 70S ribosomes Very basic cytoskeleton Usually circular chromosomes
Bacteria
Rarely introns 70S ribosomes Very basic cytoskeleton Usually circular chromosomes
Endocytosis triggered by the binding of a ligand molecule to a membrane bound receptor is referred to as:
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Which two of the following are differences between spirochetes and spirilla?
Spirochetes are more flexible, spiral shaped structures, spirilla are more rigid spiral shaped structures. Spirochetes have a unique internal flagella arrangement, spirilla have one or more flagella at one or both the ends.
The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called
Spontaneous generation
________ is the process through which endospores are formed within a vegetative cell.
Sporulation
What would be the best technique to prepare and view the internal structures of fungal hyphae? - Bright-field microscopy - Electron cryotomography - Transmission electron microscopy - Scanning electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy
Acetone can be used as the decolorizer in the Gram stain procedure.
True
Fanny Hesse first suggested that agar be used to solidify microbiological media.
True
Gram staining divides bacterial species into roughly two equal groups
True
True or false: Bacteria do not have gametes.
True
True or false: During endospore germination, the endospore cell wall must be degraded by enzymes already present in the core.
True
Bacterial internal membranous structures may appear as (choose 3) Tubular membranes Secreted vesicles Flattened vesicles Lipopolysaccharide Spherical vesicles Spirals in the periplasmic space
Tubular membranes, flattened vesicles, spherical vesicles
The ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the Bacteria and the Archaea were begun by
Woese
In this image of a typical bacterial cell, the letter C indicates
an Inclusion; small yellow structure floating in central space of cell. There are 2 of these in pictured cell.
A harmless PrP is converted into the infective PrP by:
an abnormal PrP that binds to the normal protein and causes it to become misfolded
Bacterial inclusions is ____.
an aggregate of materials within the cell
In regulation by repression
an amino acid activates the repressor so that the repressor binds to the operator and prevents transcription.
Lysozyme is an enzyme that lyses _________.
bacteria
Which of the following describes an organism that lacks linear chromosomes but has peptidoglycan cell walls?
bacteria
Archaea microbes share some very interesting similarities to both _ and _ organisms
bacteria eukaryotic
Bacterial replicons differ from eukaryotic and archaeal replicons in that
bacteria have no histones and a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotes and archaea have multiple origins of replication.and their DNA is associated with histones.
Which of the following best describes organisms capable of producing endospores?
bacteria in the Clostridium genus
If you design a new compound that inhibits the growth of bacteria then you would call it bacteriostatic. What would you call a compound that kills the bacteria?
bacteriocidal
A harmless PrP is converted into the infective PrP
by an abnormal PrP that binds to the normal protein and causes it to become misfolded.
The well-organized ____ layer is located outside of the cell membrane and is known to aid in resistance to phagocytosis.
capsule
Which of the following cell structures aids in resisting phagocytosis?
capsule
enzymes
catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells are called --
The basic unit of living organisms, which can carry out all of the necessary functions of life is the
cell
The ___ ____ is defined as the plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external to it (e.g., cell wall and/or capsule).
cell envelope
The __________ is defined as the plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external to it (i.e. cell wall and/or capsule)
cell envelope
What term is used to describe the plasma membrane and all layers external to it?
cell envelope
Movement away from a repellent is termed _____.
chemotaxis
Select all components of the archaeal cell that would be found in the nucleoid. diether lipids. chromosomal DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, proteins
chromosomal DNA, proteins
Which component of an endospore is composed of highly crosslinked protein?
coat
Which of the following components of an endospore protects it from the action of lysozyme?
coat
The instrument that produces a bright image of the specimen against a dark background is called a (n) __________ microscope.
dark field
Nonenveloped viruses most often gain access to eukaryotic host cells by
endocytosis.
Glycoprotein spikes protruding from the outer surface of viral envelopes function as
factors that bind to host cells.
Which two of the following types of bacteria use PTSs for the transport of of carbohydrates?
facultative anaerobes obligate anaerobes
Eukarya: cytoskeleton:
fairly complex
The eukaryotic external structures associated with cell motility are ______________ and ______________.
flagella and cilia
Which of the following terms describes the way in which lipids and proteins behave in a membrane?
fluid mosaic model
Which of the following microscopes typically uses dyes or antibodies?
fluorescence microscope
Tears protect the eyes by
flushing and lysozyme.
In a tautomeric shift
hydrogen atoms move to form a base with altered hydrogen properties.
What are the three most important energy-conserving cellular organelles?
hydrogenosomes mitochondria chloroplasts
The lysosome contains ________ enzymes.
hydrolytic
Lipids arranged in a bilayer will have a(n) _____ external surface.
hydrophilic
Which term describes the head of a phospholipid?
hydrophilic
DNA, protein
in bacteria and your cells, RNA is synthesized using -- as a template and then the RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of --
species
in eukaryotes, a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other groups is called a --
The motor that drives flagellar rotation is located
in the basal body
monera
in the obsolete five-kingdom system, prokaryotes were included within the kingdom --
Cytoskeletal filaments that are larger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules are called ______________________ filaments
intermediate
The function of the lysosome is ______________.
intracellular digestion
Eukarya: introns in genes
introns are common
The cell wall component indicated by the letter A is _____. A: thin, threadlike structures protruding from outer membrane of cell wall. B: Structure made of 3 tube-like parts embedded in outer bilayer membrane of cell wall. C: Tube-like structure connecting outer membrane to the chain structure between membranes. D: Chain structure separating inner and outer membranes. E: Inner bilayer membrane.
lipopolysaccharide
Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by
lister
a single flagellum
monotrichous
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is _____ the bacterial cytoskeleton.
more complex than
A branched network of hyphae formed by the Actinomycetes is called a __________.
mycelium
Some bacteria form a network of hyphae that are collectively called
myceolium
The irregularly shaped region in the cytoplasm of an archaeal cell that contains the genetic material and some proteins is called the __________.
nucleoid
The irregularly shaped region of a bacterial cell that contains the chromosome and numerous proteins is called the ____.
nucleoid
The packaging (coiling) of bacterial chromosomes uses ____.
nucleoid-associated proteins
In this image of a typical bacterial cell, the letter B indicates the
nucleoid; Ellipsoidal structure made of packed loops and coils at center of cell
A darkly staining region that may appear in the nucleus of a call is called a(n)
nucleolus
Each of cellular structures may be present in Bacteria except a
nucleus
Membrane delimited intracellular structures that perform specific functions in cells are called
organelles.
Flotillins are integral membrane proteins that
organize plasma membrane microdomains
S-layer
organized protein layer aids in cellular shape
capsule
organized sugar layer well attached
One side of the Golgi apparatus is directed toward the endoplasmic reticulum, while the other faces the __________________ _________________________
plasma membrane
The main cellular structure that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell is the - endoplasmic reticulum - plasma membrane - Golgi apparatus - cell wall
plasma membrane
What charge does crystal violet have?
positive
The use of ATP to power the movement of substance across a membrane is commonly referred to as ____ transport.
primary active
Which acellular agent is composed of proteins only?
prions
phagocytosis
process that brings particles into the cell
pinocytosis
process that brings solutes into cell
Which two of the following are found in the core of an endospore?
ribosomes chromosome
Proteins are synthesized on structures called
ribosomes.
When a bacterium is moving smoothly in a single direction, then it is said to be in a ______. "swim"
run
Which of the following is composed of protein or glycoprotein?
s layer
Which acellular agent is composed of nucleic acids only?
satellites
Which of the following diseases is (are) caused by prions?
scrapie mad cow disease kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Transport of molecules across the membrane using an additional solute is termed _____.
secondary active transport
Select all the cell shapes that have been observed among the archaea spiral shapes, rods, cocci, spirochetes, mycelia
spiral shapes, rods, cocci
The cellular morphology of the bacterial cell in this image is?
spirochete
This picture is an example of ____.
spirochete motility structure
Flexible bacteria with a helical shape are called
spirochetes
The cell wall component indicated by the letter A is _____. A: Strands that intersect cell wall at perpendicular angles and connect cell wall to plasma membrane. B: Chains of pill-shaped structures that make up cell wall. Chains are stacked on top of one another. C: Structures that make up the bilayer of the inner membrane. D: Amorphous structures that intersect with plasma membrane.
teichoic acid
Bacteriophages that can integrate their genome into the host genome are called ___________ phage.
temperate
The cell envelope component indicated by the letter E is _____. A: thin, threadlike structures protruding from outer membrane of cell wall. B: Structure made of 3 tube-like parts embedded in outer bilayer membrane of cell wall. C: Tube-like structure connecting outer membrane to the chain structure between membranes. D: Chain structure between inner and outer membranes. E: Inner bilayer membrane.
the plasma membrane
A bacterial cell envelope is ____.
the plasma membrane and all surface layers external to it
Which of the following are true about cilia? (Mark all that apply) - they all beat together in a coordinated manner - they are typically limited to one or a few for any particular cell - their microtubular structure is very different from that of flagella - they are shorter than flagella
they all beat together in a coordinated manner, they are shorter than flagella
True or false: Bacteria have a cytoskeleton.
true Bacteria have cytoskeletons that have very similar proteins and functions as found in eukaryotes.
When a swimming bacterium changes direction, it will ____.
tumble
Which type of bacterial motility requires type IV pili?
twitching motillity
Endospores have ___ membranes surrounding the core.
two
Plasma membranes are organized by having ______.
two lipid layers
As a cell gets larger, which feature increases the most?
volume
Which of the following are components of the cell envelope?
- Cell wall - Plasma membrane
The three most important energy-conserving organelles are:
- Chloroplast - Hydrogenosome - Mitochondria
For eukaryotic cells, the most prominent external structures are ________ and ________.
- Cilia - Flagella
Which of the following are types of endocytic pathways found in mammalian cells?
- Clathrin-dependent endocytosis - Phagocytosis - Receptor-mediated endocytosis - Caveolin-dependent endocytosis
Which of the following processes or structures are actin filaments involved in?
- Cytokinesis - Amoeboid movement - Endocytosis
Select all possible functions of endocytosis in eukaryotic cells.
- Feeding mechanism - Recycling of cell membrane molecules - Bulk transport of solutes into the cell
The most prominent external structures of eukaryotic cells are:
- Flagella - Cilia
Select all functions of microtubules in eukaryotic cells.
- Form the spindle apparatus - Movement of organelles within the cell - Part of cilia and flagella - Support of pseudopodia
Lysosome-like organelles are found in:
- Fungal - Protists
Select the major groups of eukaryotic microbes:
- Fungi - Protists
Key differences between plasma membrane and embedded lipid rafts are their components of:
- Lipids - Proteins
List, in order, the BEST sequence of organelles/structures which can be used to synthesize and secrete a particular protein from a cell - secretory vesicle - rough ER - Golgi apparatus - transport vesicle
- rough ER - transport vesicle - golgi apparatus - secretory vesicle
In most eukaryotic cells, the components of ______ transport and ________ phosphorylation are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
-Electron - Oxidative
Morbidity rate is an important parameter used by epidemiologists to measure disease. If there are 10 new cases of measles per 10,000 individuals in a population in a two-month period, the morbidity rate is _______.
0.1%
Arrange the cytoskeletal filaments by diameter from thickest (top) to thinest (bottom)
1) Microtubules 2) Intermediate filaments 3) Actin filaments
Arrange the components of the chloroplast in the correct order from the outside to the inside.
1) Outer membrane 2) Inner membrane 3) Stroma 4) Thylakoid
Arrange these steps in the synthesis of a protein destined for secretion from a eukaryotic cell in the correct order, with the earliest step at the top.
1) Synthesis of protein by ribosomes attached to the surface of the rough ER and spooled into lumen 2) Release of protein from ER in small vesicles 3) Fusion of ER vesicle with cis face of Golgi apparatus 4) Release of transport vesicle from trans face of the Golgi apparatus 5) Fusion of transport vesicle with the plasma membrane
Choose the best description of how filtration works to control microbes.
A filter is a solid material containing small holes that only allows liquids to pass but restricts larger substances from passing to a sterile environment.
Predict how the plasma membrane fatty acid composition would change as the temperature of the habitat of an aquatic bacterial species warms from 2oC to 15oC during the spring and summer months. A) The percentage of saturated fatty acids would increase. B) The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids would increase. C) The percentage of saturated fatty acids would decrease. D) The percentage of saturated fatty acids would remain unchanged.
A) The percentage of saturated fatty acids would increase.
Predict the change in surface area and volume of a spherical cell if the diameter of the cell doubles. A) The surface area will increase by a factor of 4, while the volume will increase by a factor of 8. B) The surface area will increase by a factor of 8 while the volume will increase by a factor of 4. C) The surface area and volume will both increase by a factor of 4. D) The surface area will increase by a factor of 2 and the volume will increase by a factor of 4.
A) The surface area will increase by a factor of 4, while the volume will increase by a factor of 8.
The term used to describe bacteria that have a spherical shape is ________. A) coccus B) bacillus C) vibrio D) coccobacillus
A) coccus
The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the use of a carrier molecule embedded in the membrane is called ________. A) facilitated diffusion B) osmosis C) passive diffusion D) active transport
A) facilitated diffusion
Discovery of the bacterial cytoskeletal protein FtsZ provided an important link in the evolution of cells since ________. A) is was also discovered in mitochondria and chloroplasts B) it is unrelated to any eukaryotic proteins C) it has no known function D) it is only present in E. coli
A) is was also discovered in mitochondria and chloroplasts
46. The enzymes and electron carriers involved in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are located in the __________ membrane of the mitochondrion. A. inner B. outer C. inner and outer D. neither inner nor outer
A. inner
28. A filamentous organelle comprised of tubulins with a diameter of 25 nm is called A. microtubule. B. microfilament. C. intermediate filament. D. mycelia.
A. microtubule.
22. Membrane delimited intracellular structures that perform specific functions in cells are called A. organelles. B. organs. C. tissues. D. systomis.
A. organelles.
Which of the following viral structures is composed of just the protein that surrounds the nucleic acid? A: capsid B: promoter C: nucleocapsid D: viral envelope
A: capsid
Which term is used to describe the plasma membrane and all the layers external to it? A: cell envelop B: outer membrane C: cell wall D: capsule
A: cell envelope
Where would you find the glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell? A: cell surface B: cytoplasm C: nucleus D: cytoskeleton
A: cell surface
The cell envelope layer that lies just outside the plasma membrane is called the __________ A: cell wall B: glycocalyx C: capsule D: outer membrane
A: cell wall
Bacterial cells acquire nutrients that are __________. A: dissolved B: hydrophilic C: highly charged D: inert
A: dissolved
In contrast to viral genomic DNA, which may be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, or ssRNA, cellular genomes are always A: dsDNA B: ssDNA C: dsRNA D: ssRNA
A: dsRNA
Materials are brought into the eukaryotic cell by which pathway? A: endocytic B: glycolytic C: secretory D: exocytic
A: endocytic
Within eukaryotic cells, the irregular network of branching membranous tubules and cisternae is called the ___________. A: endoplasmic reticulum B: cytoskeleton C: nuclear lamina D: mitochondrial matrix
A: endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is the typical motility structure of bacteria? A: flagella B: pseudopodia C: pili D: fimbriae
A: flagella
The carbohydrate-rich surface layer of many eukaryotic cells is called a ___________ A: glycocalyx B: capsule C: capsule D: biofilm
A: glycocalyx
Which of the following has the thinner cell wall layer? A: gram negative B: gram positive
A: gram negative
This image illustrates the components of the __________ cell wall. A: gram negative B: mycobacterial C: gram positive
A: gram negative (1st image)
Molecules crossing a plasma membrane from a __________ concentration to a __________ concentration without energy use is an example of passive diffusion. A: high/low B: low/high C: high/high D: low/low
A: high/low
The cell wall component indicated by the letter A is __________ A: lipopolysaccharide B: Braun's lipoprotein C: teichoic acid D: peptidoglycan
A: lipopolysaccharide
The S layer in an archaeal cell wal is composed of A: protein or glycoprotein B: lipopolysaccharide C: nucleic acid D: tetraether lipids
A: protein or glycoprotein
Capsules are typically ___________. A: well organized B: yellow in color C: loosely organized
A: well organized
A bacterial cell with peritrichous flagella runs as illustrated in panel _____ and tumbles as illustrated in panel _____. A: Flagella gather together behind bacteria. Counterclockwise arrow circles around point where flagella meet. Another arrow points ahead of bacteria B: Flagella spread out evenly around bacteria. Clockwise arrows circle each flagella
A; B
ATP-binding cassette transporters are also known as ____ transporters. (Hint: it is an acronym)
ABC
Identify the molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy dependent cellular reactions
ATP
The Calvin Cycle uses ________, which are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis. (Video)
ATP and NADPH C
Which of the following is a function of the mitochondrion?
ATP synthesis, Electron Transport, Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme reactions.
Which of the following describes the primary role of the plasma membrane?
Act as a selectively permeable barrier
Minute cytoskeletal filaments that are 4 to 7 nm in diameter are built from the protein _______.
Actin
Which of the following would have the lowest refractive index on light passing through it? - Air - Water - Glass - Oil
Air
oxygen
Algae and cyanobacteria produce 75% of the planet's --
Quorum sensing
All of the choices are correct.
Viroid
An infectious agent consisting of only RNA
Prion
An infectious agent consisting of only protein
Virus
An infectious agent made up of protein, nucleic acids and sometimes a lipid membrane
Proteins that are embedded within the cytoplasmic membrane and not easily extracted are called ________ proteins. A) peripheral B) integral C) external D) internal
B) integral
rRNA
Carl Woese used comparisons of which molecule to define the three domains of life?
Infectious agents composed entirely of protein are called ___________. A: viroids B: satellites C: viruses D: prions
D: prions
Chromatin is a complex of ___________ and ___________.
DNA, protein
The instrument that produces a bright image of the specimen against a dark background is called a (n) __________ microscope.
Dark-field
Which of the following is a function of the mitochondrion?
Electron transport ATP synthesis Incorrect Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme reactions
In the Gram-staining procedure, the decolorizer is
Ethanol or acetone
Resolution decreases when the wavelength of the illuminating light decreases
False
endospores
Ferdinand Cohn is best known for his discovery of bacterial -- (produced by heat-resistant bacteria)
Which term describes long chains of cells found in cyanobacteria?
Filamentous
____ is a word often used interchangeably with pili.
Fimbriae
Which of the following are involved in the uptake of foreign DNA, attachment to surfaces, and, motility?
Fimbriae/pili
__________ is the process by which internal and external structures of cells and organisms are preserved and maintained in position
Fixation
Microbial __________ focuses on the nature of heredity and how it regulates the development and function of cells and organisms.
Genetics
Brian lives in a town where 98% of the population is immunized against measles. Brian is unlikely to get measles, despite the fact that he has never been immunized. This situation demonstrates the concept of ______.
Herd Immunity
Match the following scientists with their contribution to our understanding of cells? - Hooke - Leeuwenhoek - Schleiden - Schwann - Virchow _ coined the term "cell" _ stated that plants are composed of cells _ made microscopes _ stated that animals are composed of cells _ state that cells come from preexisting cells
Hooke: coined the term "cell" Leeuwenhoek: made microscopes Schleiden: stated that plants are composed of cells Schwann: stated that animals are composed of cells Virchow: stated that cells come from preexisting cells
The digestive enzymes contained within lysosomes are collectively called __________.
Hydrolases
Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?
Jenner
antibodies
Kitasato and von Behring are credited with the discovery of soluble antitoxins called --
Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?
Koch
Regions of a specimen with higher electron density scatter ___________ electrons and, therefore, appear __________ in the image projected onto the screen of a transmission electron microscope.
More, Darker
Select all correct statements regarding the size of different microbes?
Most eukaryotic cells are larger than most bacterial and archaeal cells. Some eukaryotic microbes are smaller than many bacteria and archaea. Some bacteria and archaea are larger than the largest known protists.
The predominant location of the cells genetic information is the:
Nucleus
Which organelle is considered to be the location for the eukaryotic cell's DNA?
