meep

Family is important to the socialization process because Answers: family members are often what Mead called "significant others." families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. parents greatly affect a child's sense of self. All of these are correct.

All

Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion? Answers: There are cultural inconsistencies in this stage when people are no longer children but not yet adults. Hormones greatly affect adolescents as they mature. Growth always involves change and change is confusing. As children, they did not complete the stages of socialization in the proper order.

Cultural inconsistencies

Which of the following concepts refers to a setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment? Answers: anticipatory social center cohort community a total institution a degradation ceremony

a total institution

Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that Answers: society shapes how we think and act. human beings are spontaneous and creative with the power to change society. human beings have the capacity to change the world. All of these are correct.

all

Critics of Erikson's theory of personality development point out that Answers: not everyone confronts the stages in the exact order given by Erikson. failing to meet the challenge of one stage of development may not mean failing at later challenges. this process may unfold differently in other cultures or at other times in history. All of these are correct.

all of theses are correct

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process that sociologists call Answers: group conformity. future directedness. anticipatory socialization. group rejection.

anticipatory socialization

The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that Answers: humans have instincts that guide our lives. biological forces underlie human culture. as humans, to nurture is our nature. Darwin's model of biological evolution explains the patterns of human culture.

as humans, to nurture is our nature

Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment? Answers: behaviorism biological psychology evolutionary psychology naturalism

behaviorism

Which of the following BEST sums up Goffman's idea of the resocialization process? Answers: break down an old identity, then build up a new identity reward inmates for being creative help integrate inmates into the larger society All of these are correct.

break down an old identity then build up a new one

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that Answers: households with children get rid of their TVs. children begin watching TV when they are 6 months old. children's television time be limited to two hours a day. parents encourage children to play video games.

children's TV limited to two hours per day

Jean Piaget's focus was on Answers: how children develop their motor skills. how children are stimulated by their environment. the role of heredity in shaping human behavior. cognition, or how people think and understand.

cognition, or how people think and understand

What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age? Answers: age subculture generation age group cohort

cohort

Which of the following is a lesson learned from the hidden curriculum? Answers: cooperation math reading biology

cooperation

In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives? Answers: id ego superego generalized other

ego

One contribution of schooling to the socialization process that teaches about rules and schedules is Answers: exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting. exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds. teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality. helping children break free of gender roles.

exposing the child to a bureacratic setting

In Freud's model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and the ego. Answers: True False

false

Carol Gilligan set out to compare the moral development of girls and boys. Her research showed that Answers: girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards. girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are. boys show more care and empathy in judging a moral situation than girls do. the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years.

girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards

Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that Answers: human behavior is basically random. humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society. societies encourage people to become self-centered. humans can never become cultural creatures.

humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the Answers: superego. ego. id. me.

id

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind Answers: imagining a situation in terms of past experience. recognizing that people have different views of most situations. imagining a situation from another person's point of view. trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people.

imaganing a situation from another's point of view

In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self? Selected Answer: Answers: imitation, play, game, generalized other imitation, generalized other, play, game imitation, game, play, generalized other imitation, generalized other, game, play

imitation, play, game, generalized other

In the historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has Answers: increased over time. been about the same over the last century. decreased over time. never been very important.

increased over time

An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as Answers: unsocialized. integrated. institutionalized. dissociated.

institutionalized

The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it Answers: has a greater effect than parents on children's long-term goals. lets children escape the direct supervision of parents. gives children experience in an impersonal setting. All of these are correct.

lets children escape the direct supervision of parents

Based on the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that Answers: the two species react differently to social isolation. both monkeys and humans "bounce back" from long-term isolation. even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans. long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

long term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans

The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that Answers: monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to their group. isolated monkeys able to cling to terry cloth, artificial mothers developed normally. even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys. All of these are correct.

monkeys isolated for 6 months were highly fearful when returned to their mothers

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was Answers: cognition. the importance of gender in socialization. moral reasoning. death and dying.

moral reasoning

On the basis of Melvin Kohn's study of what parents expect of their children, high-income parents are likely to be MOST concerned when their child Answers: is given a "tardy slip" for being late to school. needs to be told what he should draw during free art time. is labeled a "nonconformist." is said to have an "active imagination."

needs to be told what he should draw during free art time

In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that Answers: nature is far more important than nurture. nurture is far more important than nature. nature and nurture have equal importance. neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.

nurture is far more important than nature

Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____. Answers: independence; protecting children independence; dependence obedience; creativity creativity; obedience

obedience, creativity

When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that Answers: people are self-centered. people see themselves as they think others see them. people see things only from their own point of view. our actions are a reflection of our values.

people see themselves as they think others see them

What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling? Answers: socialization behavior human nature personality

personality

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization? Answers: Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages. Personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture. We come to see ourselves as we think others see us. Most of our personality development takes place in childhood.

personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages

For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols? Answers: sensorimotor stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operational stage

preoperational stage

Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that Answers: childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere. rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies. poor societies extend childhood much longer than do rich societies. biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.

rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies

According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact? Answers: sensorimotor stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operational stage

sensorimotor stage

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as Answers: role models. looking-glass models. significant others. the generalized other.

significant others

Mead placed the origin of the self on Answers: biological drives. genetics. social experience. the functioning of the brain.

social experience

If you were to summarize the lesson learned from the case of Anna, you would correctly conclude that Answers: social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality. both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time. All of these are correct.

social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality

What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture? Answers: socialization personality human nature behaviorism

socialization

According to Mead, social experience involves Answers: understanding the world in terms of our senses. the exchange of symbols. a mix of biological instinct and learning. acting but not thinking.

the exchange of symbols

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be Answers: the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image. the presence of culture within the individual. basic drives that are self-centered. present in infants at the time of their birth.

the part of an individual personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is Answers: to help integrate a troubled patient into the outside world. to give a person greater choices about how to live. to radically alter a person's personality or behavior. to encourage lifelong learning in a supervised context.

to radically alter a person's personality or behavior

Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to Answers: individuals who play a role in the child's life during a relatively short period. a person who provides complete care for a child. any "significant other." widespread cultural norms and values used in evaluating ourselves.

widespread cultural norms

The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that Answers: humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species. without social experience, a child is not able to act or communicate in a meaningful way. personality is present in humans at birth. early socialization is not critical to personality development.

without social experience, a child is not able to act or communicate in a meaningful way