MGMT Chapter 16

________ is a reward that consists of a desirable consequence of behavior. A) Positive reinforcement B) Promotion C) Punishment D) Immunity E) Omission training

A) Positive reinforcement

The ________ need of Maslow's hierarchy of needs relates to the individual's desire to be free from harm, including both bodily and economic disaster. A) security B) social C) physiological D) esteem E) self- actualization

A) security

Which theory is a set of essentially positive assumptions about human nature? A) theory X B) theory Y C) theory Z D) equity theory E) expectancy theory

B) theory Y

The theory based on the concept that individuals compare their inputs and outcomes with their coworkers to determine if they are being treated fairly is the ________. A) expectancy theory B) ERG theory C) equity theory of motivation D) Porter-Lawler theory of motivation E) acquired needs theory

C) equity theory of motivation

According to McClelland, people who have the desire to influence other people and assume responsibility for others have a high need for ________. A) achievement B) affiliation C) power D) dominance E) acceptance

C) power

Which of the following theories was developed to counter the criticisms of and expand on Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A) Argyris's maturity-immaturity continuum B) Porter-Lawler theory of motivation C) Vroom expectancy theory D) Alderfer's ERG theory E) McClelland's acquired needs theory

D) Alderfer's ERG theory

________ rewards are those that come directly from performing a task. A) Equity B) Piece-rate C) Extrinsic D) Intrinsic E) Expectancies

D) Intrinsic

________ needs are satisfied through adequate wages or salaries paid by the management. A) Security and self-actualization B) Physiological and self-actualization C) Social and psychological D) Physiological and security E) Self-actualization and social

D) Physiological and security

The process of moving workers from one job to another rather than requiring them to perform only one simple and specialized job over the long run is ________. A) team management B) job enlargement C) job enrichment D) job rotation E) cross training

D) job rotation

Which of the following is a process theory of motivation? A) Porter-Lawler theory B) Alderfer's ERG theory C) Maslow's hierarchy of needs D) McClelland's acquired needs theory E) Argyris's maturity-immaturity continuum

A) Porter-Lawler theory

________ is the inner state that causes an individual to behave in a way that ensures the accomplishment of some goal. A) Cognitive dissonance B) Motivation C) Socialization D) Achievement E) Emotion

B) Motivation

Which of the following is a basic category of need identified by Clayton Alderfer in his ERG theory? A) esteem, relatedness, and goal B) existence, relatedness, and growth C) existence, recognition, and growth D) esteem, recognition, and goal E) existence, relatedness, and goal

B) existence, relatedness, and growth

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a person's desire to be accepted by others is reflected by the ________. A) esteem need B) social need C) security need D) physiological need E) self- actualization need

B) social need

Joe is disappointed when his teammate Tim gets promoted because he feels that he has worked harder and is more deserving of the promotion. Which of the following will most likely help Joe to overcome this sense of inequity? A) He should encourage Tim to reduce his level of effort. B) He should avoid distorting the status of his job. C) He should reduce his level of effort. D) He should avoid rationalizing the reason behind Tim's promotion. E) He should increase his level of effort.

C) He should reduce his level of effort.

According to Herzberg, the factors influencing the degree of job satisfaction are called ________. A) theory Y factors B) maintenance factors C) motivating factors D) theory X factors E) factors related to the work environment

C) motivating factors

In Alderfer's ERG theory, the need for satisfying interpersonal relationships is the ________. A) esteem need B) existence need C) growth need D) emotional need E) relatedness need

E) relatedness need

The ________ need of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is generally divided into two categories: self-respect and respect from others. A) esteem B) psychological C) physiological D) social E) self-actualization

A) esteem

Which of the following statements is true about system 2 of Likert's management systems? A) This style is characterized by substantial, though not complete, confidence in subordinates. B) This style of management is characterized by a condescending master-to-servant-style confidence and trust in subordinates. C) This style of management is characterized by complete trust and confidence in subordinates. D) Subordinates are motivated by fear, threats, punishments, and occasional rewards. E) Subordinates feel fairly free to discuss their jobs with superiors and are motivated by rewards, occasional punishments, and some involvement.

B) This style of management is characterized by a condescending master-to-servant-style confidence and trust in subordinates.

