MGMT 441 Exam 2

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Making yourself vulnerable--- by buying products or accepting a job constitutes ____

Risk

People with what type of belief think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?

Self-efficacy

Input to fringe benefits

Skills and abilities

Definition of corporate responsibility

A perspective that acknowledges that the responsibility of a business encompasses the economic, lethal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society

Definition of learning

A relatively permanent change in an employee's knowledge or skill that results from experience

Definition of self-determination

A sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks

Definition of expectancy theory

A theory that describes the cognitive process employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses

Definition of goal setting theory

A theory that views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort

Definition of moral intent

An authority's degree of commitment to the moral course of action

Definition of psychological empowerment

An energy rooted in the belief that tasks are contributing to some larger purpose

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule, potential level of performance

Average

When the company announced a sales contest for the following month, Alicia decided to enter. Her choice represents Alicia's _____ of effort.

Direction

Ways to restore balance to equity

No actions needed

Definition of meaningfulness

Captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions

Definition of emotional cues

Positive or negative feelings that can help or hinder task accomplishments

Four specific types of reinforcement

Positive reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment, Negative reinforcement

Description of existence

The need for the food, shelter, safety, and protection required for human existence

Description of relatedness

The need to create and maintain lasting, positive, interpersonal relationships

Description of esteem

The need to hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others

Description of meaning

The need to perform tasks that one cares about and that appeal to one's ideals and sense of purpose

Definition of distributive justice

The perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes

Definition of procedural justice

The perceived fairness of decision-making processes

Definition of informational justice

The perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees from authorities

Definition of interpersonal justice

The perceived fairness of the interpersonal treatment received by employees from authorities

Definition of decision making

The process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem

Definition of impact

The sense that a person's actions "make a difference" --- that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose

Definition of trust

The willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions

Reflects the willingness to take risk

Trust

Solange grew up in a large city and developed a fear of strangers. She sometimes worries about her boyfriend, Paul, who always seems ready to help out people he doesn't know who ask for help. It would appear that Solange has lower _____ than Paul.

Trust propensity

Definition of affect-based trust

Trust that depends on feelings toward the authority that go beyond rational assessment

Definition of cognition-based trust

Trust that is rooted in a rational assessment of the authority's trustworthiness.

Definition of disposition-based trust

Trust that is rooted in one's own personality, as opposed to a careful assessment of the trustee's trustworthiness.

Your outcomes/your inputs < Other's outcomes/Other's inputs

Underreward inequity

According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and

Valence

Employees are more motivated when successful performance helps them attain attractive outcomes, such as bonuses, while helping them avoid unattractive outcomes, such as disciplinary actions. This is an example of which concept of the expectancy theory?

Valence

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule, potential level of performance

Very high

Laura is nervous about donating blood at the blood drive at work, but she sees coworkers donating blood and thinks, "If they can do it, I can do it!" This is an example of which source of self-efficacy?

Vicarious experiences

Definition of moral judgment

When an authority can accurately identify the "right" course of action

Definition of behavioral modeling

When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat the observed behavior

The three factors that influence trust levels are disposition-based trust, cognition-based trust, and ______ -based trust.

affect

Justice is defined as

the degree to which an authority's decision making is considered fair

When people make a rational assessment based on perceptions of another party's reliability, they engage in

cognition-based trust

Ethics can be defined as

how well one's actions fit in with generally accepted moral standards

With the increasing popularity of the internet, maintaining a company's reputation has become

increasingly difficult

With the increasing popularity of the internet, maintaining a company's reputation has become ___

increasingly difficult

Definition of respect (symbolic value of money)

money brings respect in one's community

Definition of freedom (symbolic value of money)

money provides opportunity

Definition of achievement (symbolic value of money)

money symbolizes success

Definition of Motivation

A set of energetic forces that determine the direction, intensity, and persistence of an employee's work effort

Definition of equity theory

A theory that suggests that employees create a mental ledger of the outcomes they receive for their job inputs, relative to some comparison other.

Definition of tacit knowledge

Knowledge that employees can only learn through experience

Definition of explicit knowledge

Knowledge that is easily communicated and available to everyone

Variable interval reinforcement schedule, potential level of performance

Moderately high

Definition of cognitive moral development

As people age and mature, they move through several states of moral development, each more mature and sophisticated than the prior one.