Nucleus
Mitochondria, cholorplasts, and nuclei are subcellular structures that are classified as ______.
Organelles
Major structures of a bacterial cell (know location)
Outer layers (out to in): Capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane Ribosomes Flagella: Yellow tail (motility) Nucleoid: Whole blue body Chromosome: Singular blue lines Inclusion body Fimbriae: Red lines surrounding whole cell
Which of the following is not a phase of the Calvin-Benson Cycle?
Oxidation phase
Who is credited with developing a vaccine against chicken cholera?
Pasteur
What is bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum that makes it different from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Ribosomes
Proteins destined for secretion are synthesized by ribosomes attached to the surface of the ________ endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough
The _______ endoplasmic reticulum is studded on its outer surface with ribosomes.
Rough
The _________________ microscope is capable of atomic resolution of specimens, even when they are immersed in water.
Scanning tunneling
Which microscope is the best for viewing the DNA double helix?
Scanning tunneling
________ bind ferric iron and transport it into a bacterial cell.
Siderophores
Which genus gets its name due to the cellular arrangement of spherical cells found in clusters, like a bunch of grapes?
Staphylococcus
Which of the following statement is true regarding protein denaturation in the endospore core?
The low water content of an endospore core immobilizes proteins, which promotes renaturation after germination.
Ribosomes are the site of which process?
Translation
Whose work on spontaneous generation first demonstrated the existence of a very heat-resistant form of bacteria that are called endospores?
Tyndall
RNA
Walter Gilbert hypothesized that in a precellular stage in the evolution of life, -- was the central molecule
The useful magnification of a light microscope is limited by the ___________ of the light source being utilized
Wavelength
they helped disprove spontaneous generation by an experiment using a sterile cotton plug to filter air prior to mixing with a liquid medium
What was the contribution of Georg Friedrich Schroder and Theodor van Dusch to microbiology?
The __________ is the distance between the specimen and the objective lens when the specimen is in focus
Working distance
Pores in the outer membrane are composed of ____.
a cluster of three porin proteins
reproductive properties
a eukaryotic species is defined by --
ATP has a lower phosphate transfer potential than phosphoenolpyruvate but a higher transfer potential than glucose-6-phosphate. This means that
a phosphate group can be readily removed from phosphoenolpyruvate and transferred to ADP during glycolysis.
Chamberland
a porcelain bacterial filter was first constructed by Charles --
protein
a prion is an infectious agent composed entirely of --
Bacterial gas vesicles are composed of ____.
a protein coat
After a tautomeric shift in adenine,
adenine bonds with cytosine.
isolating microbial strains
agar plates are useful for which of the following?
____ is used to decolorize bacterial cells during the gram-staining process.
alcohol
Which of the following steps will decolorize cells during the gram staining process?
alcohol step
Which portion of the flagellum spins during the swimming motion?
all three components (hook, filament ,basal body)
Which term is used to describe the asymmetric character of the lipids found in membranes?
amphipathic
a single flagellum at each pole of an organism
amphitrichous
During primary active transport, _____ powers the movement of solute across a membrane.
an ATP molecule
The vaccine used to prevent measles consists of live measles viruses. This type of vaccine is most likely ______.
an attenuated vaccine
During secondary active transport, when ions move opposite to the movement of a substance, this is termed ____.
antiport
The two most common bacterial cell shapes are _____ and _____, both shown here
bacilli cocci
The term used to describe bacteria that are rod-shaped is
bacillus
Viruses that infect bacterial cells are called __________ .
bacteriophage
Which of the following attributes is found in bacterial cells but not in animal cells?
cell wall
Which structure of bacteria dictates the outcome of gram-staining?
cell wall
What do both plant cells and bacterial cells have in common?
cell wall (different) ribosomes (all of life, bacteria have 70S and eukaryotes have 80S)
plasmid
circular DNA that is not essential
The ______________ of eukaryotic cells is composed of cytosol and organelles, and is the location of many metabolic processes.
cytoplasm
The most inclusive term to describe the contents within the plasma membrane is ____.
cytoplasm
The semifluid medium within a cell is called the
cytoplasm
DNA fragments contained within each of the different bacteria are ________.
different DNA fragments
passive diffusion
does not require a carrier protein
Drs. Singer and Nicholson proposed a model to describe how lipids behave in a membrane called the ___ ___ model.
fluid mosaic
The lipid composition of a plasma membrane varies with the environmental temperature. The structural changes to the phospholipids occurs in the _____
hydrocarbon chains
Which of the following can act as transporters for nutrients to cross the plasma membrane?
integral proteins
The location of the cell wall is ____.
just outside the plasma membrane
Mycoplasmas are different from other gram-negative bacteria in that they ______.
lack a cell wall
The term that describes a cell bursting open is ____.
lyse
Some species of aquatic bacteria use inclusion bodies known as ________ to orient themselves in Earth's magnetic field.
magnetosomes
Some bacteria form a network of hyphae that are collectively called _.
mycelium
Gram- ____ bacteria have an inner membrane and an outer membrane.
negative
The Braun's lipoprotein links the ____ in gram-negative bacteria.
outer membrane to the peptidoglycan
Which three of the following process are carried out by mitochondria?
oxidative phosphorylation tricarboxylic acid cycle electron transport
Which three of the following are macronutrients? oxygen, sulfur, zinc, carbon, nickel, cobalt
oxygen, sulfur, carbon
The unaided energy-free movement of molecules across a membrane is called _______.
passive diffusion
Polyphosphate granules are used to store ______.
phosphate
The minimum unit of a cell membrane is the _____.
phospholipid
Which type of lipids compose a cell membrane?
phospholipid
The transfer of phosphate from phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to an incoming molecule is an example of a(n) ____.
phosphorelay system
___________ is a form of endocytosis where solutes are brought into the cell while ___________ is a form of endocytosis where alrger particles are borught into the cell
pinocytosis, phagocytosis
Viroids are of economic significance because they cause disease in
plants.
Most enveloped viruses use the host __________ membrane as their envelope source.
plasma
Bacterial internal membrane structures are often connected to the _____.
plasma membrane
Which of the following distinctive structure do all cells have?
plasma membrane
In this image of a typical bacterial cell, the letter C points to the layer of the cell envelope closest to the cytoplasm, termed the _____.
plasma membrane;Innermost layer surrounding cell
Many prokaryotic cells contain small rings of accessory DNA called
plasmids
Transcription is turned off by _________.
repression
Which are the two components of the flagellum motor?
rotor stator
The bacterium E. coli swims in a straight line, called a ________, for a few seconds; then it stops, tumbles, then swims away in a new direction.
run
Inside eukaryotic cells, the ______________ pathway functions to move cellular material to various locations within the cell, as well as to the plasma membrane or cell exterior.
secretory
For bacterial motility, the major difference between a run and a tumble is ____.
spin direction of the flagellum
Which cellular organelle organizes and separates the chromosomes during cell division? - cilia - spindle apparatus - plasma membrane - cytoskeleton - Golgi apparatus
spindel apparatus
Bacteria swim by ____.
spinning the flagellum filament like a propeller
a structure that forms at the end of a hypha is a _
spore
In general, peptidoglycan is composed of ______.
sugars and amino acids
Sulfur globules are formed by bacteria that use
sulfur compounds as an electron source
Bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor for their energy-conserving metabolic processes often form _____.
sulfur globules
Which of the following determines cellular size in bacteria?
surface area to volume ration
LUCA
the acronym describing the last universal common ancestor is --
small
the rRNA used as the basis for the universal phylogenetic tree is from which subunit of the ribosome ?
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen and hydrogen
which four gases were plentiful in the atmosphere/ oceans of early Earth?
fungi, bacteria, protists, and archaea
which four of the following entities are cellular?
Place the steps of sporulation in the correct order. 1. Replication of DNA 2. In-folding of the plasma membrane to enclose a copy of DNA, forming forespore and septum 3. Engulfment of the forespore with a second membrane 4. Deposition of spore cortex 5. Spore coat formation 6. Maturation and release of endospore
2, 3, 1, 6, 5, 4
How thick is a typical bacterial plasma membrane?
2-3 nm
Flagella are about ____ wide and up to ____ long.
20 nm // 20 μm
In gram-negative bacteria, the periplasmic space may constitute about ____ of the total cell volume.
20% to 40%
The approximate dimensions of fimbriae are ____.
3 to 10 nm in diameter and up to several μm long
In gram-negative bacteria, the periplasmic space is ____ wide.
30 to 70 nm
In order to view a specimen with a total magnification of 400x, a __________ objective must be used if the ocular is 10x
40x
Bacterial ribosome are composed of two subunits, the _____ S and the ____ S.
50 30
Bacterial membranes are lipid bilayers within which proteins float. What is the relative proportion of these two components?
50% lipid + 50% protein
Which two subunits are found in all bacterial ribosomes?
50S 30S
From the complete genome sequence of an organism, you have determined the following percentages of each nucleotide: Adenine (20); Cytosine (30); Guanine (30); Thymine (20). The mol% G + C for this organism is _______.
60
Substances of approximately ____ or smaller can pass through porin proteins in the outer membrane.
600 daltons
A 30x objective and a 20x ocular produce a total magnification of
600x
Bacteria : Ribosomes
70S
Bacterial and archaeal ribosomes are known as _____ ribosomes, based on their sedimentation coefficient.
70S
Arachaea
70S ribosome; no peptidoglycan in cell wall; ether-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane; circular chromosome
Bacterial and archaeal ribosomes are known as _____ ribosomes, based on their sedimentation coefficient.
70s
eukarya: ribosomes
80S
Which two of the following are typical characteristics of eukaryotic cells?
80S ribosomes paucity of plasmids (i.e., plasmids are not common)
All of the following statements about the periplasmic space are true except ________. A) it is found only in Gram-positive bacteria B) it is located between the plasma membrane and outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria C) it contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins involved in nutrient acquisition D) a minimal periplasmic space may be observed between the plasma membrane and the peptidoglycan in some Gram-positive bacteria
A) it is found only in Gram-positive bacteria
Chemotaxis is a process by which bacteria ________. A) move toward an attractant or away from a repellent B) avoid phagocytosis C) respond metabolically to the presence of autoinducer molecules D) move on solid surfaces by means of type IV fimbriae
A) move toward an attractant or away from a repellent
Proteins that are loosely associated with the cytoplasmic membrane are called ________ proteins. A) peripheral B) integral C) external D) internal
A) peripheral
Structural differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are observed following the Gram-staining procedure since ________. A) the thick layer of peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria is dehydrated during the alcohol step, thus acting as an impermeability barrier retaining the crystal violet/iodine complex B) the thick layer of peptidoglycan in Gram-negative bacteria is dehydrated during the alcohol step, thus acting as an impermeability barrier retaining the purple stain C) the thin layer of peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria is dehydrated during the alcohol step, thus acting as an impermeability barrier allowing the stain to wash out D) the thin layer of peptidoglycan in Gram-negative bacteria is dissolved during the alcohol step, thus acting as an impermeability barrier allowing the crystal violet/iodine complex to be retained
A) the thick layer of peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria is dehydrated during the alcohol step, thus acting as an impermeability barrier retaining the crystal violet/iodine complex
51. Flimmer filaments A. permit flagella to pull rather than push the cell. B. function to move cells on solid surfaces. C. are components of all eucaryotic flagella. D. None of the choices are true
A. permit flagella to pull rather than push the cell.
47. The formation of carbohydrate (CO2 fixation) in the dark reaction of photosynthesis, takes place in the A. stroma. B. cytoplasm. C. thylakoid membrane. D. nucleus.
A. stroma.
The cell wall component indicated by the letter C is __________. A: Braun's lipoprotein B: lipopolysaccharide C: teichoic acid D: porin
A: Braun's lipoprotein
Which of the following is composed of protein or glycoproetin? A: S-layer B: capsule B: slime layer
A: S-layer
During primary active transport, __________ powers the movement of solute across a membrane A: an ATP molecule B: sodium atoms or hydrogen atoms C: an auxillary protein D: the proton movtive force
A: an ATP molecule
Which of the following best describes a virus? A: an acellular infectious agent that can only replicate within a host cell B: acellular agents that infect human cells C: a cellular infectious agent that can replicate only within a host cell D: a pathogen that can infect a hsot cell but also replicate independently
A: an acellular infectious agent that can only replicate within a host cell
Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules together make up what component of eukaryotic cells? A: cytoskeleton B: cytoplasm C: endoskeleton D: cell wall
A: cytoskeleton
Generally speaking, which type of microbial cells are the largest? A: eukaryotes B: bacteria C: archaea
A: eukaryotes
Sphingolipids, sterols, and phospholipids are components of the plasma membrane of which microorganisms? A: eukaryotes B: bacteria C: archaea
A: eukaryotes
Which of the following describes the chemical modification of molecules as it is transported into a bacterial cell A: group translocation B: passive diffusion C: primary active trasnport D: secondary transport
A: group translocation
Whcih organelle has a double membrane system, ribosomes, DNA, adn produces large amounts of ATP> A: mitochondrion B: golgi apparatus C: rough ER D: nucleus
A: mitochondrion
Which of the following describes a tumor resulting from unregulated abnormal new cell growth and reproduction of a similar cell type A: neoplasia B: anaplasia C: cancer D: cytopathic effects
A: neoplasia
The simplest viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. This composite structure of viral nucleic acid and protein is called a __________. A: nucleocapsid B: promoter C: viriod D: capside
A: nucleocapsid Capsid is another term for protein coat
The irregularly shaped region of a bacterial cell that contains the chromosome and numerous proteins is called the ___________. A: nucleoid B: nucleus C: DNA vesicle D: granulosome
A: nucleoid
The maina difference between a virulent phage and temperate phage is that virulent phage ___________. A: only have a lytic cycle B: alternate between temperate and virulent C: always integrate into the host genome D: always cause disease
A: only have a lytic cycle
The cell wall component indicated by the letter D is __________. A: peptidoglycan B: lipopolysaccharide C: the outer membrane D: Braun's lipoprotein
A: peptidoglycan (middle layer, green)
Small, double-stranded, circular pieces of DNA found in addition to the bacterial chromosome are called ___________. A: plasmids B: ribosomes C: chromatids D: nucleoids
A: plasmids
The bacterial nucleoid is composed of ___________. A: protein and DNA B: ribosomes and RNA C: only DNA D: an aggregate of vesicles
A: protein and DNA
Prions are composed of ___________. A: protein only B: nucleic acids only C: protein and nucleic acids only D: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
A: protein only
Endocytosis triggered by the binding of a ligand molecule to a membrane-bound receptor is called A: receptor-mediated endocytosis B: pinocytosis C: caveolin-dependent endocytosis D: clathrin-dependent endocytosis
A: receptor-mediated endocytosis
Which of the following may be composed of RNA or DNA, encode one or more proteins, and must have a "helper" virus to replicate? A: satellites B: phages C: viroids D: prions
A: satellites
Materials are moved from location to location within the eukaryotic cell by which pathway? A: secretory B: endocytic C: refractory D: phacocytic
A: secretory
In general, peptidoglycan is composed of __________ A: sugars and amino acids B: sugars and lipids C: sugars and nucleotides D: lipids and amino acids E: lipids and nucleotides
A: sugars and amino acids
What viral life cycle step generally occurs after the virus has uncoated? A: synthesis B: self-assembly C: attachment D: entry
A: synthesis
A complete virus particle is referred to as a __________ A: virion B: viroid C: bacteriophage D: virus
A: virion
Viruses must replicate within a host cell because __________. A: viruses lack replication enzymes and resources B: viruses easily denature outside of a host cell C: the host cell provides protection
A: viruses lack replication enzymes and resources
Which two terms describe the image?
ABC transporter Uniporter
microscopes
Antony van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his early work with --
A microbe is discovered living in an extreme environment near a deep sea vent. The microorganism lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan in its cell wall, but it does have unusual membrane lipids. This species is most likely a member of the Domain ________.
Archaea
Which of the following describes an organism that lacks linear chromosomes and peptidoglycan cell walls?
Archaea
Which of the following organisms appears to blur the lines between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Archaea
Which of the following shares a basic body plan with bacteria?
Archaea
Cells in which two domains lack a membrane-bound nucleus? - Archaea - Eubacteria - Eukarya
Archaea, Eubacteria
Match each list of characteristics with the correct group of organisms, Archaea Bacteria Eukaryotes
Archaea: 70S ribosome; no peptidoglycan in cell wall; ether-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane; circular chromosone Bacteria: Circular chromosome; peptidoglycan in cell wall, 70S ribosome; ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane Eukaryotes: membrane bound organelles; no peptidoglycan in cell walls; introns in genes; ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane
If you found a microbe with an S-layer as the major component of its cell wall, how would you identify this microbe?
As an archaeon
Prior to staining, smears of microorganisms are heat-fixed in order to
Attach it firmly to the slide
Old cultures of bacteria that have lost their ability to cause disease are said to be
Attenuated
During macroautophagy, some eukaryotic cells are able to selectively digest and recycle cellular components such as mitochandria. This process involves the formation of a double-membraned structure called a(n)
Autphagosome
Bacteria with a lophotrichous arrangement of flagella is shown in panel _______. yellow
B
Which two of the following statements regarding nucleoli are correct? A: specialized stains are required to visualize the nucleolus B: there can be more than one nucleolus in a nucleus C: they synthesize ribosomal proteins D: they are enclosed by two lipid bilayer membranes E: their major function is ribosomal RNA synthesis
B and E
Which bacterial structure may survive if temperatures applied during food preservation processes are too low? A) Flagella B) Endospores C) Plasma membranes D) Ribosomes
B) Endospores
Which of the following is not considered a micronutrient? A) Manganese (Mn) B) Magnesium (Mg) C) Zinc (Zn) D) Copper (Cu)
B) Magnesium (Mg)
Which of the following protects bacteria from lysis in dilute solutions and helps to determine their cellular morphology or shape? A) Plasma membrane B) Peptidoglycan C) Capsule D) Gas vacuoles
B) Peptidoglycan
How do spheroplasts and protosplasts differ? A) Spheroplasts retain the peptidoglycan but protoplasts do not. B) Spheroplasts retain their outer membrane but protoplasts do not. C) There is no difference; these terms are synonyms. D) Spheroplasts form from cocci and protoplasts form from bacilli.
B) Spheroplasts retain their outer membrane but protoplasts do not.
The concept of a prokaryote was first fully outlined in 1962 by ________. A) Watson and Crick B) Stanier and Van Niel C) Hershey and Chase D) Gilbert and Cech
B) Stanier and Van Niel
A pathogenic bacterial species has mutated and is no longer able to synthesize a capsule. Which outcome would you predict? A) The mutated bacteria will be more virulent. B) The mutated bacteria will not be able to cause disease as readily. C) The mutated bacteria will be protected from plasmolysis in hypertonic environments. D) The mutated bacteria will undergo osmotic lysis in hypotonic environments.
B) The mutated bacteria will not be able to cause disease as readily.
The term used to describe bacteria that are rod-shaped is ________. A) coccus B) bacillus C) vibrio D) coccobacillus
B) bacillus
Sortase is a protein enzyme of bacteria that ________. A) plays a key role in directing proteins to the periplasm B) catalyzes covalent attachment of some surface proteins to peptidoglycan C) directs secretion of proteins across the outer membrane D) functions by transporting flagellum proteins to their extracellular site of assembly
B) catalyzes covalent attachment of some surface proteins to peptidoglycan
Although penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, bacterial cells will continue to grow normally in the presence of penicillin in a(n) ________ environment. A) hypotonic B) isotonic C) hypertonic D) nonpolar
B) isotonic
Shrinkage of the plasma membrane away from the cell wall when the bacterium is placed in a hypertonic environment is called ________. A) osmolysis B) plasmolysis C) hydrolysis D) hypertonolysis
B) plasmolysis
Bacterial cells that are variable in shape are called ________. A) vibrio B) pleomorphic C) coccobacilli D) hyphal
B) pleomorphic
Rigid bacteria with a helical cell shape are called ________. A) vibrios B) spirilla C) spirochetes D) coccobacilli
B) spirilla
A wide variety of microorganisms are commercially used to manufacture ________ for human consumption. A) sugars B) vitamins C) fatty acids D) None of the choices are correct.