According to McClelland, people who have the desire to do something better or more efficiently than it has ever been done before have a high need for ________. A) dominance B) achievement C) power D) affiliation E) acceptance

B) achievement

Which of the following behaviors is an attempt to relieve tension and frustration on the part of an employee who lacks motivation due to unsatisfied needs? A) greater efficiency B) increased aggression C) increased productivity D) competitive behavior E) reduced absenteeism

B) increased aggression

The process of increasing the number of operations an individual performs in a job is ________. A) team management B) job enlargement C) job enrichment D) cross training E) job rotation

B) job enlargement

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once someone has fulfilled his social needs, he would then be motivated to meet his ________. A) security needs B) self-actualization needs C) esteem needs D) physiological needs E) safety needs

C) esteem needs

A disadvantage of using flextime programs is ________. A) higher commuting problems B) decreased tardiness C) inability to coordinate projects D) increased absenteeism E) decreased employee morale

C) inability to coordinate projects

Incorporating motivators into a job situation is ________. A) job rotation B) job enlargement C) job enrichment D) total quality management E) project management

C) job enrichment

The correct order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is ________. A) physiological, social, esteem, security, self-actualization B) social, physiological, self-actualization, esteem, security C) physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization D) security, physiological, social, esteem, self-actualization E) self-actualization, social, esteem, security, physiological

C) physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization

A manager in an IT company believes that his team members are inherently lazy, dislike work, and will avoid work if they can. He relies heavily on threat and coercion to gain their compliance. Which of the following theories of human motivation is evident here? A) theory Z B) theory XY C) theory X D) theory Y E) equity theory

C) theory X

A self-actualization need ________. A) relates to the normal functioning of the body B) reflects a person's desire to be accepted by others C) relates to the individual's desire to be free from harm, including both bodily and economic disaster D) refers to the desire to maximize whatever potential an individual possesses E) is divided into self-respect and respect from others

D) refers to the desire to maximize whatever potential an individual possesses

The personal and natural development of people to explain human needs is the primary focus of the ________. A) Argyris's maturity-immaturity continuum B) Alderfer's ERG theory C) Vroom expectancy theory D) Herzberg's two-factor theory E) McClelland's acquired needs theory

A) Argyris's maturity-immaturity continuum

The theory which stresses on the fact that the perceived value of a reward is determined by both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards is ________. A) Porter-Lawler theory of motivation B) equity theory C) expectancy theory D) acquired need theory E) needs-goal theory

A) Porter-Lawler theory of motivation

In Likert's Management System, which management style can be categorized by a lack of confidence or trust in subordinates, with the bulk of all decision making being done at the top of the organization? A) System 1 B) System 2 C) System 3 D) System 4 E) System 5

A) System 1

________ involves negative assumptions about people that managers often use as a basis for dealing with their subordinates. A) Theory X B) Theory Y C) Theory Z D) Theory XY E) Equity theory

A) Theory X

The difference between needs-goal theory and Vroom's expectancy theory is that Vroom's theory ________. A) addresses the issue of motivation strength B) considers issues of equity C) separates motivators into intrinsic and extrinsic rewards D) establishes a hierarchy of needs E) deals with how needs are "acquired"

A) addresses the issue of motivation strength

Content theories of motivation ________. A) are explanations that emphasize peoples' internal characteristics B) are explanations that emphasize how individuals are motivated C) include the needs-goal theory and the Vroom expectancy theory of motivation D) include Skinner's work on behavior modification E) can collectively be used to identify all human needs

A) are explanations that emphasize peoples' internal characteristics

In Alderfer's ERG theory, the need for continuing personal development refers to the ________. A) growth need B) emotional need C) existence need D) relatedness need E) esteem need

A) growth need

According to Argyris' continuum, as individuals progress from immaturity to maturity, they ________. A) indulge in more activities B) have a short-term perspective C) have casual and shallow interests D) stay in a state of dependence E) remain passive

A) indulge in more activities

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs has been criticized because ________. A) it is questionable whether human needs can be arranged in such a hierarchy B) the model is too complicated C) no one ever reaches self-actualization D) research suggests that esteem needs should be above all other needs E) it is too objective a description of human needs

A) it is questionable whether human needs can be arranged in such a hierarchy

The items that influence the degree of job dissatisfaction are called ________. A) maintenance factors B) motivating factors C) growth needs D) monetary incentives E) existence needs

A) maintenance factors

A tire manufacturing company's policy states that all employees working on machines and directly involved in production are entitled to an additional half-hour break along with a 40-minute lunch break. In this scenario, the company is satisfying the ________ of the employees. A) physiological need B) social need C) security need D) esteem need E) self-actualization need

A) physiological need

When an individual leaves an organization to start up a company because the former did not provide room for the growth or development of his potential, Maslow's theory would predict that the individual is being motivated by ________. A) self-actualization needs B) esteem needs C) social needs D) security needs E) physiological needs

A) self-actualization needs

Eddie Burns is the accounts manager of Avatar Inc., and a very optimistic person. He knows what he wants from his subordinates and believes that they will always do their best to get the work done. Eddie's behavior is consistent with the ________. A) theory Y B) theory Z C) theory X D) equity theory E) expectancy theory

