Med Surg Ch. 52 Endocrine Disorders
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has which effects on the kidney?
Stimulation of calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion PTH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb calcium and excrete phosphate and converts vitamin D to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. PTH doesn't have a role in the metabolism of vitamin E.
A nurse is reviewing the laboratory order for a client suspected of having an endocrine disorder. The lab slip includes obtaining cortisol levels. What is being tested?
adrenal function The adrenal cortex manufactures and secretes glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, which affect body metabolism, suppress inflammation, and help the body withstand stress.
A client with hyperparathyroidism declines surgery and is to receive hormone replacement therapy with estrogen and progesterone. Which instruction is most important for the nurse to include in the client's teaching plan?
"Maintain a moderate exercise program." The nurse should instruct the client to maintain a moderate exercise program. Such a program helps strengthen bones and prevents the bone loss that occurs from excess parathyroid hormone. Walking or swimming provides the most beneficial exercise. Because of weakened bones, a rigorous exercise program such as jogging is contraindicated. Weight loss might be beneficial but it isn't as important as developing a moderate exercise program.
Which are correct statements about the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland? Select all that apply.
-Many endocrine glands respond to stimulation from the pituitary gland, which is connected by a stalk to the hypothalamus in the brain. -Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the lobes of the pituitary gland secrete various hormones. Many endocrine glands respond to stimulation from the pituitary gland, which is connected by a stalk to the hypothalamus in the brain. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the lobes of the pituitary gland secrete various hormones. Even though the pituitary gland is called the 'master gland,' the hypothalamus influences the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is called the 'master gland' because it regulates the function of other endocrine glands.
A patient is ordered desmopressin (DDAVP) for the treatment of diabetes insipidus. What therapeutic response does the nurse anticipate the patient will experience?
A decrease in urine output Desmopressin (DDAVP), a synthetic vasopressin without the vascular effects of natural ADH, is particularly valuable because it has a longer duration of action and fewer adverse effects than other preparations previously used to treat the disease. DDAVP and lypressin (Diapid) reduce urine output to 2 to 3 L/24 hours. It is administered intranasally; the patient sprays the solution into the nose through a flexible calibrated plastic tube. One or two administrations daily (i.e., every 12 to 24 hours) usually control the symptoms (Papadakis, McPhee, & Rabow, 2013). Vasopressin causes vasoconstriction; thus, it must be used cautiously in patients with coronary artery disease.
The nurse is reviewing a client's laboratory studies and determines that the client has an elevated calcium level. What does the nurse know will occur as a result of the rise in the serum calcium level?
A rise in serum calcium stimulates the release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland. Calcitonin, another thyroid hormone, inhibits the release of calcium from bone into the extracellular fluid. A rise in the serum calcium level stimulates the release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland.
A client with a history of hypertension is diagnosed with primary hyperaldosteronism. This diagnosis indicates that the client's hypertension is caused by excessive hormone secretion from which gland?
Adrenal cortex Excessive secretion of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex is responsible for the client's hypertension. This hormone acts on the renal tubule, where it promotes reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. The pancreas mainly secretes hormones involved in fuel metabolism. The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamines — epinephrine and norepinephrine. The parathyroids secrete parathyroid hormone.
Which of the following hormones controls secretion of adrenal androgens?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ACTH controls the secretion of adrenal androgens. When secreted in normal amounts, the adrenal androgens appear to have little effect, but when secreted in excess, as in certain inborn enzyme deficiencies, masculinization may result. The secretion of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland is controlled by TSH. Parathormone regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism. Calcitonin reduces the plasma level of calcium by increasing its deposition in bone.
Which type of cell secretes glucagon and promotes gluconeogenesis?
Alpha The alpha cells of the pancreas secret the hormone glucagon. It promotes gluconeogenesis, thus increasing the blood glucose level. The beta cells of the pancreas secrete insulin. Delta cells secrete somatostatin, which reduces the rate at which food is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
A client has a decreased secretion of erythropoietin from the kidneys due to end-stage kidney disease. What outcome will the decrease in erythropoietin have?
Anemia from the decrease in maturation of red blood cells The kidneys secrete erythropoietin, which is a substance that promotes the maturation of red blood cells.