B) vitamins
A single virus could have which of the following genomes? A: both RNA and DNA B: ssRNA C: dsDNA D: dsRNA E: both ssDNA and ssRNA F: ssDNA G: both dsRNA and dsDNA
B, C, D, and F
33. Which of the following organelles is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials? A. Lysosomes B. Golgi apparatus C. Mitochondria D. Centrioles
B. Golgi apparatus
26. Protein filaments with a diameter of 4-7 nm that play a role in cell movement and shape change are called A. microtubules. B. microfilaments. C. intermediate filaments. D. mycelia.
B. microfilaments.
31. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the A. the assembly of ribosomes. B. packaging of materials for excretion. C. formation of mesosomes. D. replication of chromosomes.
B. packaging of materials for excretion.
30. The process by which a cell imports large particles by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called A. exocytosis. B. phagocytosis. C. pinocytosis. D. nutrient cytosis.
B. phagocytosis.
41. The nucleolar organizer is a part of a specific chromosome that directs the synthesis of A. transfer RNA (tRNA). B. ribosomal RNA (rRNA). C. messenger RNA (mRNA). D. heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).
B. ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
How this is archaellum A: 10-14 mm B: 10-14 nm C: 10-14 microm
B: 10-14 nm
Which type of genome would seem simplest to replicate in a host cell? A: RNA B: DNA
B: DNA DNA is the natural genomic material in all cells, host cells already have all the needed enzymes to replicate DNA and express genes
Which of the following compounds is well known to protect gram-negative bacteria from environmental toxic substances? A: fimbriae B: LPS C: teichoic acid D: Braun's lipoprotein
B: LPS
Which component of LPS can act as a toxin in a gram-negative bacterial infection? A: O antigen B: Lipid A C: core polysaccharide
B: Lipid A
Which component of LPS generates an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections? A: Lipid A B: O antigen C: core polysaccharide
B: O antigen
Viroids are infectious agents that consist of ___________ A: RNA and protein B: RNA only C: DNA only D: protein only
B: RNA only
Bacterial inclusions is ___________. A: the invagination of the PM during cell division B: an aggregate of materials within the cell C: aggregated internal membranes for metabolic activity D: a membrane-bound storage vesicle
B: an aggregate of materials within the cell
The best definition of cytopathic effects caused by a viral infection of eukaryotic cells is A: lysis and death of host cells B: changes or abnormalities in infected cells that are distinct from lysis C: destruction of infected cells bu the host immune system D: virus replication within the cytoplasm of infected cells
B: changes or abnormalities in infected cells that are distinct from lysis
Which type of endocytosis begins with substances binding to specialized membrane regions called coated pits? A: caveolin-dependent endocytosis B: clathrin-dependent endocytosis C: phagocytosis D: reverse osmosis
B: clathrin-dependent endocytosis
Capsules are typically ___________ A: composed of proteins B: composed of sugars C: composed of nucleic acids D: composed of lipids
B: composed if sugars
Which of the following might be found in the archaeal cell cytoplasm? A: tetraether lipids B: cytoskeleton C: pseudomurein D: porin proteins
B: cytoskeleton
The process of moving materials inside a cell by encolsing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called ___________. A: secretion B: endocytosis C: facilitated diffusion D: glycosylation
B: endocytosis
Compounds that must be acquired from the environment for cell survival are called ___________. A: hydrophilic B: growth factors C: amphipathic D: nonpolar
B: growth factors
The energy for viral replication, gene expression, and nucleocapsid assembly comes from __________ . A: viral ATP B: host ATP C: breakdown of the viral capsid D: the proton motive force
B: host ATP
Budding is best described as A: how viruses fuse two or more virions together B: how enveloped viruses acquire their membranes C: how viruses replicate their circular genomes D: how naked viruses leave their host cell
B: how enveloped viruses acquire their membranes
The surfaces of an archaeal membrane, both internal to the cell and external, are A: hydrophobic B: hydrophilic C: neutral
B: hydrophilic
If the concentration of solute drops, what happens to facilitated diffusion? A: it speeds up B: it slows down C: it stays the same
B: it slows down
In a chemical gradient, E. coli cells exhibit ___________ when moving toward the attractant. A: both runs and tumbles of comparable length B: long runs and infrequent tumbles C: short runs and frequent tumbles
B: long runs and infrequent tumbles
Elements required in low concentrations for cell growth are called A: macroelements B: micronutrients C: macronutrients D: growth factors
B: micronutrients
The most noticable structure within the nucleus is usually the___________. A: nuclear pore B: nucleolus C: nuclear envelope D: nucleosome
B: nucleolus
In active transport, the "active" refers to __________ A: the active movement of molecules across a membrane B: the use of energy to power the movement of molecules across a membrane C: the rate at which molecules move across a membrane D: the presence of proteins that move molecules across a membrane
B: the use of energy to power the movement of molecules across a membrane
The cell wall peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria is considerable __________ than that of gram-positive bacteria. A: thicker B: thinner C: more rigid D: stronger
B: thinner
What is the role of porin proteins? A: to facilitate the formation of endospores B: to facilitate the transport of compounds like glucose across the outer membrane C: to facilitate the movement of the cell through the environment D: to provide a mode of sexual reproduction for the cell
B: to facilitate the transport of compounds like glucose across the outer membrane
Active transport and facilitated diffusion are similar because they both __________. A: transport solutes using energy provided by ATP B: use proteins to move materials across a membrane C: use diffusion to move materials across a membrane D: are independent of solute concentration
B: use proteins to move materials across a membrane
Which of the following describes an organism that lacks linear chromosomes but has peptidoglycan cell walls?
Bacteria
Match the type of organism with the correct description of flagellar composition
Bacterial: Single type of flagellin Archaeal: Multiple, different flagellins Eukaryotic: 9+2 microtubules
The use of enrichment cultures and selective media was pioneered by
Beijerinck
microbial ecology
Beijerinck was a general microbiologist best known for his discoveries in virology and in --
__________ was the first to isolate a root nodule bacterium capable of nitrogen fixation.
Bijerinck
Which of the following describes the controversy concerning the use of the term "prokaryote?"
Biochemical, genetic, and genomic analysis have shown that Bacteria and Archaea are distinct taxa.
The application of microbiological and biochemical techniques to produce genetically modified organisms or foods is known as ________.
Biotechnology
On which of the following surfaces can biofilms form?
Biotic or abiotic surface
Confocal microscopes exhibit improved contrast and resolution by
Blocking out stray light with an aperture located above the objective lens
Proteins function in modern cells as
Both catalysts and structural elements.
Compare facilitated diffusion and passive diffusion when solute concentrations are reduced. X-axis: Concentration gradient. Y-axis: Rate of transport. Carrier facilitated diffusion: Line rises rapidly along y-axis as x-axis increases, then line plateaus. Carrier facilitated diffusion initially has higher y values than passive diffusion. Passive diffusion: Line rises at constant rate. 2 lines meet after carrier facilitated diffusion plateaus.
Both mechanisms slow down, since both rely on diffusion
Which of the following distinguish the field of microbiology from other fields of biology?
Both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms.
The cell wall component indicated by the letter C is _____. A: thin, threadlike structures protruding from outer membrane of cell wall. B: Structure made of 3 tube-like parts embedded in outer bilayer membrane of cell wall. C: Tube-like structure connecting outer membrane to the chain structure between membranes. D: Chain structure separating inner and outer membranes. E: Inner bilayer membrane.
Braun's lipoprotein
When lipopolysaccharide, illustrated here, is present in the outer membrane of a Gram-negative bacterial cell, the component that comprises the outer leaflet is indicated by the letter A: Top of the chain bent to the right. Made of clusters of molecules colored red, white, and orange. B: Middle of the chain. Goes straight up and down, is thicker at bottom than top, and is mostly made of clusters of red and white molecules. C: Bottom of chain. Goes straight up and down and has a more rigid structure than other sections, with molecules stacked neatly on top of one another instead of in clusters. Molecules in this section are mostly white and orange.
C
Which of the following is not part of the process by which an endospore transforms to become a vegetative cell? A) Germination B) Activation C) Induction D) Outgrowth
C) Induction
________ membranes allow some molecules to pass but not others. A) Permeable B) Inverted monolayer C) Selectively permeable D) Impermeable
C) Selectively permeable
Which of the following statements is false regarding why some scientists believe that the term "prokaryote" is a somewhat artificial designation? A) Some bacteria have internal membranous structures B) Some bacteria have their genetic material enclosed within a membrane C) Some bacteria have 80S ribosomes D) Many bacteria have cytoskeletal elements
C) Some bacteria have 80S ribosomes
Nutrients can be concentrated from dilute solutions by ________. A) pinocytosis B) endocytosis C) active transport and group translocation D) electron transport
C) active transport and group translocation
Elements that are required in relatively large amounts by microorganisms are called ________. A) multivitamins B) meganutrients C) macronutrients D) macromolecules
C) macronutrients
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the participation of specific carrier molecules is called ________. A) facilitated diffusion B) osmosis C) passive diffusion D) active transport
C) passive diffusion
The power used by most bacterial flagellar motors is produced by ________. A) synthesis of glucose B) ATP hydrolysis C) proton motive force (PMF) D) All of the choices are correct.
C) proton motive force (PMF)
Flexible bacteria with a helical shape are called ________. A) vibrios B) spirilla C) spirochetes D) coccobacilli
C) spirochetes
Square planar arrangement of cells that forms when round bacteria remain attached to each other during reproduction are called ________. A) streptococci B) staphylococci C) tetrads D) sarcinae
C) tetrads
Twitching motility involves ________. A) peritrichous flagella B) periplasmic flagella C) type IV pili D) monotrichous flagella
C) type IV pili
The term used to describe bacteria that are shaped like curved rods is ________. A) coccus B) bacillus C) vibrio D) coccobacillus
C) vibrio
52. Which of the following is useful in distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A. The use of DNA for the storage of genetic information. B. The presence of ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins. C. The presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm. D. All of the choices.
C. The presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm.
32. A lysosome containing undigested material is called A. a phagosome. B. an endosome. C. a residual body. D. a coated vesicle.
C. a residual body.
50. An arrangement of microtubules located in the matrix of cilia and flagella is called the __________. A. axial bundle B. axial filament C. axoneme D. axillary tubule
C. axoneme
45. The organelle responsible for harvesting light as an energy source for photosynthesis is the A. kinetoplast. B. centriole. C. chloroplast. D. mitochondrion.
C. chloroplast.
39. The Golgi apparatus is comprised of flattened, saclike structures called __________, which may be clustered in one region or scattered throughout the cell. A. cristae B. thylakoids C. cisternae D. vesiculae
C. cisternae
29. The endoplasmic reticulum is composed of flattened sacs called A. thylakoids. B. cristae. C. cisternae. D. vacuomes.
C. cisternae.
40. Stacks of cisternae in the Golgi apparatus are referred to as A. stigmata. B. golgisomes. C. dictyosomes. D. lamellisomes.
C. dictyosomes.
27. Protein filaments with a diameter of about 10 nm that are major components of the cytoskeleton are called A. microtubules. B. microfilaments. C. intermediate filaments. D. mycelia.
C. intermediate filaments.
43. The nucleolus plays a major role in synthesis of A. mRNA. B. tRNA. C. rRNA. D. transcription activation proteins.
C. rRNA.
35. Proteins are synthesized on structures called A. mesosomes. B. lysosomes. C. ribosomes. D. chromosomes.
C. ribosomes.
Which of the following best defines a temperate phage? A: a virus that is temperature-dependent on whether it lyses a cell or not B: a virus that is highly resistant to temperature C: a virus that can integrate its genome into the host genome D: a virus that is temperature-dependent on whether it infects a cell or not
C: a virus that can integrate its genome into the host gneome
Because lipids in the outer leaflet of eukaryotic membranes differ from thsoe in the inner leaflet, this distribution of lipids pattern is said to be ___________. A: equivalent B: symmetric C: asymmetric
C: asymmetric
Which of the following organism groups have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan? A: fungi B: archaea C: bacteria D: plants
C: bacteria
Compare facilitated diffusion and passive diffusion when solute concentrations are reduced. A: they both speed up B: only passive diffusion slows C: both mechanisms slow D: only facilitated diffusion slows
C: both mechanisms slow
Which of the following are involved in the uptake of foreign DNA, attachment to surfaces, and motility? A: flagella B: cilia C: fimbriae/pili D: pseudopodia
C: fimbriae/pili Type IV pili (a type of fimbriae) are involved in motility and the uptake of DNA
In eukaryotic cells, the organelle composed of a stack of flattened, saclike cisternae is called the ___________. A: nuclear lamina B: mitochondrial matric C: golgi apparatus D: smooth ER
C: golgi apparatus
Zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper are examples of __________ A: macroelements B: growth factors C: micronutrients D: macronutrients
C: micronutrients
Regarding the efficiency of accommodating genes in the genome, viruses are considered __________ efficient than bacteria and eukaryotes. A: less B: about the same C: more
C: more
In a eukaryotic cell, the genetic information is located in the ___________. A: golgi apparatus B: nucleoid C: nucleus D: lysosome
C: nucleus
In eukaryotic cells, intracellular structures that eprform fucntions analogous to the functions of organs of a multicellular organism are known as ___________. A: macromolecules B: organs C: organelles D: organisms
C: organelles
The unaided, energy-free, movement of molecules across a membrane is called ___________. A: group-translocation transport B: active transport C: passive diffusion D: facilitated diffusion
C: passive diffusion
The cell wall component indicated by the letter B is A: the plasma membrane B: lippolysaccharide C: peptidoglycan D: teichoic acid
C: peptidoglycan
During which endocytic process do protrusions from the cell surface engulf particulate matter outside of the cell? A: secretion B: clathrin-dependent endocytosis C: phagocytosis D: caveolin-dependent endocytosis
C: phagocytosis
If the cell wall of a bacterium was removed, and then the cell was gram-stained, what color would it appear? A: green B: blue C: pink D: purple
C: pink
Which term includes the plasma membrane and everything inside it? A: cytoplasm B: envelope C: protoplast D: cytosol
C: protoplast The cytoplasm does not include the plasma membrane while the term protoplast does.
Which of the following statements regarding carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion is false? A: the carrier protein has 2 configurations, one open to the outside, one open to the cytoplasm B: the carrier protein is an intrinsic membrane protein C: the carrier protein moves solute molecules against a concentration gradient D: the carrier protein moves hydrophilic molecules through a membrane
C: the carrier protein moves solute molecules against a concentration gradient
One distinguishing characteristic of group translocation is __________. A: the small size of the molecule being transported B: it is part of all metabolic pathways C: the molecules transported are chemically modified D: ATP is needed to power transport
C: the molecules transported are chemically modified
In gram-negative bacteria, enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan are found in A: the outer membrane B: the plasma membrane C: the periplasmic space D: the sytoplasm
C: the periplasmic space
Proteins characterized as channels and carriers are __________. A: attachment proteins B: motility proteins C: transport proteins
C: transport proteins
When a swimming bacterium changes direction, it will ___________. A: toss B: flip C: tumble D: run
C: tumble
How many lipid layers are found in a bacterial plasma membrane? (NOTE: a lipid layer consists of a series of phospholipids arranged side to side with hydrophilic heads all facing one direction and hydrophobic tails facing the other direction) A: one B: four C: two D: varies for bacteria E: three
C: two For option D: notice that the question was not asking about how many plasma membranes are found in gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria
Plasma membranes are organized by having __________. A: one lipid layer and a capsule B: three lipid layers C: two lipid layers D: one lipid layer and a cell wall
C: two lipid layers
Most primary active transport systems are A: antiporters B: symporters C: uniporters
C: uniporters
Active transport and facilitated diffusiofn are different because active transport __________. A: only moves solute molecules with a concentration gradient B: uses a protein to move materials across a membrane C: uses ATP to power the movement of materials across a membrane D: is resistant to the effects of denaturation
C: uses ATP to power the movement of materials across a membrane
What is the name of a structure found in cyanobacteria that is about 100 nm in diameter and is the location for enzymes responsible for CO2 fixation?
Carboxysome
Which five of the following are found in the bacterial cell cytoplasm?
Chromosome Cytoskeleton Inclusion bodies Nucleoid Plasmids
Bacteria
Circular chromosome, peptidoglycan in cell wall; 70S ribosome; ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane
_________ dependent endocytosis involves the binding of substances to coated pits.
Clathrin
___________ dependent endocytosis involves the binding of substances to coated pits
Clathrin
Which three of the following bacterial genera are capable of producing endospores?
Clostridium Bacillus Sporosarcina
The process of clathrin-dependent endocytosis begins with the formation of clathrin-coated membrane regions called ________ pits.
Coated
Because you have always been fascinated by spiders and bacteria, you decide to study the microbiome of a species of spider that is locally abundant. You are able to cultivate many bacteria from the spiders gut in the lab, and the spiders do not appear to be negatively affected by treatment with antibiotics that you know will inhibit the growth of these bacteria. Based on this evidence, which of the following types of symbiotic relationships do you suspect might be occurring between the spider and the bacteria?
Commensalistic
Patients who take antibiotics sometimes experience overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans in their mouths and throats (a condition called thrush). C. albicans is considered part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract but its population is typically limited by the presence of other microorganisms. Based on this evidence, which of the following types of symbiotic relationship do you think occurs between members of the normal flora and C. albicans?
Competition
What are some characteristics of the plasma membrane?
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer Contains proteins Selectively permeable
Horizontal gene transfer can occur via _________.
Conjugation
_______ are infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Cristae
The _______ is composed of cytosol and organelles, and is the location of many metabolic processes.
Cytoplasm
In these images of bacterial cells, magnetosomes are indicated by the letter _____. Left cell gray. Right cell white and purple. A: Bumpy area in left cell. B: White central area of right cell. C: Round white space inside purple border of right cell. D: Chain of spherical structures inside purple border of right cell.
D
The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria ________. A) retains the cytoplasm and its contents B) acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing some molecules to pass while preventing the movement of others C) is the major site of ATP synthesis in aerobes D) All of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct.
The type III bacterial protein secretion machinery ________. A) has a needlelike structure through which proteins are secreted B) includes structural features that may be evolutionarily related to the basal bodies of bacterial flagella C) is found in Gram-negative bacteria D) All of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport? A) Saturable uptake rate B) Use of ATP or a proton gradient as a source of metabolic energy C) Can move materials against a concentration gradient D) All of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is/are true of capsules? A) They help bacteria escape phagocytosis by host cells. B) They retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria. C) They prevent entry of many bacterial viruses. D) All of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is not considered a macronutrient? A) Carbon (C) B) Calcium (Ca) C) Potassium (K) D) Cobalt (Co)
D) Cobalt (Co)
Which of the following is not a major class of growth factors? A) Amino acids B) Purines and pyrimidines C) Vitamins D) Nucleic acids
D) Nucleic acids
A strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has undergone a mutation and is no longer able to make pili. Predict the most likely outcome. A) The bacterial strain will no longer be able to transport certain sugars into the cell. B) The bacteria will become more virulent and will more readily establish infection. C) The bacteria will become more resistant to antibiotics. D) The bacteria will become less virulent and will not be able to readily establish infection.
D) The bacteria will become less virulent and will not be able to readily establish infection.
