Interprofessional Perspectives in Health Disparities

T/F: Social determinants of health do not act in isolation.

TRUE - Act in complex interactions that affect health

Social Determinants of Health:

The collective set of conditions in which people are born, grow up, live and work.

Accordingly to the Institutes of Medicine what are the elements not associated with health disparities?

clinical needs; people preferences; appropriateness of intervention

What is the Medical Model?

physical biological health/absence of symptoms/ absence of physical signs

Health may be influenced by:

social, economic, environmental disadvantages

What is the sociocultural model?

state of optimum capacity of an individual for the performance of roles and tasks for which they have been socialized; considers the person in the context of their own circumstances

Environmental pollutants that can affect human health could be present in

Air, water, soil and food

According to World Health Organization (WHO), environment is defined :

All the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related behaviors.

Which of the following constitute the most important challenge in addressing the issue of health disparities in the near future?

Availability of a working force with necessary set of competencies to address health disparities research

Which of the following statements is a true commonality between Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)?

Both diseases share common socioeconomic and psychosocial factors

What is a dataset?

Collection of standardized information about a group of patients who share a condition or experience.

What does CBPR stand for?

Community based participatory research

All the following elements structure the individual dimension of diversity except for:

Cultural competence

Are products of personal history, and social, geographic, economic and political factors.

Culture and Ethnicity.

Why reducing health disparities have been a difficult task in spite of numerous efforts through the years?

Determinants for health disparities have not been studied simultaneously

Disparities

Differences in health status between advantaged and disadvantaged populations that are considered unfair and avoidable.

What is dissemination science?

Dissemination research is the systematic study of processes and factors that lead to widespread use of an evidence-based intervention by the target population. Its focus is to identify the best methods that enhance the uptake and utilization of the intervention.

Is this topic related to dissemination science or Implementation? "the use of clinical guidelines in decision making and practice".

Dissemination science

What is the name of the scientific field that examines inheritable traits not caused by changes in the DNA code?

Epigenetics

Datasets are useful for patients because they:

Establish associations between determinants of health and disease status.

T/F: Poverty is considered as the principal indicator of health disparities.

FALSE - Even when income is taken into account health disparities still exist among races.

T/F: Inequalities are based on unfair and avoidable factors that create health gaps and average indicators of the population health.

FALSE - Inequality is the characteristic of being unequal or uneven.

T/F: A really conscientious health provider can eliminate his or her own prejudices or negative assumptions about certain kind of patients.

False

T/F: Cross-cultural misunderstandings between providers and patients can lead to mistrust and frustration, but are unlikely to have an impact on objectively measured clinical outcomes.

False

T/F: Dissemination and Implementation research is a pseudo-science

False

T/F: Dissemination and Implementation research is a pseudo-science?

False

T/F: Epigenetics refers to the modification of genes that affect the DNA sequence itself.

False

T/F: If a family member speaks English, as well as the patient's native language, and is willing to act as interpreter, this is the best possible solution of the problem of interpreting.

False

T/F: Information contained in dataset for health disparities research can only be obtain from Medical Records?

False

T/F: Minority and immigrant patients in the US who go to traditional healers and use traditional medicines generally avoid conventional Western treatments.

False

T/F: Out of respect for a patient's privacy, the provider should always begin a relationship by seeing an adult patient alone and drawing the family in as needed.

False

T/F: Scientists have no role in the public policy process. This statement is:

False

T/F: Some symbols- a positive nod of the head, a pointing finger, a thumbs up sign are universal and can help bridge the language gap.

False

T/F: The epigenome is an inflexible structure that never changes.

False

T/F: The most comprehensive definition of health is the one offered by the medical model.

False

T/F: The purpose of implementation science is "to spread evidence-based interventions to the target audience".

False

T/F: The sociocultural definition of health takes into account the individual's perception of health.

False

T/F: When a patient who has not adhered to a treatment regimen states he/she cannot afford the medication prescribed, it is appropriate to assume that financial factors are indeed the real reason and not explore the situation further.

False

T/F: Scientific knowledge is the central base of the CBPR.

False - it's the community

T/F: Research has evidence reveals that poverty is not related to lower educational attainment. This statement is:

False. Poverty is directly related to lower education attainment

Which of the following statements regarding epigenetics is FALSE?

Genetic factors cause the organism's genes to behave (or express themselves) differently

Differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population group:

Healthy Inequality

According to the NIH, what are the situations that are affected when considering health disparities?

How frequently a disease affects a group; How many people get sick; How often the disease causes death

Is this topic related to dissemination science or Implementation? "studies on the factors contributing to sustainability of interventions in clinical practice".