During the first 24 hours after a client is diagnosed with addisonian crisis, which intervention should the nurse perform frequently?
Assess vital signs. Because the client in addisonian crisis is unstable, vital signs and fluid and electrolyte balance should be assessed every 30 minutes until he's stable. Daily weights are sufficient when assessing the client's condition. The client shouldn't have ketones in his urine, so there is no need to assess the urine for their presence. Oral hydrocortisone isn't administered during the first 24 hours in severe adrenal insufficiency.
A patient is suspected of having a pheochromocytoma and is having diagnostic tests done in the hospital. What symptoms does the nurse recognize as most significant for a patient with this disorder?
Blood pressure varying between 120/86 and 240/130 mm Hg Hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma may be intermittent or persistent. Blood pressures exceeding 250/150 mm Hg have been recorded. Such blood pressure elevations are life threatening and can cause severe complications, such as cardiac dysrhythmias, dissecting aneurysm, stroke, and acute kidney failure.
Trousseau's sign is elicited by which of the following?
Carpopedal spasm is induced by occluding the blood flow to the arm for 3 minutes with the use of a blood pressure cuff. A positive Trousseau's sign is suggestive of latent tetany. A positive Chvostek's sign is demonstrated when a sharp tapping over the facial nerve just in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear causes spasm or twitching of the mouth, nose, and eye. A positive Allen's test is demonstrated by the palm remaining blanched with the radial artery occluded. The radial artery should not be used for an arterial puncture. A positive Homans' sign is demonstrated when the patient complains of pain in the calf when his foot is dorsiflexed.
Which of the following is considered a late symptom of hypothyroidism?
Cold intolerance Late symptoms of hypothyroidism include cold intolerance, weight gain, apathy, slow speech, and constipation. Early symptoms include physical sluggishness, loss of libido, and brittle nails.
Which disorder is characterized by a group of symptoms produced by an excess of free circulating cortisol from the adrenal cortex?
Cushing syndrome The client with Cushing syndrome demonstrates truncal obesity, moon face, acne, abdominal striae, and hypertension. Regardless of the cause, the normal feedback mechanisms that control the function of the adrenal cortex become ineffective, and the usual diurnal pattern of cortisol is lost. The signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome are primarily a result of the oversecretion of glucocorticoids and androgens, although mineralocorticoid secretion also may be affected.
A health care provider suspects that a thyroid nodule may be malignant. The nurse knows to prepare information for the patient based on the usual test that will be ordered to establish a diagnosis. What is that test?
Fine-needle biopsy of the thyroid gland Fine needle biopsy of the thyroid gland is often used to establish the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. The purpose of the biopsy is to differentiate cancerous thyroid nodules from noncancerous nodules and to stage the cancer if detected. The procedure is safe and usually requires only a local anesthetic.
A client is having chronic pain from arthritis. What type of hormone is released in response to the stress of this pain that suppresses inflammation and helps the body withstand stress?
Glucocorticoids Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, affect body metabolism, suppress inflammation, and help the body withstand stress. Mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, maintain water and electrolyte balances. The androgenic hormones convert to testosterone and estrogens.
A middle-aged female client complains of anxiety, insomnia, weight loss, the inability to concentrate, and eyes feeling "gritty." Thyroid function tests reveal the following: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.02 U/ml, thyroxine 20 g/dl, and triiodothyronine 253 ng/dl. A 6-hour radioactive iodine uptake test showed a diffuse uptake of 85%. Based on these assessment findings, the nurse should suspect:
Graves' disease. Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease causing hyperthyroidism, is most prevalent in middle-aged females. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the most common form of hypothyroidism, TSH levels would be high and thyroid hormone levels low. In thyroiditis, radioactive iodine uptake is low (?2%), and a client with a multinodular goiter will show an uptake in the high-normal range (3% to 10%).
A client with a history of Addison's disease and flu-like symptoms accompanied by nausea and vomiting over the past week is brought to the facility. His wife reports that he acted confused and was extremely weak when he awoke that morning. The client's blood pressure is 90/58 mm Hg, his pulse is 116 beats/minute, and his temperature is 101° F (38.3° C). A diagnosis of acute adrenal insufficiency is made. What should the nurse expect to administer by IV infusion?