The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the expenditure of energy is called ________. A) facilitated diffusion B) osmosis C) passive diffusion D) active transport
D) active transport
The term used to describe bacteria that are intermediate in shape between spherical and rod- shaped is ________. A) cocci B) bacilli C) vibrio D) coccobacilli
D) coccobacilli
Endospores represent a challenge to the fields of industrial and medical microbiology because ________. A) they are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive B) endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens C) endospores are significantly smaller than vegetative cells D) endospores are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive, and endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens
D) endospores are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive, and endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is also known as ________. A) exotoxin B) teichoic acid C) murein D) endotoxin
D) endotoxin
You discover a new transport system used by a newly discovered bacterial species. The sugars that are transported using this system are phosphorylated as they enter the bacterial cell. You would describe this transport system as a(n) ________. A) facilitated diffusion B) micronutrient regulator C) passive diffusion D) group translocation
D) group translocation
49. Construction of flagella and/or cilia is directed by the A. axoneme. B. tubulin. C. centriole. D. basal body.
D. basal body.
23. The plasma membrane of eukaryotes contains all of the following except A. phosphoglycerides. B. sphingolipids. C. sterols. D. peptidoglycan.
D. peptidoglycan.
The size of a viral genome can be A: 100 to 4000 nucleotides long B: 1 million to 1 billion nucleotides long C: 1 million to 1 billion amino acids long D: 4000 to 2500000 nucleotides long
D: 4000 to 2500000 nucleotides long
What size are archaeal ribosomes? A: 80S B: 50S C: 30S D: 70S
D: 70S
Which structure of bacteria dictates the outcome of gram-staining? A: inner and outer cell membrane B: cell membrane C: capsule D: cell wall
D: cell wall
The second step of the viral life cycle is __________. A: attachment B: release C: synthesis D: entry
D: entry
This molecules is often found as a component of ___________. A: eukaryotic ribosomes B: bacterial plasma membranes C: eukaryotic cell walls D: eukaryotic plasma membranes
D: eukaryotic plasma membranes
Which of the following terms describes the way in which lipids and proteins behave in a membrane? A: rigid mosaic model B: endosymbiotic hypothesis C: permeable mosaic model D: fluid mosaic model
D: fluid mosaic model
Compounds such as essential amino acids are considered __________. A: micronutrients B: vitamins C: macronutrients D: growth factors
D: growth factors
Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called ___________. A: intercytoplasmic membranes B: anammoxosomes C: vesicles D: inclusions
D: inclusions
What are cristae? A: connections between the smooth and rough ERs B: outpocketings of the mitochodnrial outer membrane C: areas where cis Golgi becomes trans Golgi D: infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane
D: infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane
The function of the lysosome is A: aerobic respiration B: processing of materials for secretion C: storage of genetic information D: intracellular digestion
D: intracellular digestion
The location of the cell wall is __________. A: surrounding the mitochondria B: just outside the plasma membrane C: surrounding the nucleus D: just outside the plasma membrane
D: just outside the plasma membrane
Elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are considered A: micronutrients B: complex vitamins C: macromolecules D: macronutrients
D: macronutrients The term "macro" implies that these materials are used in large quantities
Which of the following is true regarding macronutrients and micronutrients? A: macronutrients are substances that can be synthesized by the cell B: micronutrients are substances needed in large quantities C: micronutrients are substances that can be synthesized by the cell D: macronutrients are substances needed in large quantities
D: macronutrients are substances needed in large quantities
The component of the mitochondrion indicated by the letter C is the __________. A: cristae B: inner membrane C: outer membrane D: matrix
D: matrix Overall, know all
The fucntion of histones in eukaryotic chromatin is to A: attach the mitotic spindle during cell division B: protect the DNA from degratative enzymes C: mark gene boundaries like promoters and terminators D: neutralize the charge on DNA to compact it
D: neutralize the charge on DNA to compact it
In gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane is more permeable than the inner membrane principally because of the presence of A: LPS B: teichoic acids C: Braun's lipoproteins D: porin proteins
D: porin proteins In spite of LPS, the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria have porin proteins to facilitate the movement of large compounds like glucose into the cell
Which of the following uses ATP to move substances across a membrane? A: osmosis B: facilitated diffusion C: passive diffusion D: primary active transport
D: primary active transport
The nucleic acids of a temperate phage that is either integrated into the host cell's genome, or remains free in the cytoplasm, is called a ___________. A: mesophage B: virulent phage C: lysogen D: prophage
D: prophage A virulent phage is one that does not remain dormant inside the host cell. The infected bacterial cells are called lysogens.
Once a virus enters the cytoplasm of a host cell, it begins to __________ . A: assemble its virion B: lyse the cell C: synthesize ATP D: replicate its genome
D: replicate its genome
Transport of molecules across the membrane using an additional solute is termed __________. A: an ABC transport B: primary active transport C: facilitated transport D: secondary active transport
D: secondary active transport
When the potential energy of an ion gradient promotes the movement of a substance across a membrane, this is called __________. A: primary active transport B: facilitated transport C: an ABC transport D: secondary active transport
D: secondary active transport
Examine the image of a carrier protein transporting across the plasma membrane. Which of the following statements is false? A: the carrier protein is moving the solute with a concentration gradient B: the carrier protein is an integral membrane protein C: the carrier protein has two conformations, one open to the enviornment, and the other open to the cytoplasm D: the ATP required for transport is hydrolyzed on the cytoplasmic face of the carrier protein
D: the ATP required fro transport is hydrolyzed on the cytoplasmic face of the carrier protein
Which of the following describes the "protoplast"? A: structures found int he region bound by the plasma membrane B: structures outside the plasma membrane C: the plasma membrane and all structures outside of it D: the plasma membrane and all the structures within it
D: the plasma membrane and all the structures within it
A carrier protein that transports solute molecules by facilitated diffusion has __________ configuration(s) because __________. A: multiple; each solute has a different binding site B: one; each solute binds to only one carrier protein C: one; the protein has a single active site for binding solute D: two; it needs to bind solute outside the cell and then release it in the cytoplasm
D: two; it needs to bind solute outside the cell and then release it in the cytoplasm
Polyphosphate granules store the phosphate needed for synthesis of ______.
DNA and RNA
Which two of the following are components of chromatin? DNA, polysaccharide, lipid, protein, RNA
DNA and protein
What is the most compelling reason why DNA, rather than RNA, evolved to be the storage repository for genetic information in cellular life forms?
DNA molecules are more chemically stable than RNA molecules.
In the process of endospore formation, which event occurs early, in stage I? 1. Cell divided into 2 parts, each with DNA. 2. Cell membrane folds to enclose part of DNA. 3. Mother cell grows and engulfs endospore in 2nd membrane. 4. Cortex laid down between membranes. 5. Cortex is coated. 6. Endospore forms in center of cell. 7. Endospore at center of cell is free of cell.
DNA replication
As the magnification of a series of objective lenses increases, the working distance
Decreases
Atomic force microscopes use a scanning probe that maintains a fixed distance from the surface of the specimen. It is useful for specimens that
Do not conduct electricity well
All cellular organisms can be placed into one of three __________, which include the Bacteria, Archaea, and the Eukarya.
Domains
Which of the following contribute to the environmental resistance of bacterial endospores? A) Spore coat B) Low water content of endospore C) Presence of calcium dipicolinate D) Lower pH E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Motile bacteria have been placed in an environment with a gradient of a chemical attractant. Which of the following behaviors would you predict? A) Bacteria will randomly switch back and forth between runs and tumbles. B) The bacteria will only exhibit runs away from the chemical. C) The bacteria will reduce tumbling frequency. D) The bacteria will reduce run duration in the direction of the chemical. E) The bacteria will both reduce tumbling frequency and increase run duration in the direction of the chemical.
E) The bacteria will both reduce tumbling frequency and increase run duration in the direction of the chemical.
This network of branching membranous tubules and cisternae is the closest set of internal membranes to the nucleus:
Endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following best describes why the food industry has trouble dealing with human pathogens that make endospores?
Endospores are resistant to many cooking techniques.
Catalyticproteins speed up the myriad of chemical reactions that occur in cells; these proteins are known as
Enzymes
The designer of the first transmission electron microscope, _________________, was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in physics.
Ernst Ruska
Which of the following is an example of the use of the binomial system devised by Linnaeus?
Escherichia coli
The Domain _____ has the greatest level of morphological diversity.
Eukarya
Which of the following statement is correct regarding ribosomes?
Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than bacterial and archaeal ribosomes and contain different molecules.
Although similar in function, the eukaryotic ribosome is generally smaller and more complex than the prokaryotic ribosome.
F
Which of the transport mechanisms relies only on concentration gradients to provide the "force" to move materials across the plasma membrane?
Facilitated diffusion
Although developed over 100 years ago, Koch's postulates continue to be used successfully in all known human infectious diseases.
False
Because transmission electron microscopy uses electrons rather than light, it is not necessary to stain biological specimens before observing them
False
Colonization specifically refers to the multiplication of a pathogen on or within a host, and includes the resulting tissue invasion and damage. (T/F)
False
Edward Jenner's work in preventing rabies led to the use of the term vaccination to describe a type of procedure used in the prevention of disease.
False
Extant microorganisms are organisms from the fossil record that are no longer present on Earth today.
False
Koch's postulates were instrumental in establishing that Mycobacterium leprae is the cause of leprosy.
False
Microbiologists study a variety of organisms, but all are considered either Bacteria or Archaea.
False
Negative staining facilitates the visualization of bacterial capsules which are intensely stained by the procedure
False
Robert Koch developed a vaccine that could be used to prevent anthrax.
False
Since all of the resulting colonies are identical, the desired gene can then be isolated from each colony. (T/F)
False
The Gram stain can only be performed on cultures grown in liquid media.
False
The Gram-staining procedure is widely used because it allows rapid identification of a microorganism with little additional testing
False
The cell membrane is a rigid structure that provides bacteria with their characteristic shapes.
False
The codon of tRNA is complementary to the anticodon of mRNA. (T/F)
False
The earliest microbial fossils that have been found are dated from approximately 4.5 million years ago.
False
The endosymbiotic hypothesis is generally accepted as the origin of two eukaryotic organelles: mitochondria and chloroplasts.
False
The first amino acid enters through the A site. (T/F)
False
Viruses are not generally studied by microbiologists because they are not classified as living organisms.
False
Viruses constitute the fourth domain of life in current biological classification schemes.
False
Gliding motility requires the use of external flagella T/F
False As of right now, most of gliding motility is still a mystery
In eukaryotic plasma membranes, the lipids in the outer and inner leaflets are distributed symmetrically. T/F
False The lipids in the outer and inner leaflets are distributed asymmetrically
T or F. The focal length for a low power objective lens would be shorter than that for an oil immersion lens.
False; focal length becomes shorter as magnification is increased
In the conjugate redox pair Fe3+ + e- → Fe2+
Fe2+ is the reducing agent while Fe3+ is the oxidizing agent.
__________ breaks frozen specimens along lines of greatest weakness, often down the middle of lipid bilayer membranes so that they may be observed by transmission electron microscopy.
Freeze-etching
Which of the following proteins is involved in bacterial cell division?
FtsZ
Which of the following advances best describes that today we may be experiencing a second golden age of microbiology?
Genomic testing
Check the taxa that would be used in generation of a scientific name.
Genus and Species
Which of the following events during endospore germination occurs first?
Germinant receptors detect sugars and amino acids
The organelle composed of a stack of flattened, saclike cisternae is called the:
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following organelles is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following are components of the endomembrane system? (Mark all that apply) - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane - vesicles - endoplasmic reticulum - centriole
Golgi apparatus, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum
Studies by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrated that inactivated toxins can induce the synthesis of antitoxins in the blood of rabbits. These antitoxins (antibodies) are the basis of
Humoral immunity
The branch of microbiology that deals with the mechanisms by which the human body protects itself from disease-causing organisms is called __________.
Immunology
Which three of the following cellular activities is associated with the bacterial plasma membrane?
Import/export proteins Cellular respiration Photosynthesis
cereal crops
In 1853, de Barry demonstrated that smut and rust fungus cause disease in --
Which of the following statements is true regarding flagellum filament assembly?
Individual flagellin subunits are transported to the tip of the hollow filament. Flagellin subunits spontaneously aggregate to form the filament. The filament cap is at the end farthest from the cell envelope.
__________ microbiology involves the use of microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, alcohols, vitamins, amino acids, and enzymes.
Industrial
Which three of the following are functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton Aid in transport of nutrients Localize specific proteins within the cell Participate in cell division Determine cell shape Act as a support structure for energy conservation Participate in phagocytosis
Localize specific proteins within the cell Participate in cell division Determine cell shape
Mitochondria
Location for most metabolic reactions in cellular respiration
mitochondria function
Location for most metabolic reactions in cellular respiration
Golgi apparatus
Location for protein modification prior to secretion or delivery to other cellular compartments
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Location for protein synthesis and some protein modifications
endoplasmic reticulum function
Location for protein modification prior to secretion or delivery to other cellular compartments
peroxisomes function
Location for storage of protective compounds that break down lipids and detoxify certain chemicals
Which four of the following are functions of lipopolysaccharide?
Makes a permeability barrier Stabilizes the outer membrane Contributes to the negative charge of the cell Protects from environmental toxins (and immunological factors)
This image shows bacterial cells with a green fluorescent label attached to the cytoskeletal protein _____.
MbI
Atomic force microscope
Measures surfaces that tend to lack electrical charges and it can be used to measure the interactions between proteins
Scanning tunneling microscope
Measures the surface of solids by using a single atom at the tip of the probe
Cells carry out three major types of work; which of the following involves energy for cell motility and the movement of structures within cells?
Mechanical work
The branch of microbiology that deals with diseases of humans and animals is called __________ microbiology.
Medical
Eukaryotes
Membrane bound organelles; no peptidoglycan in cell walls; introns in genes; ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane
Who of the following first discovered that some blood leukocytes could engulf disease-causing bacteria?
Metchnikoff
The branch of microbiology that studies the relationship between microorganisms and their habitats is called __________.
Microbial ecology
Which element of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton is involved in forming the spindle apparatus, cilia, and flagella?
Microtubules
Which three of the following are eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements?
Microtubules Actin filaments Intermediate filaments
The _____ is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell
Mitochondria
Which of the following facts support the endosymbiotic hypothesis?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a single circular chromosome. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have 70S ribosomes.
Which four of the following characteristics are the same for bacteria and archaea? Motility structures are present 70S ribosomes present in cytoplasm Inclusions present in the cytoplasm Presence of peptidoglycan in cell walls Type of lipid molecules found in plasma membranes Capsules and slime layers found on most cells Chromosome is double-stranded DNA
Motility structures are present 70S ribosomes present in cytoplasm Inclusions present in the cytoplasm Chromosome is double-stranded DNA
Which of the following is a physical barrier in the nonspecific defense of a mammalian host?
Mucous membranes
Which three of the following are characteristics of teichoic acids?
Negatively charged Can be bound to peptidoglycan Can be bound to lipids (Rationale: Lipoteichoic acid)
What is the trigger for sporulation?
Nutrient limitation
Order the objective lenses listed from the smallest to largest working distance that results when they are used.
Oil immersion; high power; low power
extant
Organisms that survive today are considered to be -- organisms
Which of the following gradients can form in a biofilm?
Oxygen, nutrient, and/or pH gradient
Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?
Pasteur
fermentation
Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts and bacteria each produce specific metabolic products such as alcohols and organic acids using the metabolic pathway known as --
false
Pasteur's data showed that spontaneous generation should be considered --
Which of the following structures are external to both Bacterial and Archaeal cells?
Pili
After performing a Gram stain of a mixed culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells, you shout: "Oops, I forgot the iodine step!" What would you expect to see if you observed the slide under the microscope?
Pink Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells
After performing a Gram stain of a mixed culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells, you shout: "Oops, I forgot the iodine step!" What would you expect to see if you observed the slide under the microscope?
Pink Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells EXPLANATION: Iodine acts as a mordant to bind with crystal violet and make a much better complex that is less likely to leave through the very thick cell walls found in gram-positive bacteria.
You have isolated a soil protozoan, which you are now trying to grow in pure culture. You have tried many different types of media but find you can only grow the protozoan if bacteria are also present in the medium. You note that the bacterial population declines as the protozoan population increases. Based on this evidence, which of the following types of symbiotic relationships do you suspect might be occurring between the protozoan and the bacteria?
Predatation
__________ microbiologists monitor community food establishments and water supplies in order to control the spread of communicable diseases.
Public health
__________ are cyclic nitrogenous bases with two rings and pronounced aromatic properties.
Purines
After the secondary stain has been added, gram-positive organisms are stained __________ and gram-negative organisms are stained __________.
Purple, Pink
After the primary stain has been added but before the decolorizer has been used, gram- positive organisms are stained __________ and gram-negative organisms are stained
Purple, Purple
After the decolorizer has been added, gram-positive organisms are stained __________ and gram-negative organisms are stained __________.
Purple, colorless
Which molecule is believed to have preceded the other two during the evolution of life?
RNA
The enzyme that accomplishes transcription is termed ______.
RNA Polymerase
Plasma membrane microdomains that differ in lipid and protein content from the rest of the membrane are called lipid __________.
Rafts
Which of the following transport mechanisms relies on concentration gradients of one substance to power the translocation of a different substance across a membrane?
Secondary transport
Materials are moved from location to location within the eukaryotic cell by which pathway?
Secretory
The procedure in which a single stain is used to visualize microorganisms is called __________ staining
Simple
Select all the correct statements regarding the size of different microbes Some eukaryotic microbes are smaller than many bacteria and archaea. Most eukaryotic cells are alrger than msot bacterial and archaeal cells. Some bacteria and archaea are larger than the largest known protists. Bacterial cells are always smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Some eukaryotic microbes are smaller than many bacteria and archaea. Most eukaryotic cells are alrger than msot bacterial and archaeal cells. Some bacteria and archaea are larger than the largest known protists.
Which three of the following are growth factors?
Some nucleotides Vitamins Some amino acids
Which four of the following are functions of lipopolysaccharides? Stabilize the outer membrane Protect from environmental toxins (and immunological factors) Aid in genome replication Provide energy for flageller rotation Contribute to the negative charge of the cell Make a permeability layer Maintain cell shape as a structural support
Stabilize the outer membrane Protect from environmental toxins (and immunological factors) Contribute to the negative charge of the cell Makes a permeability barrier
Which five of the following are cell wall components found in gram-positive bacteria?
Stem peptide NAG NAM Teichoic acids Amino acids
The major difference between the vacuoles of eukaryotes and the inclusion bodies of prokaryotes is that the former are membrane-bound, whereas the latter are not.
T
Which of the following statements is false regarding flagellum filament assembly?
The filament is a solid structure that grows from the base.
Which of the following statement is false regarding the contribution of low water content to endospore resistance?
The low water content of an endospore core prevents protein denaturation at high temperature.
rRNA
The universal phylogenetic tree is based on comparisons of which molecule ?
Which is a primary reason that females are at greater risk of a urinary tract infection than are males?
The urethra is shorter in women, therefore bacteria are closer in proximity to the bladder.
Which two of the following statements regarding nucleoli are correct?
There can be more than one nucleolus in a nucleus. Their major function is ribosomal RNA synthesis.
Which is not true of viruses?
They contain 70S ribosomes
Which of the following is not true about archaeal ribosomes?
They have similar antibiotic sensitivities to those of bacteria.
Which characteristic gives mycoplasmas their unique shapes?
They lack a cell wall
The bacterium E. fishelsoni is one of the largest bacteria known and it also happens to have a highly convoluted cell membrane. Which of the following is a reasonable hypothesis for this structure?
To deal with surface area to volume ratio problems of being large.
Which microscope would be the best to use to constituents within a cell?
Transmission electron microscope
Fimbriae can ___________. (choose three) Transport DNA to the cytoplasm Split the cell during binary fission Function in motility Transport nutrients to the cytoplasm Attach to surfaces
Transport DNA to the cytoplasm, function in motility, attach to surfaces
A light microscope with an objective lens numerical aperture of 0.65 is capable of allowing two objects 400 nm apart to be distinguished when using light with a wavelength of 420 nm.
True
A mutation that changes a single nucleotide can result in a different amino acid being added into a protein.
True
A substage condenser is used to focus light onto the specimen, which increases the resolution of a light microscope
True
Agar is used as a solidifying agent for microbiological media because it is not readily digested by most microorganisms.
