MGMT 441 Exam 2
Making yourself vulnerable--- by buying products or accepting a job constitutes ____
Risk
People with what type of belief think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?
Self-efficacy
Input to fringe benefits
Skills and abilities
Definition of corporate responsibility
A perspective that acknowledges that the responsibility of a business encompasses the economic, lethal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society
Definition of learning
A relatively permanent change in an employee's knowledge or skill that results from experience
Definition of self-determination
A sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks
Definition of expectancy theory
A theory that describes the cognitive process employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses
Definition of goal setting theory
A theory that views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort
Definition of moral intent
An authority's degree of commitment to the moral course of action
Definition of psychological empowerment
An energy rooted in the belief that tasks are contributing to some larger purpose
Fixed interval reinforcement schedule, potential level of performance
Average
When the company announced a sales contest for the following month, Alicia decided to enter. Her choice represents Alicia's _____ of effort.
Direction
Ways to restore balance to equity
No actions needed
Definition of meaningfulness
Captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions
Definition of emotional cues
Positive or negative feelings that can help or hinder task accomplishments
Four specific types of reinforcement
Positive reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment, Negative reinforcement
Description of existence
The need for the food, shelter, safety, and protection required for human existence
Description of relatedness
The need to create and maintain lasting, positive, interpersonal relationships
Description of esteem
The need to hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others
Description of meaning
The need to perform tasks that one cares about and that appeal to one's ideals and sense of purpose
Definition of distributive justice
The perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes
Definition of procedural justice
The perceived fairness of decision-making processes
Definition of informational justice
The perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees from authorities
Definition of interpersonal justice
The perceived fairness of the interpersonal treatment received by employees from authorities
Definition of decision making
The process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem
Definition of impact
The sense that a person's actions "make a difference" --- that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose
Definition of trust
The willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions
Reflects the willingness to take risk
Trust
Solange grew up in a large city and developed a fear of strangers. She sometimes worries about her boyfriend, Paul, who always seems ready to help out people he doesn't know who ask for help. It would appear that Solange has lower _____ than Paul.
Trust propensity
Definition of affect-based trust
Trust that depends on feelings toward the authority that go beyond rational assessment
Definition of cognition-based trust
Trust that is rooted in a rational assessment of the authority's trustworthiness.
Definition of disposition-based trust
Trust that is rooted in one's own personality, as opposed to a careful assessment of the trustee's trustworthiness.
Your outcomes/your inputs < Other's outcomes/Other's inputs
Underreward inequity
According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and
Valence
Employees are more motivated when successful performance helps them attain attractive outcomes, such as bonuses, while helping them avoid unattractive outcomes, such as disciplinary actions. This is an example of which concept of the expectancy theory?
Valence
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule, potential level of performance
Very high
Laura is nervous about donating blood at the blood drive at work, but she sees coworkers donating blood and thinks, "If they can do it, I can do it!" This is an example of which source of self-efficacy?
Vicarious experiences
Definition of moral judgment
When an authority can accurately identify the "right" course of action
Definition of behavioral modeling
When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat the observed behavior
The three factors that influence trust levels are disposition-based trust, cognition-based trust, and ______ -based trust.
affect
Justice is defined as
the degree to which an authority's decision making is considered fair
When people make a rational assessment based on perceptions of another party's reliability, they engage in
cognition-based trust
Ethics can be defined as
how well one's actions fit in with generally accepted moral standards
With the increasing popularity of the internet, maintaining a company's reputation has become
increasingly difficult
With the increasing popularity of the internet, maintaining a company's reputation has become ___
increasingly difficult
Definition of respect (symbolic value of money)
money brings respect in one's community
Definition of freedom (symbolic value of money)
money provides opportunity
Definition of achievement (symbolic value of money)
money symbolizes success
Definition of Motivation
A set of energetic forces that determine the direction, intensity, and persistence of an employee's work effort
Definition of equity theory
A theory that suggests that employees create a mental ledger of the outcomes they receive for their job inputs, relative to some comparison other.
Definition of tacit knowledge
Knowledge that employees can only learn through experience
Definition of explicit knowledge
Knowledge that is easily communicated and available to everyone
Variable interval reinforcement schedule, potential level of performance
Moderately high
Definition of cognitive moral development
As people age and mature, they move through several states of moral development, each more mature and sophisticated than the prior one.