Hydrocortisone Emergency treatment for acute adrenal insufficiency (addisonian crisis) is IV infusion of hydrocortisone and saline solution. The client is usually given a dose containing hydrocortisone 100 mg I.V. in normal saline every 6 hours until blood pressure returns to normal. Insulin isn't indicated in this situation because adrenal insufficiency is usually associated with hypoglycemia. Potassium isn't indicated because these clients are usually hyperkalemic. The client needs normal — not hypotonic — saline solution.
The nurse is aware that the clinical symptoms of a patient with hypoparathyroidism are the result of the initial physiologic response of:
Hypocalcemia. Hypoparathyroidism results in hypocalcemia, which triggers a series of physiologic responses, including the choices presented.
A client with acromegaly has been given the option of a surgical approach or a medical approach. The client decides to have a surgical procedure to remove the pituitary gland. What does the nurse understand this surgical procedure is called?
Hypophysectomy The treatment of choice is surgical removal of the pituitary gland (transsphenoidal hypophysectomy) through a nasal approach. The surgeon may substitute an endoscopic technique using microsurgical instruments to reduce surgical trauma. A hysteroscopy is a gynecologic procedure. The thyroid gland is not involved for a surgical procedure. Ablation is not a removal of the pituitary gland.
The nurse knows to assess a patient with hyperthyroidism for the primary indicator of:
Intolerance to heat With hypothyroidism, the individual is sensitive to cold because the core body temperature is usually below 98.6°F. Intolerance to heat is seen with hyperthyroidism.
The nurse knows to advise the patient with hyperparathyroidism that he or she should be aware of signs of the common complication of:
Kidney Stones The formation of stones in one or both kidneys is caused by the increased urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus. It occurs in more than 50% of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Renal damage causes the kidney stones.
The nurse is teaching a client about the dietary restrictions related to his diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. What foods should the nurse encourage the client to avoid?
Milk Clients with hyperparathyroidism should use a low-calcium diet (fewer dairy products) and drink at least 3 to 4 L of fluid daily to dilute the urine and prevent renal stones from forming. It is especially important that the client drink fluids before going to bed and periodically throughout the night to avoid concentrated urine. Bananas, chicken livers, and hamburgers do not require avoidance. Milk is the highest in calcium content.
Which of the following would the nurse need to be alert for in a client with severe hypothyroidism?
Myxedemic coma Severe hypothyroidism is called myxedema and if untreated, it can progress to myxedemic coma, a life-threatening event. Thyroid storm is an acute, life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism. Addison's disease refers to primary adrenal insufficiency. Acromegaly refers to an oversecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland during adulthood.
Which assessment would a nurse perform on a client with Cushing's syndrome who is at high risk of developing a peptic ulcer?
Observe stool color. The nurse should observe the color of each stool and test the stool for occult blood.
Which glands regulate calcium and phosphorous metabolism?
Parathyroid Parathormone (parathyroid hormone), the protein hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism. The thyroid gland controls cellular metabolic activity. The adrenal medulla at the center of the adrenal gland secretes catecholamines, and the outer portion of the gland, the adrenal cortex, secretes steroid hormones. The pituitary gland secretes hormones that control the secretion of additional hormones by other endocrine glands.
A client visits the clinic to seek treatment for disturbed sleep cycles and depressed mood. Which glands and hormones help to regulate sleep cycles and mood?
Pineal gland, melatonin The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which aids in regulating sleep cycles and mood. Melatonin plays a vital role in hypothalamicpituitary interaction. The thymus gland secretes thymosin and thymopoietin, which aid in developing T lymphocytes. The parathyroid glands secrete parathormone, which increases the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids hormones, which influence many organs and structures of the body.
While assessing a client with hypoparathyroidism, the nurse taps the client's facial nerve and observes twitching of the mouth and tightening of the jaw. The nurse would document this finding as which of the following?