True
Agastino Bassi demonstrated that a type of silkworm disease was caused by a fungus and proposed that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.
True
All eukaryotes have a membrane-delimited nucleus.
True
Charles Chamberland developed porcelain filters that allowed other scientists to demonstrate that viruses are smaller than bacteria.
True
Confocal microscopes, in combination with specialized computer software, can be used to create three-dimensional images of cell structures
True
DNA mutations are passed on to a cell's progeny.
True
Disease symptoms are believed to be the result of dense aggregates of the abnormal protein.
True
Immersion oil increases the amount of light passing through a specimen and entering the objective lens
True
In order to stain flagella so that they may be readily observed by light microscopy, it is usually necessary to increase their thickness
True
In some inherited cases, the normal prion protein can convert spontaneously to the abnormal form, but at a slow rate.
True
Invisible living creatures were thought to exist and cause disease long before they were ever observed.
True
It is possible to build a light microscope capable of 10,000x magnification, but the image would not be sharp because resolution is independent of magnification
True
It was possible to view viruses only after the invention of the electron microscope because they are too small to be seen with a light microscope
True
John Tyndall demonstrated that microorganisms present in the air are carried on dust particles.
True
Light rays are refracted (bent) when they cross the interface between materials with different refractive indices.
True
Molecular methods are so important to the understanding of microbial evolution and taxonomy because they provide the most robust analysis of microbial evolution. (T/F)
True
Mordants increase the binding between a stain and specimen
True
Scanning electron microscopes bombard specimens with a stream of electrons; however, the specimen image is produce by electrons that are derived from atoms of the specimen itself rather than by the electrons used to bombard the specimen
True
Scanning tunneling electron microscopes create a three-dimensional image of specimens at atomic level resolution
True
Some degradative pathways are regulated by an activator protein. An activator is a regulatory protein that facilitates transcription by binding to DNA. (T/F)
True
Some microorganisms are useful in bioremediation processes that reduce the effects of pollution.
True
The cells containing the DNA fragments are then plated on an agar medium. (T/F)
True
The discovery of ribozymes was vital to our understanding of the origins of life since it provided an explanation for the evolution of coding and catalytic molecules. (T/F)
True
The enzymes found in the lysosomes were formed in the endoplasmic reticulum.
True
The first disease to be identified as being caused by a virus was tobacco mosaic disease.
True
The relationship between specific bacteria and specific diseases was first demonstrated by Koch.
True
The term "sexually transmitted infection" is more accurate than "sexually transmitted disease" because it is a sexually transmitted pathogen may colonize host tissues without causing further damage to the host. (T/F)
True
Vaccines made from attenuated microorganisms are better at boosting the immune response than vaccines made from inactivated microorganisms. (T/F)
True
Bacteria have a cytoskeleton. T/F
True Bacteria have cytoskeletons that have very similar proteins and functions as found in eukaryotes
True or false: Generally, lipopolysaccharides are found only in gram-negative bacteria.
True LPS is associated with the outer membrane which is found on gram-negative bacteria.
True or false: Bacteria are the only organisms that have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan.
True No other organism on Earth has peptidoglycan. This is nice because we can have many drugs to combat bacteria!
Bacteria are the only organisms that have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. T/F
True No other organism on Earth has peptidoglycan. This is nice because we can have many drugs to combat bacteria
Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is true?
Twitching motility is powered by ATP hydrolysis.
Which of the following statements regarding twitching motility is false?
Twitching motility is powered by the proton motive force.
Which four of the following are characteristics associated with bacterial carboxysomes in cyanobacteria?
Type of inclusion body Polyhedral protein coat Carbonic anhydrase Location for CO2 fixation
Most bacterial flagella are powered by ____.
a proton motive force
The bacterial shape known as bacillus is different from coccus because bacillus is __________.
a rod shape
The use of ATP to power the movement of substance across a membrane is commonly referred to as __________ transport.
active
one organism lives inside the cells of the other
an endosymbiosis between two organisms means that --
Which of the following describes an organism that lacks linear chromosomes and peptidoglycan cell walls?
archaea
Compounds considered to be growth factors ______.
are acquired from the environment
Bacterial internal membranes differ from the plasma membrane in that the internal membranes
are enriched in proteins involved in energy conservation
Sex pili are different from fimbriae in that sex pili ____.
are larger are required for conjugation
Cytopathic effects
are observable changes in cells due to viral replication
In many spirochetes, multiple flagella combine to form a bundle known as a(n) ________ fibril, which winds around the cell and confers motility on the cell
axial
Select all correct statements about bacterial chromosomes - bacterial chromosomes are surrounded by a protective membrane - bacteria typically have only one chromosome - some bacteria have a plasmid instead only one chromosome - bacterial chromosomes are composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins - bacterial chromosomes are located in the nucleoid region of the cell
bacteria typically have only one chromosome, bacterial chromosomes are located in the nucleoid region of the cell
Staphylococcus aureus treated with chloramphenicol has the following values: minimum inhibitory concentration = 3 μg/ml minimum lethal concentration = 50 μg/ml Chloramphenicol is acting in a ______ manner against Staphylococcus aureus.
bacteriostatic
Organisms that require increased pressure for optimum growth are called
barophilic.
The bacterial flagellum is anchored to the cell envelope by the _____.
basal body
Bacterial flagella are composed of three parts: the ________ body, which is embedded in the cell, the hook, and the ________, which is the longest part of the flagellum.
basal; filament
Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of DNA
between different genomes
Aminoglycoside antibiotics
bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
An active repressor protein
binds to the DNA molecule and prevents transcription
A potential industrial use of the carbon storage compound PHB is in
biodegradable plastics
Which of the following is considered to be a differential staining procedure
both Gram stain and Acid-fast stain
In the absence of a chemical gradient, E. coli cells move randomly, with
both runs and tumbles of comparable length
The most commonly used type of microscopy is called _________, because the specimens produce dark images against brighter backgrounds.
bright-field
Enzymes function as catalysts by
bringing the substrates together at the active site, in effect concentrating them and bringing the substrates together at the active site correctly oriented for the reaction.
When observing a microbe in which one gene has been deleted, you often find that the product of the missing gene
broadly affects gene expression and cellular physiology.
The specific process of an enveloped virus leaving the cell is called ___________.
budding
Which three of the following are functions of endocytosis in eukaryotic cells? Bulk transport into the cell Transport of metabolic wastes out of the cell Feeding mechanism Gene transfer Recycling of cell membrane molecules Secretion of hormones or other signaling molecules
bulk transport of solutes into the cell, feeding mechanism, and recycling of cell membrane molecules
An external structure unique to archaea are the ______.
cannulae
When a microorganism such as E. coli is grown on glucose it is
capable of amino acid production.
The proetin coat that surrounds the viral nucleic acid is called the ___________.
capsid
The protein coat surrounding the viral genome is called the
capsid.
A ________ is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell wall and is not easily removed.
capsule
Match the following extracellular structures of bacteria with the correct description - capsule - fimbriae - flagella _ long thin appendages used for locomotion _ short appendages used for attachment _ gelatinous sheath that surrounds and protects the cell
capsule: gelatinous sheath that surrounds and protects the cell fimbriae: short appendages used for attachment flagella: long thin appendages used for locomotion
LPS (lipopolysaccharide) is composed of _____.
carbohydrates lipids
Polyhydroxyalkonate (PHA) granules are used to store ______.
carbon
Which three of the following substances cross a membrane by passive diffusion?
carbon dioxide oxygen water
A(n) _______________ increases the rate of a reaction without being permanently altered by the reaction.
catalyst
A(n) ____ ____ is a layer of lipid macromolecules that surround the cell's cytoplasm.
cell membrane
Almost all bacteria have a(n) ____ outside the plasma membrane.
cell wall
In most bacterial cells, the cell is the structural "sugar bound with protein" layer surrounding the cell, external to the plasma membrane.
cell wall
The Gram stain of a bacterial cell is based on the chemical properties of its ________.
cell wall
The cell envelope layer that lies just outside the plasma membrane is called the ____.
cell wall
Which of the following are functions of the cytoskeleton? (Mark all that apply) - cellular structural support - intracellular transport - stores water and nutrients - aids in cell division
cellular structural support, intracellular transport, aids in cell division
The material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called
cellulose
Which cellular organelle may function in the process of microtubule assembly and disassembly? - smooth ER - centriole - ribosome - Golgi apparatus - lysosome
centriole
From which part of a eukaryotic cell do microtubules radiate? - nucleus - mitochondrion - flagellum - centrosome
centrosome
A mutation that causes a change in a single nucleotide in DNA
changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a different codon.
Which of the following describes proteins that aid in the movement of materials across a membrane?
channels and carriers
The organelle responsible for harvesting light as an energy source for photosynthesis is the
chloroplast
The organelle responsible for harvesting light as an energy source for photosynthesis is the
chloroplast.
The process of photosynthesis occurs within organelles called
chloroplasts
Which of the following statements are true statements that support the endosymbiotic theory? (Mark all that apply) - The DNA in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria is identical in sequence and length - Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own ribosomes - Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria in size and shape - Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain linear strands of DNA - Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are bounded by a double membrane which may have been derived during endocytosis
chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own ribosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria in size and shape, both mitochondria and chloroplasts are bounded by a double membrane which may have been derived during endocytosis
Complexing with calcium dipicolinate and small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) are mechanisms that protect the _____ of an endospore from harsh environmental conditions.
chromosome
Which two prominent external structures of eukaryotic cells are associated with motility?
cilia flagella
Which three of the following are types of endocytic pathways found in mammalian cells?
clathrin-dependent endocytosis phagocytosis caveolin-dependent endocytosis
Which three of the following are types of endocytic pathways found in mammalian cells? clathrin-dependent endocytosis facilitated diffusion caveolin-dependent endocytosis phagocytosis chaperone-dependent endocytosis
clathrin-dependent endocytosis, caveolin-dependent endocytosis, and phagocytosis
The term used to describe bacteria that are intermediate in shape between spherical and rod-shaped is
coccobacilli
The term used to describe bacteria that have a spherical shape
coccus
The term used to describe bacteria that have a spherical shape is
coccus
the term used to describe the bacterial cell shape in this image is _
coccus
The term used to describe bacteria that have a spherical shape is
coccus.
Which two of the following describes typical plasmids?
composed of DNA double-stranded
nucleoid
composed of DNA and protein
ribosome
composed of RNA and protein
A microscope that uses more than one lens to produce an image is called a - compound microscope - complex microscope - dynamic microscope - transmission microscope
compound microscope
Plasmids that facilitate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another are termed _____ plasmids.
conjugative
Due to the very acidic environment of the gastric contents, the stomach ______.
contain a few viable bacteria per milliliter
Endospore forming bacteria like those in the genus Bacillus cycle between vegetative growth and endospores. Which two of the following events occur during vegetative growth?
conversion of nutrients to biomass division by binary fission
Small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) protect the DNA in an endospore core from UV radiation damage by
converting the DNA from B form to A form
In lipopolysaccharide, lipid A connects to the O antigen via the ____ polysaccharide.
core
Which of the following components of an endospore is composed of peptidoglycan?
core wall
Chains of NAM-NAG in the peptidoglycan are linked to form the sacculus by
crosslinking stem peptides on each chain
In the Gram-staining procedure, the primary stain is
crystal violet
Place the following steps in the gram stain process in order. [The step performed first should be at the top of the list.]
crystal violet iodine alcohol safranin
The proper sequence of reagents in the Gram stain procedure is
crystal violet, iodine, ethanol, safranin
The proper sequence of reagents in the Gram stain procedure is
crystal violet, iodine, ethanol, safranin.
In the Gram-staining procedure, the primary stain is
crystal violet.
The process of spontaneously losing a plasmid or purposefully forcing a plasmid to be lost is called ____.
curing
The process of spontaneously losing a plasmid or purposefully forcing a plasmid to be lost is called _____.
curing
oxygen
cyanobacteria-like cells were important to the evolution of life on earth by producing --
The ___________ of eukaryotic cells is composed of cytosol and organelles, and is the location of many metabolic processes.
cytoplasm
Identify the internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
cytoskeleton
The network of proteins that crisscross the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and give structural strength and architectural support is called the .
cytoskeleton
The network of proteins that crisscross the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and give structural strength and architectural support is called the ____.
cytoskeleton
The liquid component of the cytoplasm is known as the
cytosol
Select all components of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
cytosol organelles
Select all the components of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells plasma membrane, cytosol, organelles, cell wall
cytosol and organelles
The liquid component of the cytoplasm is known as the
cytosol.
In __________ microscopy, however, bright images on a darker background are produced because only light that is refracted by the specimen is captured.
dark-field
The instrument that produces a bright image of the specimen against a dark background is called a (n) __________ microscope.
dark-field
The most effective method by which antibiotic resistance can be decreased in bacteria is
decrease in antibiotic use.
As cell size increases, surface area-to-volume ratio - increases - decreases - remains the same
decreases
Enzymes catalyze a reaction by
decreasing the activation energy of the reaction.
The U.S. government has invested national effort into creating a biological weapons defense. The initiatives include ______. (Check all that apply.)
development of improved detection and diagnostic systems development of improved detection and diagnostic systems preparation of clinical microbiologists and their laboratories as first-responder teams preparation of clinical microbiologists and their laboratories as first-responder teams a stockpile of specialized vaccines and medicines for civilian protection
When polarized light is needed for imaging a ____________ microscope is used.
differential interference contrast
Endospores are resistant to most environmental stressors because they have ________ ________ complexed with calcium ions which stabilize DNA.
dipicolinic acid
The substantial reduction of the total population of microorganisms on inanimate objects and the destruction of potential pathogens is called
disinfection
Select all of these that are components of the cytoplasm - dissolved organic molecules - phosopholipids - DNA - salts - water
dissolved organic molecules, salts, water
Peritrichous refers to ____. (peri=around)
distribution of flagella around the cell
Prions are of significance because they cause infections of
domestic animals and humans.
Endospores are defined as ____.
dormant cells formed within a living cell
Human cancer causing viruses most often have a ___________ genome.
dsDNA
branch
each organism used for comparison is represented by a(n) -- on a phylogenetic tree
Which three of the following describe the peptidoglycan sacculus?
elastic porous strong
The incorporation of CO2 into organic material is a(n) _____ process.
endergonic
The general term for the process of moving of substances into the eukaryotic cell from the outside is ______________.
endocytosis
The general term for the process of moving substances into the eukaryotic cells from the outside is ___________.
endocytosis
The process of moving materials inside a cell by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called ______________.
endocytosis
Match each term with the correct definition endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis
endocytosis: movement of substances from the cell exterior to the cell interior phagocytosis: process that brings particles into the cell pinocytosis: process that brings solutes into the cell
In a eukaryotic cell, the ___________ ___________ is an irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and vesicles located at the edges of the cisternae
endoplasmic reticulum
In a eukaryotic cell, the ______________ ______________ is an irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and vesicles located at the edges of the cisternae.
endoplasmic reticulum
The major site of cell membrane synthesis is the
endoplasmic reticulum
Within eukaryotic cells, the irregular network of branching membranous tubules and cisternae is called the ______________.
endoplasmic reticulum
An early step in clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis is the delivery of endocytosed material to small organelles called ___________, which contain hydrolytic enzymes
endosomes
As food is harvested, cleaned, and cooked, which bacterial form can spread disease?
endospores
Some bacteria can make a dormant structure, called a(n) ____, which is resistant to many environmental conditions.
endospores
The Schaeffer-Fulton procedure is used to stain
endospores
The proposal that chloroplasts and mitochondria have bacterial ancestors is called the _____________________________________ theory
endosymbiotic
A cell that has numerous mitochondria is most likely a cell that needs a large amount of
energy
Chloroplasts, hydrogenosomes, and mitochondria are the three main eukaryotic organelles involved in ___________ conservation.
energy
Chloroplasts, hydrogenosomes, and mitochondria are the three main eukaryotic organelles involved in ______________ conservations.
energy
The terms phototroph and chemotroph refer to an organism's source of
energy
Bacterial surface structures external to the plasma membrane and the membrane itself are collectively referred to as the cell _.
envelope
In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is surrounded by a complex double membraned structure celled the nuclear ___________.
envelope
The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus is called the nuclear
envelope
The plasma membrane and all covering exterior to is are collectively called the cell ______________.
envelope
Tay-Sachs is often referred to as a lysosomal storage disorder because it prevents the function of lysosomal
enzymes
The two most important alcohol germicides are __________ and __________.
ethanol;isopropanol
Which of the following describes an organism that contains 80S ribosomes?
eukarya
Which of the following describes an organism that rarely contains plasmids?
eukarya
Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
eukaryotes
Generally speaking, which type of microbial cells are the largest?
eukaryotes
Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
eukaryotes.
The term cytoplasm is inclusive of ____.
everything within the plasma membrane
In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by _________.
exocytosis
Enzymes that are secreted out of the cell to aid in the acquisition and digestion of environmental nutrients are called ________.
exoenzymes
Enzymes that are secreted outside the cell to degrade large compounds so that their subunits can be imported are called .
exoenzymes
Which is the outermost layer of an endospore?
exosporium
The "energy-free" movement of molecules across a membrane with the aid of a transporting protein is called ______.
facilitated diffusion
Which three of the following are NOT functions perfromed by archaeal pili? facilitating chemotaxis, protecting against heat denaturation, promoting DNA transfer, adhesion to human cells, adhesion to surfaces
facilitating chemotaxis, protecting against heat denaturation, adhesion to human cells
Organisms that do not require oxygen for growth but grow better in its presence are called
facultative anaerobes.
Lysosomes and peroxisomes are structurally similar, but differ according to the enzymes that they contain - true - false
false
T or F Cell walls of most Archaea and bacteria contain peptidoglycan.
false
T or F If you remove the peptidoglycan layer from a Gram-positive cell, it would still stain purple with a Gram stain.
false
T or F Unlike members of the Bacteria, most archaeans have linear chromosomes.
false
T/F The cell membrane is a rigid structure that provides bacteria with their characteristic shape.
false
T/F: During the assembly of the flagellar filament, the flagellin protein monomers assemble from the base of the flagellum within the cell envelope.
false
T/F: Endospores are reproductive structures.
false
T/F: Gram-positive bacteria have a structurally and chemically more complex cell wall than Gram- negative bacteria.
false
T/F: Gram-positive bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan than Gram-negative bacteria.
false
T/F: If you remove the peptidoglycan layer from a Gram-positive cell, it would still stain purple with a Gram stain.
false
T/F: Organisms usually have only a single transport system for any nutrient.
false
T/F: Phosphorus can be obtained from organic sources only.
false
T/F: Sedimentation coefficients are proportional to the molecular weight of a particle and are not affected by the volume and shape of the particle.
false
T/F: Sulfur can be obtained from inorganic sources only.
false
T/F: The cell membrane is a rigid structure that provides bacteria with their characteristic shapes.
false
T/F: The layers of peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall can be cross-linked by peptide intrabridges or by direct cross-linking.
false
T/F: The rotation of bacterial flagella is powered by ATP hydrolysis.
false
T/F: Zinc (Zn) is considered a macronutrient.
false
The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall - true - false
false
True or false: Fruiting body of a bacterium (akin to mushrooms) are endospores
false Bacteria are not fungi
True or false: Plasmids replicate only when the bacterial chromosome replicates.
false Plasmids appear to replicate independently from the chromosome. More will be discussed in future chapters, like those sections dealing with conjugation.