Input to pay
Effort
When consumers are willing to be vulnerable to a company's whims based on positive expectations about that company's actions and intentions, consumers are exhibiting
trust
A person's belief that others can be relied upon is referred to as that person's _____
trust propensity
Definition of moral awareness
when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation
Input to seniority benefits
Performance
Definition of moral principles
Prescriptive guides for making moral judgments
The belief or opinions that are generally held about an organization or its brand is referred to as its
Reputation
Trust is among the most significant factors in determining a company's______
Reputation
Which motivating force has the strongest effect on performance?
Self-efficacy/competence
Outcome to performance
Seniority benefits
The correlation between motivation and job performance
Strong positive effect
Description of control
The need to be able to predict and control one's future
Definitions of schedules of reinforcement
The timing of when contingencies are applied or removed
Outcome to effort
Pay
The 3 dimensions that represent the symbolic value of money
-Achievement -Respect -Freedom
Overall, what percent of the goal setting studies support the beneficial effects of specific and difficult goals on task performance?
90%
Positive Reinforcement
-Consequence is added -Wanted outcome
Negative reinforcement
-Consequence is removed -Unwanted outcome
Extinction
-Consequence is removed -Wanted outcome
The rules that authorities should adhere to in order to foster procedural justice
-Consistency -Bias suppression -Representativeness -Accuracy
4 different dimensions of justice
-Distributive justice -Procedural justice -Interpersonal justice -Informational justice
5 Commonly studied needs in OB
-Existence -Relatedness -Control -Esteem -Meaning
Ways to restore underreward inequity
-Grow your outcomes by talking to your boss or by stealing from the company -Shrink inputs by lowering the intensity or persistence effort
The 4 dimensions or psychological empowerment
-Meaningfulness -Self-determination -Competence -Impact
The four components of ethical decision making
-Moral awareness -Moral judgment -Moral intent -Ethical behavior
Main contributing factors of self-efficacy
-Past accomplishments -Vicarious experiences -Verbal persuasion -Emotional Cues
Ways to restore Overreward Inequality
-Shrink your outcomes -Grow your inputs through more high quality work or through some "cognitive distortion"
What each letter of SMART goals stands for
-Specific -Measurable -Achievable -Results-based -Time-sensitive
Punishment
-Unwanted outcome -Consequence is added
What are the 3 different types of trust
-disposition-based -cognition-based -affect-based
Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule, potential level of performance
Moderately high
Employee _____ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs.
Engagement
Your outcomes/Your inputs = Other's outcomes/Other's inputs
Equity
Owen believes that if he studies hard for the next organizational behavior test, he will perform well. This is an example of what kind of belief?
Expectancy
You'll be more motivated to work on the assignment if you're confident that trying hard will allow you to complete it successfully. This is an example of which concept of the expectancy theory?
Expectancy
What is the term that refers to how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals?
Motivation
Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of _________ forces in Danielle's motivation.
External
Output to skills and abilities
Fringe benefits
Continuous reinforcement schedule, potential level of performance
High, but difficult to maintain
Reading your textbook can help receive a good grade in the class. This is an example of which concept of the expectancy theory?
Instrumentality
A person who "tells it how it is" demonstrates the dimension of trustworthiness known as
Integrity
What is the term for the level effort that motivated employees put forth?
Intensity
The correlation between motivation and organizational commitment
Moderate positive effect
Definition of vicarious experiences
Observations of and discussions with others who have performed some work task
Your Outcomes/your inputs > Other's Outcomes/Other's Inputs
Overreward Inequality
Why is self-efficacy/ competence the strongest motivating factor effecting performance?
People who feel a sense of internal self-confidence tend to outperform those who doubt their capabilities.
Definition of verbal persuasion
Pep talks that lead employees to believe that they can "get the job done"
Valence
The anticipated value of the outcomes associated with successful performance
Definition of self- efficacy
The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to perform the behaviors required on some task
Definition of expectancy
The belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in successful performance on some task
Definition of instrumentality
The belief that successful performance will result in the attainment of some outcomes
Definition of competence
The capability to perform work tasks successfully
Definition of moral identity
The degree to which a person views himself or herself as a moral person
Definition of moral intensity
The degree to which an issue has ethical urgency
Definition of moral attentiveness
The degree to which people chronically perceive and consider issues of morality during their experiences
Definition of "meaning of money"
The idea that money can have symbolic value in addition to economic value.
Definition of past accomplishments
The level of success or failure with similar job tasks in the past