Positive Chvostek's sign If a nurse taps the client's facial nerve (which lies under the tissue in front of the ear), the client's mouth twitches and the jaw tightens. The response is identified as a positive Chvostek's sign. The nurse may elicit a positive Trousseau's sign by placing a BP cuff on the upper arm, inflating it between the systolic and diastolic BP, and waiting 3 minutes. The nurse observes the client for spasm of the hand (carpopedal spasm), which is evidenced by the hand flexing inward. Deep tendon reflexes include the biceps, brachioradialis, triceps, and patellar reflexes. Tetany would be manifested by reports of numbness and tingling in the fingers or toes or around the lips, voluntary movement that may be followed by an involuntary, jerking spasm, and muscle cramping. Tonic (continuous contraction) flexion of an arm or a finger may occur.
A client who is being tested for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion asks the nurse to explain the diagnosis. While explaining, the nurse states that excessive antidiuretic hormone is secreted from which gland?
Posterior pituitary Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
The nurse assesses a patient who has been diagnosed with Addison's disease. Which of the following is a diagnostic sign of this disease?
Potassium of 6.0 mEq/L Addison's disease is characterized by hypotension, low blood glucose, low serum sodium, and high serum potassium levels. The normal serum potassium level is 3.5 to 5 mEq/L.
A nurse is caring for a client with Cushing's syndrome. Which would the nurse not include in this client's plan of care?
Provide a high-sodium diet. Limiting sodium reduces the potential for fluid retention. Fluid retention is manifested by swelling in dependent areas, pitting when pressure is applied to the skin over a bone by tight-fitting shoes or rings, the appearance of lines in the skin from stockings and seams in the shoes or areas where they lace. Hypertension is defined as a consistently elevated BP above 139/89 mm Hg. One factor that contributes to hypertension is excess circulatory volume. Diuretics promote the excretion of sodium and water.
Beta-blockers are used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism to counteract which of the following effects?
Sympathetic Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are important in controlling the sympathetic nervous system effects of hyperthyroidism. For example, propranolol is used to control nervousness, tachycardia, tremor, anxiety, and heat intolerance.
Dilutional hyponatremia occurs in which disorder?
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) Clients diagnosed with SIADH exhibit dilutional hyponatremia. They retain fluids and develop a sodium deficiency.
The nurse is caring for a patient with hyperthyroidism who suddenly develops symptoms related to thyroid storm. What symptoms does the nurse recognize that are indicative of this emergency?
Temperature of 102ºF Thyroid storm is characterized by the following: 1) high fever (hyperpyrexia), >38.5°C (>101.3°F); 2) extreme tachycardia (>130 bpm); 3) exaggerated symptoms of hyperthyroidism with disturbances of a major system—for example, gastrointestinal (weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal pain) or cardiovascular (edema, chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations); and 4) altered neurologic or mental state, which frequently appears as delirium psychosis, somnolence, or coma.
A nurse is assessing a client after a thyroidectomy. The assessment reveals muscle twitching and tingling, along with numbness in the fingers, toes, and mouth area. The nurse should suspect which complication?
Tetany Tetany may result if the parathyroid glands are excised or damaged during thyroid surgery. Hemorrhage is a potential complication after thyroid surgery but is characterized by tachycardia, hypotension, frequent swallowing, feelings of fullness at the incision site, choking, and bleeding. Thyroid storm is another term for severe hyperthyroidism — not a complication of thyroidectomy. Laryngeal nerve damage may occur postoperatively, but its signs include a hoarse voice and, possibly, acute airway obstruction.
Early this morning, a client had a subtotal thyroidectomy. During evening rounds, the nurse assesses the client (who now has nausea) and records a temperature of 105°F (40.5°C), tachycardia, and extreme restlessness. What is the most likely cause of these signs?
Thyroid crisis Thyroid crisis usually occurs in the first 12 hours after thyroidectomy and causes exaggerated signs of hyperthyroidism, such as high fever, tachycardia, and extreme restlessness. Diabetic ketoacidosis is more likely to produce polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Hypoglycemia is likely to produce weakness, tremors, profuse perspiration, and hunger. Tetany typically causes uncontrollable muscle spasms, stridor, cyanosis, and possibly asphyxia.
Which of the following hormones would the nurse identify as being secreted by the thyroid gland?
Thyroxine The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4 or tetraiodothyronine), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. Parathormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands. Thymosin is secreted by the thymus gland. Somatotropin is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary?
