MGMT 309 - Exam 4

Goal directed effort is a function of four goal attributes. What are those 4 attributes?

- Difficulty - Specificity - Acceptance - Commitment

What are the basic assumptions of expectancy theory?

- Individual differences as well as the environment influence motivation. - People are free to make choices about how to behave. - People have a choice of behavioral alternatives. - Different people march to different drummers.

Roles develop through which of the following role episodes?

- Sent Role - Perceived Role - Enacted Role - Expected Role

What are the criticisms of Fiedler's contingency model of leadership?

- The LPC measure lacks validity - Its assumptions about the flexibility of leader behavior are unrealistic - Fiedler's data are subject to other interpretations. - Fiedler's results are not always supported by research.

The following statements describe a common characteristic of people with a high need for achievement:

- They want immediate feedback. - They assume personal responsibility. - They set realistic goals. - They are often preoccupied with their task.

Which of the following is an example of a positive reinforcer?

A promotion.

The ______ component of an attitude reflects feelings and emotions that an individual has toward something:

Affective.

Generally speaking, politicians have a desire for approval. This shows a need for ______.

Affiliation

The beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, and people are known as:

Attitudes

Many high school administrators have been concerned about the attention given athletes and the fact that students who are high academic achievers have been ignored. As a result, some high schools have instituted a Renaissance Program. With this program, students are rewarded for good grades with close parking, free tickets to sporting events, free meals, and coupons from community businesses. Students who were not athletes are motivated to succeed. Renaissance Programs use

Behavior Modification

Machiavellianism

Behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others.

Cognitive Dissonance

Caused when an individualhas conflicting attitudes.

____ Dissonance refers to the conflict that individuals experience among their attitudes?

Cognitive

______ Thinking is a skill that allows people to see differences between situations, phenomena, or events.

Divergent

Which motivational theory suggests that people will rationalize away differences between rewards they and others receive?

Equity

The CEO of a Fortune 100 company made a lot of money and enjoyed spending it on his yacht to the point of obsession. The board of directors decided it was interfering with his work performance and made him choose between the yacht and work. He chose the yacht. When the job security of other people depends on the performance of a few key leaders, ____ leadership is required.

Ethical.

The final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is:

Exhaustion.

Good administrative assistants have more access to important information and the decision maker than subordinates have. The administrative assistants have ____ power.

Expert

Jon has a Ph.D. is organizational psychology. He works for Boeing as an executive coach. The executives have more experience and total power. Jon's primary power is:

Expert.

At 9:00 a.m. every morning, a supervisor inspects all of the facilities for which she is responsible. What schedule of reinforcement is she using?

Fixed-Interval

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement are time-based schedules?

Fixed-interval and variable-interval.

Type A Personality

Individuals who are extremely competitive, very devoted to work, and have a strong sense of time urgency.

Type B Personality

Individuals who are less competitive, less devoted to work, and have a weaker sense of time urgency.

A person who engages in leadership activities but whose right to do so has not been formally recognized is called a:

Informal Leader.

The reinforcement theory of motivation is the basis for using:

Instrumental Compliance

Which of the following statements BEST describes the path-goal theory of leadership?

It suggests that leaders can use any one of four styles of leadership as required.

Which of the following is a kind of power?

Legitimate.

Behavior Modification

Method for applying the basic elements of reinforcement theory in an organizational setting.

What is the major difference between the Ohio State studies and the Michigan studies of leadership?

One says that you can be high on both groups of leader behaviors simultaneously: the other says you cannot.

The ______ role is how the individual comes to think he or she should behave in the group:

Perceived

A set of processes by which individuals become aware of and interpret information about their environment:

Perception.

Which stage of group development is characterized by the resolution of conflict and the development of roles?

Performing

______ is the relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another:

Personality.

When the number of H1N1 flu cases in an elementary school reached 10%, classes were postponed. The school could not meet the ____ needs of students and faculty until the flu was gone.

Physiological

When people use power and other resources to obtain what they want in an organization, they are said to be engaged in:

Political Behavior

One of the reasons Steve Jobs was very successful at Apple was his charisma. He had ____.

Referent Power.

Unions nearly always bargain for retirement packages and comprehensive medical plans. Recently, they have begun negotiating for advanced notice of plant closings. What need level from Maslow's hierarchy do these demands represent?

Security.

Some smokers block out negative information about the health effects of smoking because they do not want to change their behavior. They are using

Selective Perception

Since Jeffrey took over as CEO, the stock value has tumbled for more than two years. Jeffrey now doubts his capabilities. In other words, he has had low

Self-Efficacy

expectency theory

Suggests that motivation depends on two things - how much we want something and how likely we think we are to get it.

Equity Theory

Suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance.

Maslow's Hierarchy

Suggests that people must satisfy five groups of needs in order - physciological, security, belongingness, esteem, and self actualization.

ERG Theory

Suggests that people's needs are grouped into three possibly overlapping categories - Existence, Relatedness, and Growth.

Organizations form ___ groups:

Task and Functional

Ana was sitting in church when she heard the words "comparison kills contentment." It changed her life. She no longer compares herself to anyone. She will no longer use

The Equity Theory

Locus of Control

The degree to which a person believes that his or her behavior has a direct impact on the consequences of that beavior.

Selective Perception

The process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs.

Which of the following statements describes the major differences between Type B and Type A individuals?

Type B individuals have a more balanced approach to life.

Herman believes he needs balance between work and his personal life. He will not work on weekends and frequently asks for deadline extensions. He exhibits

Type B personality.

Avida Sports developed a sensor system that swimmers wear in the water and to receive a computerized analysis of their stroke. Avida signed an agreement with a swim club to test the product before increasing production. Avida is in the ____ stage of the creative process.

Verification.

Someone who categorizes people based on a single attribute:

is engaged in stereotyping.