This graph indicates that facilitated diffusion initially operates ___ than passive diffusion. X-axis: Concentration gradient. Y-axis: Rate of transport. Carrier facilitated diffusion: Line rises rapidly along y-axis as x-axis increases, then line plateaus. Carrier facilitated diffusion initially has higher y values than passive diffusion. Passive diffusion: Line rises at constant rate. 2 lines meet after carrier facilitated diffusion plateaus.
faster
Newer DNA sequencing methodologies include pyrosequencing, SOLEXA sequencing, and sequencing by ligation. These technologies, as compared to the Sanger method, are ______.
faster, cheaper, but generate shorter reads
Which three of the following are functions of endocytosis in eukaryotic cells?
feeding mechanism bulk transport of solutes into the cell recycling of cell membrane molecules
Being _____ allows for some bacteria to have a degree of differentiation among the cells in this arrangement.
filamentous
The hundreds of thin, short hair-like projections extending from the bacterial cell are called ____.
fimbriae
The genome packaging problem is best described as the challenge to
fit a large chromosome into the nucleoid
Relative to the cell, the bacterial ____ is a long tube structure that can spin resulting in cell motility.
flagella
Relative to the cell, the bacterial ___________ is a long tube structure that can spin resulting in cell motility
flagella
Which of the following bacterial structures are most directly linked to swimming motility in chemotaxis?
flagella
Which of the following is the typical motility structure of bacteria?
flagella
This bacterial cell image shows several long tube-like structures called ____ and hundreds of small hair-like projections called ____ .
flagella fimbriae
Initial attachment of microorganisms often involves ______.
flagella and is reversible
amphitrichous
flagella located at both cell poles
In most bacteria, the proton motive force powers ____.
flagella movement
run-tumble
flagella rotate in the opposite direction
run-reverse-flick
flagella rotate in the opposite direction and then whip
peritrichous
flagella spread across the entire surface of the cell
run-stop
flagella stop rotating and the cell drifts
Which of the following cellular components are commonly found in most bacterial cells? flagella, chloroplasts, mitochondria, slime layer, cell wall, capsule, ribosomes
flagella, slime layer, cell wall, capsule, ribosomes
The filament of a flagellum is composed of repeating protein subunits called ____.
flagellin
In this image of a typical bacterial cell, the letter D indicates the
flagellum; Thin, threadlike appendage protruding from cell
Drs. Singer and Nicolosom proposed a model to describe how lipids behave in a membrane called the __________ model.
fluid mosaic
The most widely accepted current model for membrane structures is called the ________ ________ model.
fluid mosaic
Which of the following are functions of intermediate filaments? (Mark all that apply) - formation of cell-to-cell junctions - formation of pseudopods for movement - support the nuclear envelope - support the plasma membrane
formation of cell-to-cell junctions, support the nuclear envelope, support the plasma membrane
Arrange the steps of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in chronological order with the earliest step at the top formation of clathrin-coated vesicles fusion with lysosome contents delivered to early endosome formation of the late endosome
formation of clathrin-coated vesicles contents delivered to early endosome formation of the late endosome fusion with lysosome
Because the reduction potential of the CO2/glucose conjugate redox pair is more negative than the Fe3+/Fe2+ conjugate redox pair, electrons flow
from glucose, the donor, to the acceptor Fe3+
Common bacterial microcompartments composed of a protein shell enclose ______.
functioning enzymes
Which two of the following are the major groups of eukaryotic microbes?
fungi protists
Which two of the following are the major groups of eukaryotic microbes? fungi, archaea, viruses, bacteria, protists
fungi and protists
The two major groups of eukaryotic microbes are ___________ and ___________
fungi, protists
An agent that specifically kills fungi but not other kinds of microorganisms is also known as a
fungicidal agent.
Which cytoplasmic structures in bacteria provide regulate bouyancy of the cell?
gas vacuoles
Which cytoplasmic structures in bacteria provide regulate buoyancy of the cell?
gas vacuoles
Teichoic acids are polymers of _____ or _____, joined by phosphate groups.
glycerol ribitol
The ______________ ______________ is an organelle composed of a stack of flattened, saclike cisternae that have a network of tubules and vesicles at its edges.
golgi apparatus
Which of the following describes the chemical modification of a molecules as it is transported into a bacterial cell?
group translocation
Compounds such as essential amino acids are considered _____.
growth factors
Compounds that must be acquired from the environment for cell survival are called _______.
growth factors
________ ________ are required organic compounds because they are essential cell components or precursors of such components that cannot be synthesized by the organism.
growth factors
External structures that are found in Archaea but not Bacteria are _________.
hami
Some archaea have been observed to form tubelike structures with tiny grappling hooks at the ends. These tubelike structures are called ______.
hami
Which external structure appears like a grappling hook used for adhesion?
hami
Which of the following is/are not true about viral envelopes?
hey are typical lipid monolayers with embedded viral proteins.
During facilitated diffusion, substances move from a _____ concentration of molecules to a _____ concentration of molecules
high / low
Molecules crossing a plasma membrane from a ____ concentration to a ____ concentration without energy use is an example of passive diffusion.
high / low
Eukaryotic chromosomes are organished by ___________, small basic proteins rich in the amino acids lysine and arginine
histones
Eukaryotic chromosomes are organized by ______________, small basic proteins rich in the amino acids lysine and arginine.
histones
____ are found in eukaryotes but there are histone-like bacterial versions of these proteins.
histones
Which two of the following statements regarding histones are FALSE histones associate with DNA by electrostatic interactions eight histones and the DNA wrap around them to form a nucleosome histones are enriched in acidic amino acids there are 5 types of histones, H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5 histones are like a spool that DNA wraps around
histones are enriched in acidic amino acids and there are 5 types of histones, H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5
Which structural component of the flagellum is responsible for the "bend" in the flagellum?
hook
Bacterial plasma membranes contain ____, rigid planar lipids similar to cholesterol found in eukaryotic cell membranes.
hopanoids
protists are generally larger than bacteria
how do protists differ from bacteria?
There are several bacterial motility patterns: run-tumble, run-stop, and run-reverse-flick. These differ in
how the cell changes direction after a run
using radioisotopes
how was the age of Earth determined?
Which of these are organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells? - bacteria - humans - oak trees - mushrooms - protists
humans, oak trees, mushrooms, protists
The tails of a phospholipid are nonpolar. Their insolubility in water is described by the term .
hydrophobic
Which of the following describes how the phospholipid tails interact with water?
hydrophobic
Proteins that extend through a membrane must have _______.
hydrophobic regions with the membrane and hydrophilic regions interacting with the membrane surface
Lipids in membranes arrange __________. (use the words philic and phobic)
hydrophobic tail to hydrophobic tail
Plasmolysis occurs when a cell is in ____ solutions.
hypertonic
A mycelium consists of a network of long branched ______.
hyphae
Actinomycetes form long filaments called ________.
hyphae
Two major types of symmetry found in viruses include
icosahedral and helical.
The phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) functions to
import sugars
allergies and autoimmune diseases
in addition to characterizing the body's defenses to infection, the field of immunology also deals with --
Horizontal gene transfer
in addition to mutation, bacteria and archaea increase their genetic diversity through which mechanism ?
do not cause disease
in healthy individuals, properly prepared attenuated viruses used for vaccines --
Intracellular granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by bacteria for future use are called ________.
inclusions
When endospore-forming bacteria detect nutrient limitation, they
initiate endospore development
Which of the following components of an endospore is primarily impermeable to various chemicals that would typically cause DNA damage?
inner membrane
In this image of a bacterial plasma membrane, the letter B points to a(n)
integral membrane protein; amorphous structure that is embedded in lipid bilayer. Connects top and bottom layers.
Functions of the lysosome include: (Mark all that apply) - protein synthesis - modification and routing of proteins made in the rough ER - intracellular digestion - storage of water - autodigestion
intracellular digestion, autodigestion
Bacterial magnetosomes are enclosed by ______.
invaginations of the plasma membrane
Select a harmful effect that can result from bacterial colonization of the human body.
invasion of host cells
Many of the enzymes found in virus particles are
involved in the replication of viral nucleic acid.
In the gram-stain procedure, ____ binds to crystal violet to keep it from leaving the cell during the alcohol step.
iodine
Which of the following is responsible for gram-positive bacteria remaining purple after the alcohol step during gram-staining?
iodine
Which step occurs between the crystal violet step and the alcohol step during gram-staining?
iodine step
Almost all microbes require ______ as a component of cytochomes and many enzymes.
iron
Which of the following elements is difficult for bacteria to import?
iron
Gamma radiation
is used to sterilize some food products.
Restriction enzymes do all of the following EXCEPT ________.
isolate and purify DNA
Bacteria often have multiple transport systems for certain solutes. This gives the microbe an advantage because
it can take up nutrients under multiple environmental conditions
Iron is generally difficult for microbes to acquire because _____.
it has a low solubility
free-living bacterial cells
it is believed that mitochondria were once --
If the concentration of solute drops, what happens to facilitated diffusion? X-axis: Concentration gradient. Y-axis: Rate of transport. Carrier facilitated diffusion: Line rises rapidly along y-axis as x-axis increases, then line plateaus. Carrier facilitated diffusion initially has higher y values than passive diffusion. Passive diffusion: Line rises at constant rate. 2 lines meet after carrier facilitated diffusion plateaus.
it slows down
The bacterial chromosome is ____ (relative to its cell volume) and therefore it ____.
large // requires organized packaging
Bacterial microcompartments (a type of inclusion) are composed of ______ that enclose one or more enzymes.
large protein polyhedrons
Compared to bacterial and archaeal ribosomes, eukaryotic ribosomes are ______________.
larger
What size molecules would not be able to pass through the peptidoglycan sacculus?
larger than 50,000 molecular weight
The cell envelope includes
layers external to the plasma membrane the plasma membrane
Eukarya: chromosomes
linear
A strand of peptidoglycan subunits is formed by
linking NAM and NAG molecules alternately in long chains
The component of lipopolysaccharide indicated by the letter C is _____. A: Top of the chain bent to the right. Made of clusters of molecules colored red, white, and orange. B: Middle of the chain. Goes straight up and down, is thicker at bottom than top, and is mostly made of clusters of red and white molecules. C: Bottom of chain. Goes straight up and down and has a more rigid structure than other sections, with molecules stacked neatly on top of one another instead of in clusters. Molecules in this section are mostly white and orange.
lipid A
The smooth ER synthesizes primarily ___________ molecules while the rough ER is involved with the production of _____________ molecules
lipid, protein
This image illustrates the molecular structure of A: Top of the chain bent to the right. Made of clusters of molecules colored red, white, and orange. B: Middle of the chain. Goes straight up and down, is thicker at bottom than top, and is mostly made of clusters of red and white molecules. C: Bottom of chain. Goes straight up and down and has a more rigid structure than other sections, with molecules stacked neatly on top of one another instead of in clusters. Molecules in this section are mostly white and orange.
lipopolysaccharide
Label the diagram outlining the steps involved in following Koch's postulates.
look at image
Reconstruct Pasteur's famous experiment used to disprove spontaneous generation.
look at image
a cluster of flagella at one or both ends of an organism
lophotrichous
Plasmid curing results in
loss of the plasmid from a bacterial cell
The term that describes a cell busrting open is ___________.
lysis
When a temperate phage integrates its genome into a host genome, the relationship between the pahge and the host is termed ___________.
lysogeny
A vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called a
lysosome
The ___________ is an organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of intracellular macromolecules
lysosome
The ______________ is an organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of intracellular macromolecules.
lysosome
Enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found in
lysosomes
Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following EXCEPT
lysosomes
Enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found in
lysosomes.
The enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan is ____.
lysozyme
Which three of the following are factors that contribute to nucleoid organization?
macromolecular crowding nucleoid-associated proteins supercoiling
Nutrients that are used by bacteria in relatively large amounts are ________.
macronutrients
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the plasma membrane?
maintain cell shape
Match the structures found in each cell type - membrane bound nucleus and organelles - peptidoglycan - plasma membrane _ archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes _ eukaryotes only _ bacteria only
membrane bound nucleus and organelles: eukaryotes only peptidoglycan: bacteria only plasma membrane: archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes
The first direct evidence of primitive cellular life was the 1977 discovery of _________ fossils in the Swartkoppie chert, a type of granular sedimentary rock rich in silica.
microbial
Regions of the plasma membrane that contain several types of lipids in addition to phospholipids are termed _____.
microdomains
Zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper are examples of ______.
micronutrients
A filamentous organelle comprised of tubulins with a diameter of 25 nm is called
microtubule.
Which of the following are components of the cytoskeleton? (Mark all that apply) - myosin filaments - microtubules - actin filaments - secretory vesicles - intermediate filaments
microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments
All cells, expect prokaryotes, complete cellular respiration in the
mitochondria
In most eukaryotic cells, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are localized in the __________.
mitochondria
Which two eukaryotic organelles function to convert energy into a form that cells can use? - mitochondria - chloroplasts - peroxisomes - lysosomes - centrioles
mitochondria, chloroplasts
In most eukaryotic cells, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and the tricarboxylic acid cylce are localized in the ______________.
mitochondrion
What "powerhouse" organelle produces the majority of ATP in most eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrion
Which organelle is often referred to as the "power plant of the cell?" - nucleus - peroxisome - chloroplast - centrosome - mitochondrion
mitochondrion
Which three of the following are larger than the average virus? mitochondrion, fungal cell, animal cell, hemoglobin, oxygen atom
mitochondrion, fungal cell, and animal cell
The flagella arrangement that consists of a single flagellum at the end of a cell is termed ____.
monotrichous
Control measures should be directed toward the part of the infectious disease cycle that is ______.
most susceptible to control
Chemotaxis is a process by which bacteria
move toward an attractant or away from a repellent.
endocytosis
movement of substances from the cell exterior to the cell interior
primary active transport and group translocation both do what to the solute?
moves solute against a concentration gradient
Plasmids that are present in more than 100 copies per cell are termed _____ plasmids.
multicopy
This image labeled with the letter B represents a gram- bacterium.
negative
In transmission electron microscopy, spreading a specimen out in a thin film with uranyl acetate, which does not penetrate the specimen, is called
negative staining
Basic dyes such as methylene blue bind to cellular molecules that are
negatively charged
A tumor is a growth or lump of tissue resulting from ___________, which means unregulated abnormal new cell growth and reproduction of a similar cell type.
neoplasia
Plasmids are considered ______ for bacterial survival.
nonessential
The method used in horizontal gene transfer is
nonhomologous recombination.
Endospores differ from fungal spores in that endospores are
not reproductive cells
Movement of substances across the nuclear envelope occurs through protein complexes called ___________ ___________complexes.
nuclear pore
Which two of the following components make up a viral nucleocapsid? cell wall, envelope, peptidoglycan, nucleic acid, protein coat
nucleic acid and protein coat
Bacteria have a region of the cytoplasm known as the ________, which is not bounded by a membrane but contains the chromosome.
nucleoid
DNA supercoiling, macromolecular crowding, and structural proteins contribute to organizing the architecture of the _____.
nucleoid
In a bacterial cell, the chromosome is located in a region called the
nucleoid
The most noticeable structure within the nucleus is usually the ______________.
nucleolus
A purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, is called a _______.
nucleoside
In a eukaryotic cells the genetic information is located in the ______________.
nucleus
The genetic information of the eukaryotic cell is predominantly stored in the organelle called the ___________.
nucleus
The genetic information of the eukaryotic cell is predominantly stored in the organelle called the ______________.
nucleus
Which of the following cellular components is not found in both plant cells and bacterial cells?
nucleus
Which of these organelles contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell? - nucleus - plasmid - nucleolus - nucleoplasm - nucleoid
nucleus
Lipopolysaccharides are composed of lipid A, core-polysaccharide and the ____ antigen.
o
An intracellular structure of a eukaryotic cell that carries out one or more specific functions is is generally called a(n) ______________.
organelle
Select the following which relate to the role of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell (Mark all that apply) - cell contraction - organelle movement - cell shape - cilia and flagella
organelle movement, cell shape, cilia and flagella
In eukaryotic cells, intracellular structures that perform functions analogous to the functions of organs of a multicellular organism are known as ______________.
organelles
Membrane delimited intracellular structures that perform specific functions in cells are called
organelles
Enzymes lower the energy of activation required for a biochemical reaction to take place. They achieve this by
orienting the substrates such that they require less energy to reach the transition state.
Pathogens produce virulence factors primarily to ______.
outcompete host cells for resources
This molecule is found in the Molecular model on tricolor background. Top of background is blue, middle is green, bottom is red. Chain on blue background is bent to right. Chain on blue background is made of clusters of molecules colored red, white, and orange. Chain on green background goes straight up and down, is thicker than chain on blue background, and is mostly made of red and white molecules. Chain on red background is straight up and down and has a more rigid structure than other chains, with molecules stacked neatly on top of one another instead of in clusters. Molecules in chain on red background are mostly white and orange.
outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
Which of the three following substances cross a membrane by passive diffusion? oxygen, water, amino acids, sugars, carbon dioxide
oxygen, water, carbon dioxide
The nucleoplasm has a different composition than the cytoplasm as indicated by differences in
pH
Substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide and water move across a bacterial cell membrane by _____.
passive diffusion
Who of the following provided evidence that contributed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?
pasteur
Which two of the following viral activities occurs during "viral entry" penetration, budding, self-assembly, lysis, replication, uncoating,
penetration and uncoating
The component of peptidoglycan which connects the stem peptide of one peptidoglycan chain to the stem peptide of another is referred to as the ____.
peptide interbridge
Bacterial cell walls are typically composed of
peptidoglycan
Bacterial cell walls are typically composed of ____, a complex of sugars and amino acids, that forms a meshlike structure.
peptidoglycan
Bacterial cell walls contain which complex molecule composed of carbohydrate chains connected by peptides? - chitin - phospholipid - cellulose - peptidoglycan
peptidoglycan
The bacterial cell wall is composed of a complex of sugars and amino acids that is referred to as the ____ layer.
peptidoglycan
The cell wall component indicated by the letter B is _____. A: Strands that intersect cell wall at perpendicular angles and connect cell wall to plasma membrane. B: Chains of pill-shaped structures that make up cell wall. Chains are stacked on top of one another. C: Structures that make up the bilayer of the plasma membrane. D: Amorphous structures that intersect with plasma membrane.
peptidoglycan
The cell wall component indicated by the letter D is _____. A: thin, threadlike structures protruding from outer membrane of cell wall. B: Structure made of 3 tube-like parts embedded in outer bilayer membrane of cell wall. C: Tube-like structure connecting outer membrane to the chain structure between membranes. D: Chain structure separating inner and outer membranes. E: Inner bilayer membrane.
peptidoglycan
Which of the following protects bacteria from lysis in dilute solutions and helps to determine their cellular morphology or shape?
peptidoglycan
The type of endocytosis called ______________ involves the engulfing of particulates at the cell surface by protrusions from the cell.
phagocytosis
This type of endocytosis called ___________ involves the engulfing of particulates at the cell surface by protrusions from the cell.
phagocytosis
The _________ microscope uses slight differences in refractive indexes and an annular condenser to produce sharper images than simple bright-field microscopy.
phase-contrast
The formula, solar energy + carbon dioxide + water ----> carbohydrate + oxygen, represents which cellular reaction? - photosynthesis - replication - mitosis - cellular respiration - meiosis
photosynthesis
Which of the following structures are external to both Bacterial and Archaeal cells?
pili
Proteinaceous projections from the surface of a bacterium that are used to mediate conjugation are called sex __________, whereas projections that mediate attachment to surfaces such as host cells are called ________.
pili; fimbriae
Which of the following words most closely matches "fimbriae"?
pilli
If the cell wall of a bacterium was removed, and then the cell was gram-stained, what color would it appear?
pink
If gram-stained correctly, a bacterial cell should appear either __________ or __________. black, brown, green, pink, yellow, purple
pink or purple
During endospore formation, following DNA replication the cell begins an asymmetric cell division. The first component to separate the forespore from the mother cell is the _____. 1. Cell divided into 2 parts, each with DNA. 2. Cell membrane folds to enclose part of DNA. 3. Mother cell grows and engulfs endospore in 2nd membrane. 4. Cortex laid down between membranes. 5. Cortex is coated. 6. Endospore forms in center of cell. 7. Endospore at center of cell is free of cell.