Vasopressin Vasopressin causes smooth muscle, particularly blood vessels, to contract. Calcitonin is secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Corticosteroids are secreted by the adrenal cortex. Somatostatin is released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
A nurse is assessing a client with hyperthyroidism. What findings should the nurse expect?
Weight loss, nervousness, and tachycardia Weight loss, nervousness, and tachycardia are signs of hyperthyroidism. Other signs of hyperthyroidism include exophthalmos, diaphoresis, fever, and diarrhea. Weight gain, constipation, lethargy, decreased sweating, and cold intolerance are signs of hypothyroidism.
A 35-year-old female client who complains of weight gain, facial hair, absent menstruation, frequent bruising, and acne is diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome is most likely caused by:
a corticotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma. A corticotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome in women ages 20 to 40. Ectopic corticotropin-secreting tumors are more common in older men and are commonly associated with weight loss. Adrenal carcinoma isn't usually accompanied by hirsutism. A female with an inborn error of metabolism wouldn't be menstruating.
Trousseau sign is elicited
by occluding the blood flow to the arm for 3 minutes with the use of a blood pressure cuff. A positive Trousseau sign is suggestive of latent tetany. A positive Chvostek sign is demonstrated when a sharp tapping over the facial nerve just in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear causes the mouth, nose, and eye to spasm or twitch. The palm remaining blanched when the radial artery is occluded demonstrates a positive Allen test. The radial artery should not be used for an arterial puncture. A positive Homans sign is demonstrated when the client reports pain in the calf when the foot is dorsiflexed.
A client has been experiencing a decrease in serum calcium. After diagnostics, the physician proposes the calcium level fluctuation is due to altered parathyroid function. What is the typical number of parathyroid glands?
four The parathyroid glands are four (some people have more than four) small, bean-shaped bodies, each surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue and embedded within the lateral lobes of the thyroid.
A nurse is caring for a client with hypoparathyroidism. During assessment, the nurse elicits a positive Trousseau's sign. What does the nurse observe to verify this finding?
hand flexing inward The nurse observes the client for spasm of the hand (carpopedal spasm), which is evidenced by the hand flexing inward.
A client presents with a huge lower jaw, bulging forehead, large hands and feet, and frequent headaches. What could be causing this client's symptoms?
hyperpituitarism Acromegaly (hyperpituitarism) is a condition in which growth hormone is oversecreted after the epiphyses of the long bones have sealed. A client with acromegaly has coarse features, a huge lower jaw, thick lips, a thickened tongue, a bulging forehead, a bulbous nose, and large hands and feet. When the overgrowth is from a tumor, headaches caused by pressure on the sella turcica are common.
A client has been experiencing a decrease in serum calcium. After diagnostics, the physician believes the calcium level fluctuation is due to altered parathyroid function. What is the role of parathormone?
increase serum calcium level The parathyroid glands secrete parathormone, which increases the level of calcium in the blood when there is a decrease in the serum level.
Cardiac effects of hyperthyroidism include
palpitations. Cardiac effects may include sinus tachycardia, increased pulse pressure, and palpitations. Systolic blood pressure is elevated.
During a follow-up visit to the physician, a client with hyperparathyroidism asks the nurse to explain the physiology of the parathyroid glands. The nurse states that these glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH maintains the balance between calcium and:
phosphorus. PTH increases the serum calcium level and decreases the serum phosphate level. PTH doesn't affect sodium, potassium, or magnesium regulation.
A young client has a significant height deficit and is to be evaluated for diagnostic purposes. What could be the cause of this client's disorder?
pituitary disorder Pituitary disorders usually result from excessive or deficient production and secretion of a specific hormone. Dwarfism occurs when secretion of growth hormone is insufficient during childhood.
When caring for a client with diabetes insipidus, the nurse expects to administer:
vasopressin. Because diabetes insipidus results from decreased antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) production, the nurse should expect to administer synthetic vasopressin for hormone replacement therapy. Furosemide, a diuretic, is contraindicated because a client with diabetes insipidus experiences polyuria. Insulin and dextrose are used to treat diabetes mellitus and its complications, not diabetes insipidus.