Implementation

What is the purpose of implementation science?

Implementation research seeks to understand the processes and factors that are associated with successful integration of evidence-based interventions within a particular setting (e.g., a worksite or school). Implementation research assesses whether the core components of the original intervention were faithfully incorporated into the real-world setting (i.e., the degree of fidelity of the disseminated and implemented intervention with the original study) and also is concerned with the adaptation of the implemented intervention to the local context.

One of the following is not a component of the internal dimension of diversity

Income

These are the important socioeconomic factors contributing to both Cancer and CVD:

Increased caloric intake and physical inactivity

Eliminating disparities in the health status of the population has become an international priority because populations with health disparities have

Increased incidence of disease.

According to the figure provided bellow, the major sources of air pollutants comes from:

Industries and vehicles

Routes by which pollutants could be transferred to humans includes the following:

Inhalation, ingestion and absorption

What does the sociocultural definition of health take into account?

It does not take the individual's perception of health but rather considers the person in the context of their own circumstances

__________ is considered the major cause of health disparities:

Lack of access to health services

What compounds attach to genes to direct their expression as certain types of cells?

Methyl Groups

Do minority and immigrant patients in the US go to traditional healers and use traditional medicines or conventional western medicine?

Minority and immigrant patients in the US who go to traditional healers and use traditional medicines generally avoid conventional Western treatments.

What is very important in the Islamic tradition?

Modesty

The fact that determinants for health disparities have not been studied simultaneously has increased or reduced health disparities?

Neither, Determinants for health disparities have not been studied simultaneously making it difficult to reduce health disparities despite the numerous effort

Accordingly to the Institutes of Medicine the following elements are not associated with health disparities, except

Physicians' bias

What is fundamental in CBPR?

Providing equal opportunity to community members and academic researchers to participate in each stage of the research process.

This model still stands as the most effective illustration of health determinants and continues to inform the work of those concerned with understanding and reducing the health inequality gap. It explains how the health inequities are a result of different levels of interaction considering from the individual to the community and socio-economical level.

The Social model of Health

Bigby defines cultural competence as:

The ability of health professionals and institutions to deliver effective services to diverse patients populations.

Environmental health is defined by:

The study of factors or pollutants in the environment (outdoor or indoor) that affect human health.

Which if these statements about epigenetics are true?

There is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism

Which of the following will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of health disparities?

Transdiciplinary and multilevel research approaches

T/F: According to the medical model's definition of health, an individual is healthy if he/she is free of symptoms and/or physical signs.

True

T/F: An example of a definition of health as a multidimensional concept is The World Health Organization's definition of health.

True

T/F: Government inaction related to a certain topic can be a statement of public policy. This statement is:

True

T/F: In CBPR, it is recommended that community members are included in different phases of the research process except the study design which is elaborated by academic researchers?

True

T/F: Providers whose patients are mostly European-American, U.S. born and middle class still need to know about health practices from different world cultures.

True

T/F: Provides equal opportunity to community members and academic researchers to participate in each stage of the research process is fundamental in CBPR.

True

T/F: Researchers can initiate they own research-driven datasets on specific groups of patients.

True

T/F: The following is a topic related to dissemination science: "the use of clinical guidelines in decision making and practice".

True

T/F: The following is a topic related to implementation science: "studies on the factors contributing to sustainability of interventions in clinical practice".

True

T/F: The lag from research discovery to the application of this knowledge takes approximately 17 years

True

T/F: The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities. This statement is:

True

T/F: Writing newspapers columns about a specific social issue is a way to influence public policy. This statement is:

True

Accordingly to the NIH, the following situations are affected when considering health disparities, except:

What are the people clinical preferences

When are intervention programs to address health disparitiy issues best accepted by the community?

When they are created under CBPR

Should patients know their information will be included in a dataset?

Yes

Is health a Multidimensional concept?

Yes - physical, social, psychological

What is the definition of health, according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

How long is the lag from research discovery to the application of the knowledge?

approximately 17 years

What are health disparities?

differences in health status between advantaged and disadvantaged populations that are considered unfair and avoidable; a difference in health among segments of the populations that occur by gender race, ethnicity, education, income, disability, geography or sexual orientation

When the patient and provider come from different cultural backgrounds, what may be inaccurate?

medical history obtained may not be accurate

CBPR promotes _______ in order to attend to social inequities.

power-sharing processes

What are the components of the internal dimensions of diversity?

race, age, gender, ethnicity

What is the psychological model?

relies on the individual to provide an assessment of their own health

What are the causes of health disparities?

vulnerability; social economic circumstance; inadequate system together