plasma membrane
During the evolutionary development of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope and membranous organelles may have developed from the ___________________ _____________________________
plasma membrane
Exoenzymes are necessary because some nutrient sources are too large for transport across the
plasma membrane
What cellular structure is closely associated with the cell's cytosol?
plasma membrane
When protons move across the _____ through channels composed of the stator proteins, MotA and MotB, the flagellum rotates.
plasma membrane
Which of the following structures is found in all living organisms?
plasma membrane
Select the following organelles that are found in animal cells: - plasma membrane - cell walls - nucleoli - mitochondria - centrioles - chloroplasts
plasma membrane, nucleoli, mitochondria, centrioles
Select the following organelles or structures that are found in plant cells: - plasma membrane - vacuole - centriole - mitochondrion - chloroplast - cell wall
plasma membrane, vacuole, mitochondrion, chloroplast, cell wall
Small circular DNA molecules capable of replicating and containing genes that are useful but not necessary to the bacterium are called ________.
plasmids
Small, double-stranded, circular pieces of DNA found in addition to the bacterial chromosome are called ____.
plasmids
Which of the following would you expect to find in the cytoplasm of archaeal cells? plasmids, nucleus, nucleoid, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes
plasmids, nucleoid, ribosomes Archaea are prokaryotes and do not have membrane-bound organelles, thus no nucleus
In hypertonic solutions, a cell will shrivel up; this is called .
plasmolysis
Plants and photosynthetic protists have organelles called __________ that often contain pigments and serve as sites of food storage
plastids
Plants and photosynthetic protists have organelles called ______________ that often contain pigments and serve as sites of food storage.
plastids
Bacterial cells that are variable in shape and lack a single characteristic form are called ___ in shape.
pleomorphic
A group of ribosomes that are attached to a single mRNA are called a
polyribosome
The opening in the nuclear envelope through which particles may pass are called nuclear
pores
The cell wall component indicated by the letter B is _____. A: thin, threadlike structures protruding from outer membrane of cell wall. B: Structure made of 3 tube-like parts embedded in outer bilayer membrane of cell wall. C: Tube-like structure connecting outer membrane to the chain structure between membranes. D: Chain structure separating inner and outer membranes. E: Inner bilayer membrane.
porin
In gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane is more permeable than the inner membrane principally because of the presence of _____.
porin proteins
This image labeled with the letter A represents a gram- bacterium.
positive
Berkeley
potato blight disease was found to be caused by a water mold in M.J. --
The total number of individuals infected in a population at any one time is referred to as ______.
prevalence rate
Bacterial ribosomes are generally a good target for antibiotic drugs, because - eukaryotic cells lack ribosomes - prokaryotic cells depend more on ribosomes function than eukaryotic cells do - prokaryotic ribosomes are structurally different from eukaryotic ribosomes
prokaryotic ribosomes are structurally different from eukaryotic ribosomes
Which of the following are functions performed by archaeal pili? promoting DNA transfer, adhesion to human cells, adhesion to surfaces, facilitating chemotaxis, protecting against heat denaturation
promoting DNA transfer, and adhesion to surfaces
A host cell that contains a ___________, the nucleic acid of a temperate phage, can divide many times.
prophage
Cell wall
protection against osmotic stress
Which three of the following are functions of the cell wall?
protection from osmotic stress protection from toxic substances defines cell shape
Capsule
protective layer and sometimes aids in adhersion
The bacterial nucleoid is composed of ____.
protein and DNA
Ribosomes are composed of ____.
protein and nucleic acid
Bacterial inclusions are composed of organic or inorganic materials surrounded by ________.
protein or lipoprotein
Select all material that may be found in archaeal cell walls, external to the S-layer. P-layer, lipopolysaccharide, protein sheath, peptidoglycan polysaccharide (i.e. methanochondroitin)
protein sheath, polysaccharide (i.e. methanochronoitin)
All of the following processes are located within a membranous structure EXCEPT
protein synthesis (translation).
Translation is the synthesis of ______.
proteins from mRNA
The two major groups of eukaryotic microbes are ______________ and ______________.
protists and fungi
Viral capsid protein subunits are called
protomers.
Which term includes the plasma membrane and everything inside it?
protoplast
The function of bacterial internal membranes is to
provide a larger membrane surface for metabolic activity
A subunit vaccine is composed of ______.
purified parts of a microorganism
If gram-stained correctly, a bacterial cell should appear either ___ or ___.
purple pink
The nucleolus plays a major role in synthesis of
rRNA
The nucleolus plays a major role in synthesis of
rRNA.
Archaea: introns in genes
rarely introns
As you add more and more solute, facilitated diffusion by carriers will __________.
reach a maximum rate of transport
hydrogenosome
recalling the hydrogen hypothesis within the much larger endosymbiotic hypothesis, which extant protist organelle produces ATP by a fermentative process?
Virus will attach to host cells via a viral ligand and a host __________.
receptor
The process of carbon dioxide fixation refers to
reduction of carbon dioxide and incorporation into organic molecules that are assimilated.
The last step in the replication cycle of a virus is generally called __________
release
Which two stages of viral replication occur after viral synthesis? entry, penetration, release, attachment, assembly
release and assembly
Which of the following NOT a function of the endocytic pathway in eukaryotic cells?
removal of metabolic wastes
Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocytic pathway in eukaryotic cells?
removal of metabolic wastes
The __________ is a group of proteins needed for DNA synthesis that assembles at the origin of replication.
replisome
The ___________ is a structure found in all cells and is the location for protein synthesis.
ribosome
Which of the following bacterial structures is the site of protein synthesis?
ribosome
Which organelle is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus? - chloroplast - mitochondrion - chromosome - ribosome
ribosome
In a cell, proteins are made at structures called
ribosomes
Proteins are synthesized on structures called
ribosomes
The ____ is a structure found in all cells and is the location for protein synthesis.
ribosomes
The rough ER differs the smooth ER in that it is covered with: - microtubules - mitochondria - chromatin - ribosomes
ribosomes
What is bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum that makes it different from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
ribosomes
________ are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
ribosomes
A(n) ___________ is a disease agent that can either have a RNA or DNA genome and must have a helper virus to facilitate replication
satellite
The action known as _________________ involves the release of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane
secretion
Inside eukaryotic cells, the ___________ pathway functions to move cellular material to various locations within the cell, as well as the plasma membrane or cell exterior
secretory
Inside eukaryotic cells, the ___________ pathway functions to move cellular material to various locations within the cell, as well as to the plasma membrane or cell exterior
secretory
orderly structure, obtaining and using energy, and reproduction
select the three minimum attributes of life
Cell membrane
selectively permeable barrier
Viral capsids are generally constructed without any outside aid once the subunits have been synthesized. This process is called
self-assembly.
antibody reaction
serovar
What term is used to define a bacterial secreted compound that can bind nutritional factors from the environment and allow them to be translocated back into the cell?
siderophore
Many bacteria facilitate the uptake of iron by secreting low molecular weight molecules, called ________, to form complexes with the iron that can then be readily transported into the cell.
siderophores
To overcome the difficulties of bringing ferric iron into the cell, bacteria produce ____ to facilitate this process.
siderophores
Many bacteria secrete ____ to capture iron and allow it to be translocated into the cell.
siderphores
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
Which of these has a greater surface-area-to-volume ratio? - sixty four 1 cm cubes - eight 2 cm cubes - one 4 cm cube
sixty four 1 cm cubes
All of life have what?
size and structure cell membranes ribosomes
A ________ layer consists of diffuse unorganized polysaccharide material that lies outside the cell wall and is easily removed.
slime
Which of the following structures is usually composed of sugars arranged in a zone of diffuse, unorganized material that can be removed from the cell fairly easily.
slime layer
Gliding bacteria often have ____ which aid in their motility.
slime layers
When light generated by a lamp in a light microscope passes into a lens, the speed of the light _______ because the glass lens has a _______ refractive index than the air from which the light came.
slows; greater
The molecules that protect endospore DNA form UV radiation damage are called _____.
small acid-soluble proteins
When facilitated diffusion reaches a maximum rate (arrow), this indicates ____.
solute saturation of carrier molecules
multicellular
some microorganisms can be macroscopic because they are --
Which of the following are growth factors? carbon, oxygen, some nucleotides, sulfur, zinc, some amino acids, vitamins
some nucleotides, some amino acids, vitamins
Secreted proteins that are covalently bound to the peptidoglycan are attached by enzymes called _____.
sortases
Bacterial internal membranous structures may appear as [choose three]
spherical vesicles tubular membranes flattened vesicles
When the cell wall is removed from a Gram-negative bacterium without removing the outer membrane, the resulting form is called a(n) ________.
spheroplast
Which three of the following are components of the eukarotic plasma membrane? Isoprenoid lipids Sphingolipids Sterols Peptidoglycan Glycocalyx Phospholipids
sphingolipids, sterols, phospholipids
The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called
spontaneous generation
The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called
spontaneous generation.
The process of endospore formation is called .
sporulation
The genus of bacteria that undergoes cell division in random planes, forming grapelike clusters of round bacteria, are the ________.
staphylococci
Which bacterial cytoplasmic structure is used for storage of Carbon, Glycogen, Amino Acids, and other nutrients?
storage inclusion
microbial mats
stromatolites are formed by the incorporation of minerals into --
microbial ecology
studies in bioremediation and the production of greenhouse gases falls within the field of --
In general, peptidoglycan is composed of
sugars and amino acids
Motility that occurs on moist surfaces when groups of cells move in unison is termed _____.
swarming
Which three of the following methods of movement found in bacteria are mediate by flagella?
swarming swimming corkscrew movement
Which three of the following methods of movement found in bacteria are mediate by flagella? swimming, twitching, swarming, gliding, corkscrew movement
swimming, swarming, corkscrew movement
During secondary active transport, when ions move parallel to the movement of a substance, this is termed ____.
symport
Transport of two different substances can be linked. If the transport is in the same direction it is called ________; if the transport is in opposite directions it is called ________.
symport, antiport
Endospore forming bacteria like those in the genus Bacillus cycle between vegetative growth and endospores. Which two of the following events occur during sporulation?
synthesis of small acid-soluble proteins formation of an exosporium
While most ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm, some are membrane-associated. These membrane-associated ribosomes
synthesize proteins that will be transported out of the cell
A repeating strand of glycerol (or ribitol) and phosphate groups is called ____ acid.
teichoic
The image shown here represents ____. In a linear molecule, there are, in order: a phosphate group, a glycerol group, a second phosphate group, a second glycerol group, and finally a third phosphate. Each of the glycerols has an organic R group that may represent D-alanine, glucose, or other molecules.
teichoic acid
Molecules too large to pass through the porins in the outer membrane are transported into the cell by
the TonB complex
Historically, prokaryotes were differentiated from eukaryotes by ______.
the absence of a nucleus
In the PTS group translocation mechanism, glucose is transported into the cell and modified by
the addition of a phosphate
humors
the ancient Greek physician Galen believed that disease was caused by bad --
bioinformatics
the application of computers to genetic sequence analysis gave rise to the field of --
The target of lysozyme is ____.
the bonds between NAG and NAM
Hooke
the book Micrographia, published in 1665 by -- contained the earliest drawings of microorganisms
The component of lipopolysaccharide indicated by the letter B is _____. A: Top of the chain bent to the right. Made of clusters of molecules colored red, white, and orange. B: Middle of the chain. Goes straight up and down, is thicker at bottom than top, and is mostly made of clusters of red and white molecules. C: Bottom of chain. Goes straight up and down and has a more rigid structure than other sections, with molecules stacked neatly on top of one another instead of in clusters. Molecules in this section are mostly white and orange.
the core polysaccharide
recombinant
the cutting and linking of DNA fragments into new arrangements produces -- DNA molecules
The bacterial cytoplasm is organized by
the cytoskeleton
Petri
the dish used when preparing solid media plates were invented by Richard --
eukaryotic organelles
the endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests an origin for --
ribosomes and DNA
the endosymbiotic theory is supported by the finding that mitochondria contain -- similar to bacteria
fermentation
the extant protist organelle called a hydrogenosome produces ATP through which process?
Consider a biochemical pathway with five steps that lead to the production of product Q. If there is an abundance of product Q, the most efficient way to slow down the entire pathway would be to regulate _____________________.
the first enzyme in the pathway
genus
the first part of a Latin binomial is the name of the --
Bacterial sporulation can be defined as ____.
the generation of an endospore
DNA
the genetic information of the cell is stored in --
The smaller the cell, _______.
the greater the surface area by ratio
Winogradsky
the greatest discovery of this scientist may be that bacteria can oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy.
became dependent on endosymbiont-produced hydrogen for energy
the hydrogen hypothesis suggests that during endosymbiosis the host cell --
The first of Koch's postulates is
the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms.
One distinguishing characteristic of group translocation is ______.
the molecules transported are chemically modified
germ
the notion that microorganisms cause disease is called the -- theory of disease
Endosymbiotic hypothesis
the origin of chloroplasts is included in which theory?
endosymbiotic hypothesis
the origin of mitochondria is included in which theory?
Gram-positive bacteria typically stain purple because ___.
the peptidoglycan layer is thicker
Gram-negative bacteria typically stain pink because ___.
the peptidoglycan layer is thinner
In Gram-negative bacteria, enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan are found in
the periplasmic space
The cell envelope component indicated by the letter E is _____. A: thin, threadlike structures protruding from outer membrane of cell wall. B: Structure made of 3 tube-like parts embedded in outer bilayer membrane of cell wall. C: Tube-like structure connecting outer membrane to the chain structure between membranes. D: Chain structure separating inner and outer membranes. E: Inner bilayer membrane.
the plasma membrane
industrial microbiology
the production of biofuels, vitamins, and enzymes falls within the field of --
To rotate the flagellum, protons move across the plasma membrane through channels composed of
the stator proteins
Fracastoro
the suggestion that disease is caused by invisible living creatures was made by the Roman philosopher Lucretius (about 98-55 BCE) and which physician?
In active transport, the "active" refers to ____.
the use of energy to power the movement of molecules across a membrane
In the lysogenic cycle
the virus becomes a prophage
Macromolecular crowding refers to
the viscosity and high concentration of cytoplasmic macromolecules
When bacteria use different transport systems for the same substance, the systems differ in which three properties?
their affinity for the solute the regulation of the transporter the energy source
Which of the following is not true regarding phage?
they most often enter host cells by endocytosis
Which of the following is not true of plaques?
they result when viruses are cultured in chicken eggs
Which of these is incorrect regarding prions?
they were first described in the early 1900s
The cell wall peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria is considerably ____ than that of gram-positive bacteria.
thinner
In peptidoglycan, the short peptide is attached to the structure
through NAM
Which of these are internal cellular membranes that contain light-sensitive pigments needed for photosynthesis? - fimbriae - nucleoid - cristae - thylakoids
thylakoids
Animal viruses have been cultivated in
tissue cultures (monolayers of animal cells). embryonated eggs. suitable host animals.
The secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells functions in moving materials (select all that apply)
to the plasma membrane. within the cell from place to place. to the exterior of the cell.
A flagellum filament grows in length by adding flagellin subunits _____.
to the tip, by the filament cap
In eukaryotes, miRNAs can form a silencing complex, which base pairs to a target mRNA preventing translation. This is possible because
transcription and translation are spatially separated in eukaryotes.
Plasmids containing DNA fragments are incorporated into bacterial hosts by ________.
transformation
The process of protein synthesis on the ribosome is called ____.
translation
Small internal cell structures are best visualized with a
transmission electron microscope
The TonB complex in the outer membrane functions to
transport molecules too large to pass through porins
Which three of the following types of proteins are found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria?
transport proteins energy conservation proteins enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan
Which three of the following types of proteins are found in the periplasmic space of gram negative bacteria? transport proteins exoenzymes energy conservation proteins integral membrane proteins porin proteins enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan
transport proteins, energy conservation proteins, and enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan
Proteins characterized as channels and carriers are ______.
transport protiens
Integral proteins tend to make excellent ______.
transporters, because they span the plasma membrane
Which three of the following describe receptor-mediated endocytosis? Triggered by ligand binding to membrane receptor cytoplasmic side of vesicles coated with clathrin endocytosis and digestion of large food particles receptors are concentrated in certain areas of membrane concentration of ligand prior to endocytosis
triggered by ligand binding to membrane receptor, receptors are concentrated in certain areas of membrane, and concentration of ligand prior to endocytosis
A sperm does not contribute mitochondrial genes when fertilizing an egg - true - false
true
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA like chromosome found in a prokaryotic cell - true - false
true
Both plant and animal cells contain organelles - true - false
true
T/F Acetone can be used as the decolorizer in the Gram stain procedure.
true
T/F Disease symptoms are believed to be the result of dense aggregates of the abnormal protein.
true
T/F In some inherited cases, the normal prion protein can convert spontaneously to the abnormal form, but at a slow rate
true
T/F Lysosomes function in the destruction and recycling of old organelles
true
T/F The enzymes found in the lysosomes were formed in the endoplasmic reticulum.
true
T/F: Different transport systems for the same nutrient that are part of the same organism are usually regulated in different ways.
true
T/F: Endotoxic shock, resulting from the release of endotoxin by bacteria infecting a patient, is only caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
true
T/F: Growth factors are molecules that cannot be synthesized by the bacteria that use them and include amino acids, pyrimidines, and vitamins.
true
T/F: Nitrogen can be obtained from either organic or inorganic sources.
true
T/F: Permease proteins that aid in the transport of nutrients resemble enzymes in their specificity for the substance to be transported. Each carrier is selective and will transport only a closely related set of substances.
true
T/F: Prokaryotes were once described based on structures that were present in eukaryotes, but absent in prokaryotes.
true
T/F: The extreme insolubility of ferric iron leaves little free iron available for transport into bacterial cells.
true
T/F: The trace amounts of micronutrients needed by microorganisms are usually supplied as inadvertent contaminants in water and regular media components.
true
The Golgi apparatus produces both secretory vesicles and lysosomes - false - true
true
True or false: Bacterial cells uptake nutrients that are dissolved.
true
True or false: Cell volume increases about 3x faster compared to surface area.
true
True or false: Rods with the same volume as a coccus have a greater S/V ration.
true
True or false: The term lysis means "the bursting of a cell".
true
How many lipid layers are found in a bacterial plasma membrane? (Note: a lipid layer consists of a series of phospholipids arranged side to side with hydrophilic heads all facing one direction and hydrophobic tails facing the other direction)
two
Lipid A of LPS is composed of ____. A: Top of the chain bent to the right. Made of clusters of molecules colored red, white, and orange. B: Middle of the chain. Goes straight up and down, is thicker at bottom than top, and is mostly made of clusters of red and white molecules. C: Bottom of chain. Goes straight up and down and has a more rigid structure than other sections, with molecules stacked neatly on top of one another instead of in clusters. Molecules in this section are mostly white and orange.
two glucosamine sugar derivatives
A carrier protein that transports solute molecules by facilitated diffusion has _____ configuration(s) because _____.
two; it needs to bind solute outside the cell and then release it in the cytoplasm
Rank the following from smallest to largest typical eukaryotic cell typical bacterial cell typical protein typical virus
typical protein typical virus typical bacterial cell typical eukaryotic cell
An organism that consists of a single cell is said to be - acellular - unicellular - multicellular
unicellular
slime layer
unorganized sugar layer easily detaches
Active transport and facilitated diffusion are similar because they both ____.
use proteins to move materials across a membrane
Which of the following is NOT a function of the capsule?
used for regulating nutrient uptake
One hypothesis about the decline in cell numbers during death phase is that the cells aren't all dying but instead remain alive but unable to grow when cultured, at least temporarily. These are known as
viable but nonculturable cells.
The term used to describe bacteria that are shaped like curved rods is
vibrio
Which term describes a bacterial cell that is a slightly "bent rod" shape, also called comma-shaped?
vibrio
A complete virus particle is called a
virion.