Input to pay

Effort

When consumers are willing to be vulnerable to a company's whims based on positive expectations about that company's actions and intentions, consumers are exhibiting

trust

A person's belief that others can be relied upon is referred to as that person's _____

trust propensity

Definition of moral awareness

when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation

Input to seniority benefits

Performance

Definition of moral principles

Prescriptive guides for making moral judgments

The belief or opinions that are generally held about an organization or its brand is referred to as its

Reputation

Trust is among the most significant factors in determining a company's______

Reputation

Which motivating force has the strongest effect on performance?

Self-efficacy/competence

Outcome to performance

Seniority benefits

The correlation between motivation and job performance

Strong positive effect

Description of control

The need to be able to predict and control one's future

Definitions of schedules of reinforcement

The timing of when contingencies are applied or removed

Outcome to effort

Pay

The 3 dimensions that represent the symbolic value of money

-Achievement -Respect -Freedom

Overall, what percent of the goal setting studies support the beneficial effects of specific and difficult goals on task performance?

90%

Positive Reinforcement

-Consequence is added -Wanted outcome

Negative reinforcement

-Consequence is removed -Unwanted outcome

Extinction

-Consequence is removed -Wanted outcome

The rules that authorities should adhere to in order to foster procedural justice

-Consistency -Bias suppression -Representativeness -Accuracy

4 different dimensions of justice

-Distributive justice -Procedural justice -Interpersonal justice -Informational justice

5 Commonly studied needs in OB

-Existence -Relatedness -Control -Esteem -Meaning

Ways to restore underreward inequity

-Grow your outcomes by talking to your boss or by stealing from the company -Shrink inputs by lowering the intensity or persistence effort

The 4 dimensions or psychological empowerment

-Meaningfulness -Self-determination -Competence -Impact

The four components of ethical decision making

-Moral awareness -Moral judgment -Moral intent -Ethical behavior

Main contributing factors of self-efficacy

-Past accomplishments -Vicarious experiences -Verbal persuasion -Emotional Cues

Ways to restore Overreward Inequality

-Shrink your outcomes -Grow your inputs through more high quality work or through some "cognitive distortion"

What each letter of SMART goals stands for

-Specific -Measurable -Achievable -Results-based -Time-sensitive

Punishment

-Unwanted outcome -Consequence is added

What are the 3 different types of trust

-disposition-based -cognition-based -affect-based

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule, potential level of performance

Moderately high

Employee _____ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs.

Engagement

Your outcomes/Your inputs = Other's outcomes/Other's inputs

Equity

Owen believes that if he studies hard for the next organizational behavior test, he will perform well. This is an example of what kind of belief?

Expectancy

You'll be more motivated to work on the assignment if you're confident that trying hard will allow you to complete it successfully. This is an example of which concept of the expectancy theory?

Expectancy

What is the term that refers to how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals?

Motivation

Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of _________ forces in Danielle's motivation.

External

Output to skills and abilities

Fringe benefits

Continuous reinforcement schedule, potential level of performance

High, but difficult to maintain

Reading your textbook can help receive a good grade in the class. This is an example of which concept of the expectancy theory?

Instrumentality

A person who "tells it how it is" demonstrates the dimension of trustworthiness known as

Integrity

What is the term for the level effort that motivated employees put forth?

Intensity

The correlation between motivation and organizational commitment

Moderate positive effect

Definition of vicarious experiences

Observations of and discussions with others who have performed some work task

Your Outcomes/your inputs > Other's Outcomes/Other's Inputs

Overreward Inequality

Why is self-efficacy/ competence the strongest motivating factor effecting performance?

People who feel a sense of internal self-confidence tend to outperform those who doubt their capabilities.

Definition of verbal persuasion

Pep talks that lead employees to believe that they can "get the job done"

Valence

The anticipated value of the outcomes associated with successful performance

Definition of self- efficacy

The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to perform the behaviors required on some task

Definition of expectancy

The belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in successful performance on some task

Definition of instrumentality

The belief that successful performance will result in the attainment of some outcomes

Definition of competence

The capability to perform work tasks successfully

Definition of moral identity

The degree to which a person views himself or herself as a moral person

Definition of moral intensity

The degree to which an issue has ethical urgency

Definition of moral attentiveness

The degree to which people chronically perceive and consider issues of morality during their experiences

Definition of "meaning of money"

The idea that money can have symbolic value in addition to economic value.

Definition of past accomplishments

The level of success or failure with similar job tasks in the past


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