An infectious agent composed only of RNA is called a(n) ___________.
viroid
Which acellular agent is composed of RNA only?
viroids
RNA
viroids are composed of --
The study of viruses is known as _________.
virology
Bacteriophages that always proceed to lyse the infected cell are called __________ phage.
virulent
Which acellular agent is composed of both proteins and nucleic acids
viruses
Which acellular agent is composed of both proteins and nucleic acids?
viruses
Small organic molecules called ________ function as enzyme cofactors.
vitamins
During endospore germination, enzymes in the core become active when
water enters the cell to rehydrate the components
Decaying vegetation
water molds are often associated with which environment ?
Capsules are typically ____.
well organized composed of sugars
countered the arguments of supporters for spontaneous generation
what contribution did Theodore Schwann have on microbiology?
attenuated
what do microbiologists call weakened viruses that are used in vaccines?
genome sequencing
what is the first step in genomic analysis?
crop and animal production
what is the main focus of agricultural microbiology?
human and animal pathogens
what is the main focus of medical microbiology?
diversity of microbes in the environment
what is the main focus of microbial ecology?
outbreaks and epidemics
what is the main focus of public health microbiology?
separate some cellular material and processes from others
what is the role of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes were not fully described until 1962 when scientist grouped them together based on ___________.
what they lacked compared to eukaryotes
He showed that dust does carry microbes
what was John Tyndall's (1820-1893) contribution to microbiology?
they discovered restriction enzymes capable of cutting DNA
what was Werner Arber's and Hamilton Smith's contribution to microbiology (and molecular biology) ?
composed only of protein and nucleic acids
which characteristic is not typical of cellular microbes?
contain a nucleus
which feature describes eukaryotic cells?
no nucleus
which feature is most commonly used to describe prokaryotic cells?
hunt for food
which feature is not typical for fungi?
hunters and grazers, ingest organic matter, motile, and unicellular
which four characteristics are typical of protozoans?
-viroids, archaea, slime molds, and bacteria -viruses, yeasts, bacteria and prions
which four of the following entities are generally included in the field of microbiology?
oxygen
which gas was not present in the atmosphere of early earth ?
-Bacteria -archaea
which group is not one of the five kingdoms of life?
microbes
which group of organisms has the greatest number of taxa?
Microbes
which group of organisms is numerically dominant on Earth?
bacteria are involved in all of these -making of bread and cheese -breaking down dead plant material -production of vitamins and antiobiotics -cycling elements in the biosphere
which is a role not played by bacteria?
Yersinia Pestis
which is not a correct rendering of a Latin binomial?
descendants of a single, pure microbial culture
which is the best definition of a microbial strain?
archaea
which of these is not classified as fungi?
lack of peptidoglycan cell walls, unique membrane lipids, and different rRNA sequences
which three features listed are unique to archaeal cells and not particularly unique for bacterial cells??
Spirochetes that exhibit corkscrew motility have their flagella _____.
within the periplasmic space
The characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence include which of the following?
*All of the choices are correct.* Pathogenicity Infectivity Invasiveness
Match each list of characteristics with the correct group of organisms.
- Archea: * 70S ribosome. * No peptidoglycan in cell walls * No membrane bound organelles * Rudimentary cytoskeleton * Circular chromosome - Bacteria: * Circular chromosome * Single type of flagellin in flagella * 70S ribosome * Ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane - Eukaryotes: * Membrane bound organelles * No peptidoglycan in cell walls * Introns in genes * Ester-linked phospholipids in plasma membrane
Match each type of organism with the correct statement about their chromosomes.
- Bacteria: Usually circular and do not contain histone or histone-like proteins - Archaea: Circular and contain histone-like proteins - Eukaryotes: Linear chromosomes that contain histone proteins
Select all that are characteristics of transmission electron microscopes. - Highest practical magnification over 100,000 times - Uses visible light for radiation source - Contains glass lenses - Uses electron beam for radiation source - Switch objective lens to change magnification - Adjust current to magnetic lenses to change magnification - Highest practical magnification of 1,000 to 1,500 times
- Highest practical magnification over 100,000 times - Uses electron beam for radiation source - Adjust current magnetic lenses to change magnification
Which of the following statements about endocytosis are true?
- Observed in all eukaryotic cells - Brings substances into a cell from the outside
Which of the following process occur in the mitochondria?
- Oxidative phosphorylation - Tricarboxylic acid cycle - Electron transport
Check all the typical characteristics commonly found associated with eukaryotic cells that are not found in bacterial cells.
- Presence of mitochondria -Presence of a nucleus
Microscopy that does not use light to produce an image:
- Scanning electron - Cryotomography - Scanning tunneling - Atomic force
Match each term with the correct definition.
- Secretion: The movement of substances from the cell interior to the external environment. - Pinocytosis: The form of endocytosis that brings solutes into the cell. - Phagocytosis: The form of endocytosis that brings particles into the cell.
Which of the following statements about the nuclear pore complex are true?
- Small molecules pass unaided - Transport route between cytoplasm and the nucleus
Which of the following are components of eukaryotic plasma membrane?
- Sterols - Sphingolipids - Phospholipids
Which of the following processes are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum?
- Synthesis of secreted proteins - Lipid biosynthesis - Cell membrane synthesis - Transport of materials
The secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells function in moving material (select all that apply)
- Within the cell from place to place - To the plamsa membrane - To the exterior of the cell
Arrange the following in order from smallest to largest - atom - chloroplasts - virus - human egg - protein
- atom - protein - virus - chloroplast - human egg
Place the structural steps of caveolin-coated endocytosis in the correct order.
1) Binding to caveolin-coated vesicles 2) Fusion with caveosome 3) Invagination of early endosome 4) Formation of late endosome 5) Fusion with lysosome
Place the structural steps of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in the correct order:
1) Binding to clathrin-coated vesicles 2) Invagination of the early endosome 3) Formation of the late endosome 4) Fusion with lysosome
Inside eukaryotic cells, misfolded proteins within the secretory pathway can be recycled by a quality-assurance mechanism. Arrange the steps in this process in their correct chronological order with the earliest step at the top.
1) Defective protein is released into the cytoplasm 2) Ubiquitin is attached to defective protein 3) Defective protein is broken down inside of proteasome
List the order of events that occur in the transition from endospore to a vegetative cell.
1) activation 2) germination 3) outgrowth
Select all correct statements regarding the structure of archaella A: archaella are hollow B: they are thinner than bacterial flagella C: their structure is identical to that of bacterial flagella D: they are composed of multiple types of archaellin subunits
B and D
The core of an archaeal membrane is A: neutral B: hydrophobic C: hydrophilic
B: hydrophobic
The relationship between a temperate phage and the hsot cell is called ___________. A: lytic B: lysogeny C: monogamy D: budding
B: lysogeny
Substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water move across a bacterial cell membrane by __________. A: group translocation B: passive diffusion C: facilitated transport D: active transport
B: passive diffusion
The cell wall component indicated by the letter B is __________ A: lipopolysaccharide B: porin C: teichoic acid D: Braun's lipoprotein
B: porin
Which term describes the host cell component that a virus will bind for attachment A: spike protein B: receptor C: peplomer D: capsomer
B: receptor
Which stage of virus replication is shown in the image? A: synthesis B: release C: penetration D: uncoating
B: release
Which of the following transport mechanisms relies on concentration gradients of one substance to power the translocation of a different substance across a membrane? A: primary active transport B: secondary transport C: facilitated diffusion
B: secondary transport
Which genus gets its name due to the cellular arrangement of spherical cells found in clusters, like a bunch of grapes? A: pallisades B: staphylococcus C: diplococcus D: streptococcus
B: staphylococcus
Which term describes the cellular arrangement of spherical cells linked in a chain? A: staphylococcus B: streptococcus C: pallisades D: diplococcus
B: streptococcus
This image illustrates the components of the _____ cell wall. A: thin, threadlike structures protruding from outer membrane of cell wall. B: Structure made of 3 tube-like parts embedded in outer bilayer membrane of cell wall. C: Tube-like structure connecting outer membrane to the chain structure between membranes. D: Chain structure separating inner and outer membranes. E: Inner bilayer membrane.
Gram-negative
casual relationships between microorganisms and a specific disease
Koch's postulates are valuable for determining --
Which of the following compounds is well known to protect gram-negative bacteria from environmental toxic substances?
LPS
Which of the following polymers is composed of lipids and sugars?
LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
Identify all the general similarities between Bacteria and Archaea.
Lack membrane bound organelles Smaller than eukaryotes
The cell wall of bacteria are typically composed of ______.
peptidoglycan
The molecule illustrated here is a portion of _____.
peptidoglycan
The plasma membrane of eukaryotes contains all of the following EXCEPT
peptidoglycan
The plasma membrane of eukaryotes contains all of the following EXCEPT
peptidoglycan.
In this image of a bacterial plasma membrane, the letter D points to a(n)
peripheral membrane protein; amorphous structure floating at outer edge of B
Gram-negative bacteria have a(n) ____ space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane.
periplasmic
Which term describes the space between the inner and outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria?
periplasmic space
Bacteria that have swarming motility typically have ____ flagella.
peritrichous
a relatively even distribution of flagella over the entire surface of the bacterium
peritrichous
Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of which type of organelle? - lysosomes - peroxisomes
peroxisomes
Vesicles that function in the metabolism of fatty acids in a cell are called
peroxisomes
During which endocytic process do protrusions from the cell surface engulf particulate matter outside of the cell?
phagocytosis
Select all possible components of a bacterial cell envelope. plasma membrane, slime layer, ribosome, cell wall, nuclear membrane
plasma membrane, slime layer, cell wall
In bacterial and archaeal cells, the electron transport chain is located in the _________ whereas in eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the ____________.
plasma membrane; inner mitochondrial membrane
Many enzyme catalyzed reactions are freely reversible; however, some key steps require separate enzymes for the reverse step in order to provide for independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways.
T
Methanogens may contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming due to methane production.
T
Mordants increase the binding between a stain and specimen.
T
Nongrowing cells continuously degrade and resynthesize cellular molecules during a process known as cellular turnover.
T
Prokaryotes were once described based on structures that were present in eukaryotes, but absent in prokaryotes.
T
The term lysis means "the bursting of a cell" T/F
T
The use of compartmentation for the simultaneous but independent regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways occurs generally in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes.
T
Bacteria that do not have a fixed shape are said to be ________.
pleomorphic
Negative staining with India ink can be used to reveal the presence of capsules that surround bacterial cells
True
Which of the following have undergone adaptation to the most extreme habitats on Earth? - Bacteria - Animals - Plants - Fungi - Archaeans
archaeans
The structure used by archaea for locomotion and attachment is called a(n) __________.
archaellum
The first step in a typical viral life cycle is __________.
attachment
biochemical
biovar
PTSs are widely distributed in bacteria, and are used to transport _____.
carbohydrates
What two prominent external structures of eukaryotic cells are associated with motility? capsules, pili, cilia, fimbria, flagella
cilia and flagella
The cytoskeletal proteins MreB and Mbl determine cell shape by
position the enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan
Vertical gene transfer is the transfer of DNA
during normal cell division
The plasma membrane and all the coverings exterior to it is collectively called the cell ___________.
envelope
The plasma membrane and everything external to it is called the cell __________.
envelope
T/F Gram-positive bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan than gram-negative bacteria.
false
T/F The Gram stain can only be performed on cultures grown in liquid media.
false
True or false: Gliding motility requires the use of external flagella.
false
The longest component of the bacterial flagellum is the _____.
filament
The cortex layer of an endospore contains peptidoglycan (PG) that differs from the PG in vegetative cells in that cortex PG
is less cross-linked
Lipopolysaccharides are found in gram-____ bacteria.
negative
cytoskeleton
network of protein polymers
Teichoic acids anchor the _____ to the plasma membrane
peptidoglycan
Which of the following best defines a virulent phage? A: a virus that is highly infectious to animals B: a virus that remains in the host cell indefinitely C: a virus that carries DNA fragments from the host cell D: a virus that always progresses to lysis of the infected cell
D: a virus that always progresses to lysis of the infected cell
In eukaryotic cells, the thinnest cytoskeletal filaments (4 to 7 nm in diameter) are composed of A: tubulin B: keratin C: myosin D: actin
D: actin
The structure used by archaea for locomotion and attachment is called a(n) __________. A: cannula B: flagellum C: S-layer D: archaellum
D: archaellum
Compounds considered to be growth factors __________. A: can be synthesized by the cell B: are usually hydrophobic C: enter the cell by diffusion D: are acquired from the environment
D: are acquired from the enviornment
This image depicts which stage of T4 bacteriophage replication? A: entry B: release C: attachment D: assembly
D: assembly
What property is shared by archaeal and bacterial ribosomes? A: both have DNA in the active site B: both are enclosed in membranes C: both have 60S and 40S subunits D: both have 50S and 30S subunits
D: both have 50S and 30S subunits
Tiny, cup-shaped, cholesterol-rich invaginations of the plasma membrane are called ___________. A: lamellae B: reticula C: coated pits D: caveolae
D: caveolae
The type of endocytosis characterized by substances binding to small, flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane is A: clathrin-dependent endocytosis B: microautophagy C: phagocytosis D: caveolin-dependent endocytosis
D: caveolin-dependent endocytosis
The usefulness of agar in solidifying microbiological growth media is limited because it does not remain solid at temperatures above 28C.
False
Viruses and bacteria were first cultured in the laboratory at about the same time.
False
Which of the following bacterial structures are most directly linked to swimming motility in chemotaxis?
Flagella
Which of the following cellular components are commonly found in most bacterial cells?
Flagella Ribosomes Capsule Cell wall Slime layer
A microscope that exposes specimens to ultraviolet, violet, or blue light and forms an image with the light emitted at a different wavelength is called a __________ microscope.
Fluorescence
Which of the following microscopes typically uses dyes or antibodies?
Fluorescence microscope
Which of the following microscopes typically uses dyes or antibodies? - Phase-contrast microscope - Electron microscope - Atomic force microscope - Fluorescence microscope
Fluorescence microscope
The special dyes used in fluorescence microscopy that absorb light at one wavelength and emit light at a different wavelength are called __________.
Fluorochromes
The __________ is the distance between the center of a lens and the point at which it focuses parallel beams of light.
Focal length
Which organelle may be referred to as the post office of the cell? - endoplasmic reticulum - lysosome - Golgi apparatus - nucleus
Golgi apparatus
If a gram-negative bacterial cell were treated with lysozyme in an isotonic environment, the cell would form a(n) ____.
spheroplast
The difference in flagella positions between these two cells is that A: Flagella gather together behind bacteria. Counterclockwise arrow circles around point where flagella meet. Another arrow points ahead of bacteria B: Flagella spread out evenly around bacteria. Clockwise arrows circle each flagella
the cell in panel A has flagella rotating counterclockwise and the cell in panel B has flagella rotating clockwise
spontaneous
the claim that living organisms can develop from nonliving matter is the key feature of the theory of -- generation
public health microbiologists
the control and spread of communicable human diseases is the main concern of --
The cell wall component indicated by the letter C is _____. A: Strands that intersect cell wall at perpendicular angles and connect cell wall to plasma membrane. B: Chains of pill-shaped structures that make up cell wall. Chains are stacked on top of one another. C: Structures that make up the bilayer of the inner membrane. D: Amorphous structures that intersect with plasma membrane.
the plasma membrane
The cell envelope contains the plasma membrane the flagellum the nuclear membrane the ER layers external to the plasma membrane
the plasma membrane the layers external to the plasma membrane
Tiny, flask-like invaginations of the plasma membrane are called:
Caveolae
The highest level of DNA compaction seen during ______ _______ .
Cell division
Light rays are refracted (bent) when they cross the interface between materials with different refractive indices.
Confocal
Archaea: ribosomes
70S
Teichoic acids are common among ___.
gram-positive bacteria
prions, viroids, and viruses
which three of the following entities are acellular?
Archaea
Based on the universal phylogenetic tree, which Domain appears more closely related to Eukarya?
T/F: Bacteria growing at lower temperatures have more saturated fatty acids in their membranes.
false
Flotillins are _____ that organize plasma membrane microdomains.
integral membrane proteins
Prions are believed to cause _______ diseases.
neurodegenerative
eukarya, bacteria, and archaea
which three of the following taxa are the domains of life based on rRNA comparisons?
Active transport and facilitated diffusion are different because active transport ____.
uses ATP to power the movement of materials across a membrane
Archaea: chromosomes
usually circular
Bacteria : chromosomes
usually circular
A large membranous sac located in the cytoplasm of a cell - mitochondrion - vacuole - vesicle - thylakoid - ribosome
vacuole
Who of the following was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms?
van Leeuwenhoek
48. The light reactions of photosynthesis, which form ATP and NADPH, take place in the A. stroma. B. cytoplasm. C. thylakoid membrane. D. nucleus.
C. thylakoid membrane.
The surface layer that is regularly structured and patterned like floor tiles is the A: capsule B: slime layer C: S-layer
C: S-layer
slime molds
which organisms behave like protozoa during one phase of the life cycle and like fungi in another phase of the life cycle?
store information
which role is not played by proteins in extant organisms?
Schroder
which scientist attempted to counter the arguments of spontaneous generation supporters by using sterile cotton plugs to filter the air prior to entering a liquid medium?
Linnaeus
which scientist developed the binomial system for naming organisms?
Spallanzani
which scientist first claimed that contaminated air containing microbes entered boiled flasks of water containing seeds resulting in growing contaminating germs?
Metchnikoff
which scientist is known for his discovery of phagocytosis?
causing human disease, causing plant disease, mycorrhizal associations with roots, decomposing dead plants, producing antibiotics, and making bread dough rise
which six of the following characteristics apply to fungi?
The __________ is the point at which a lens focuses parallel beams of light
Focal point
________ is the main part of the process through which a vegetative cell is formed from an endospore.
Germination
help digest food in the intestines, produce vitamins in the intestines, and contribute to immune system development
which three supporting roles do bacteria play in the human body?
Development of drug resistance is encouraged by
widespread use of broad-spectrum drugs.
25. The liquid component of the cytoplasm is known as the A. thylakoid. B. cytosol. C. cytoskeleton. D. stroma.
B. cytosol.
Which three of the following statements about the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome are true? A: about 30 proteins B: 18S rRNA C: 60S in size D: about 50S proteins E: 40S in size F: 5S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNAs
C, D, and F
The "energy-free" movement of molecules across a membrane with the aid of a transporting protein is called __________. A: passive diffusion B: active transport C: facilitated diffusion D: group translocation
C: facilitated diffusion
The criteria for establishing a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease were first proposed by Jacob Henle.
True
Which of the transport mechanisms relies only on concentration gradients to provide the "force" to move materials across the plasma membrane? A: secondary transport B: primary active transport C: facilitated diffusion D: group translocation transport
C: facilitated diffusion
Which of the following is not true of bacterial plasmids? A) They can replicate independently of the chromosome. B) They may carry genes for drug resistance. C) They are required for host growth and/or reproduction. D) They may carry genes that enhance survival of the bacterium under certain conditions.
C) They are required for host growth and/or reproduction.
Which of the following shares a basic body plan with bacteria? A: fungi B: algae C: archaea D: animals E: protozoans
C: archaea
Which of the following organism groups have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan?
Bacteria
What compound links the outer membrane to the cell in gram-negative bacteria?
Braun's lipoprotein
Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocytic pathway in eukaryotic cells? A: feeding mechanism B: recycling membrane components C: removal of metabolic wastes D: bulk transport of solutes into the cell
C: removal of metabolic wastes
Lysosomes function in the destruction and recycling of old organelles.
True
M. J. Berkeley demonstrated that the great potato blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus.
True
If Microbe A and Microbe B have whole genome similarity of 68%, as determined by DNA-DNA hybridization, they should be considered the same species. (T/F)
False
If you remove the peptidoglycan layer from a Gram-positive cell, it would still stain purple with a Gram stain.
False
Initial attachment of the transcription enzyme to the gene results in a structure termed the closed complex. (T/F)
False
Bacterial gas vacuoles are principally used for ____.
buoyancy
The major site of cell membrane synthesis is the
endoplasmic reticulum.