A) theory Y

Which of the following theories describes how motivation occurs? A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs B) Vroom expectancy theory C) Alderfer's ERG theory D) McClelland's acquired needs theory E) Argyris's maturity-immaturity continuum

B) Vroom expectancy theory

According to Maslow, if an individual is driven to get respect from others, the person is being motivated by the ________. A) self-actualization needs B) esteem needs C) social needs D) security needs E) physiological needs

B) esteem needs

A reward that consists of the elimination of an undesirable consequence of behavior is ________. A) punishment B) negative reinforcement C) exemption D) omission training E) immunity

B) negative reinforcement

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs includes the needs for water, food, rest, sex, and air? A) social need B) physiological need C) security need D) psychological need E) esteem need

B) physiological need

A toy manufacturing company providing its employees with job security, health insurance, and retirement benefits is concerned about its employees' ________. A) esteem needs B) safety needs C) physiological needs D) social needs E) self-actualization needs

B) safety needs

________ is an explanation of motivation that emphasizes how individuals are motivated. A) A content theory of motivation B) Behavior modification theory C) A process theory of motivation D) ERG theory E) Theory X

C) A process theory of motivation

Which of the following theories is a content theory of motivation? A) needs-goal theory B) equity theory C) Argyris's maturity-immaturity continuum D) Vroom expectancy theory E) Porter-Lawler theory

C) Argyris's maturity-immaturity continuum

________ focuses on encouraging appropriate actions by controlling the consequences of those actions. A) Job enrichment B) Needs-goal theory C) Behavior modification D) Reinforcement E) Flextime

C) Behavior modification

________ is the presentation of an undesirable behavior consequence or the removal of a desirable behavior consequence that decreases the likelihood the behavior will continue. A) Positive reinforcement B) Negative reinforcement C) Punishment D) Extinction E) Manipulation

C) Punishment

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, a manager who has a cooperative, team-centered management style, who prefers to influence subordinates to complete tasks through team efforts, has a high need for ________. A) risk B) power C) affiliation D) safety E) security

C) affiliation

Rolfo Company offers its employees the opportunity to buy shares of the company stock as a way to motivate them to boost production. This kind of a program is called ________. A) job enrichment B) self-actualization C) employee stock ownership plans (ESOP) D) an individual retirement account (IRA) E) a non-monetary incentive

C) employee stock ownership plans (ESOP)

Henry Robert's phenomenal contribution to the project was recognized by his boss. Appreciating Robert's contribution, his boss promoted him to the position of team leader for their upcoming project and vested upon him the responsibility of heading a team of 15 members. In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs of Robert's has been satisfied? A) social need B) physiological need C) esteem need D) psychological need E) security need

C) esteem need

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward? A) personal satisfaction of helping a peer B) providing an opportunity for advancement C) getting a salary increment D) giving an employee a challenging responsibility E) a sense of achievement when an employee's performance rating increases

C) getting a salary increment

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, an individual who is greatly motivated to influence others and to assume responsibility for subordinates' behavior has a ________. A) high need for achievement B) low need for security C) high need for power D) low need for safety E) high need for affiliation

C) high need for power

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a social need ________. A) relates to the individual's desire to be free from harm B) is concerned with the desire for respect C) includes the desire for love, companionship, and friendship D) relates to the normal functioning of the body E) refers to the desire to maximize whatever potential an individual possesses

C) includes the desire for love, companionship, and friendship

According to the Vroom expectancy theory, motivation strength ________. A) depends on an individual's perceived fairness of an employment situation and finds that perceived inequities can lead to changes in behavior B) is decreased as the perceived value of the result of behavior is increased C) causes people to quit jobs if they perceive unfair treatment D) is determined by the perceived value of the result of performing a behavior and the perceived probability the behavior will cause the result to materialize E) only increases when people want to maximize their personal rewards over the short term

D) is determined by the perceived value of the result of performing a behavior and the perceived probability the behavior will cause the result to materialize

The most fundamental motivation theory that begins with an individual feeling a need is ________. A) ERG theory B) equity theory C) Herzberg's two-factor theory D) needs-goal theory E) Porter-Lawler theory

D) needs-goal theory

When Jenn Williams joined Conrad Inc. as a business analyst, she was very happy with her job profile and the pay package. However, one year into the job has made her realize that this is not her cup of tea. While she has a good relationship with her coworkers and her supervisors are understanding, she feels that her hard work often goes unnoticed. Being an ambitious person herself, this lack of acknowledgment is unsettling. Which of the following is most likely to be true in this scenario? A) Jenn has a high need for affiliation. B) Conrad Inc. excessively promotes job enrichment. C) Jenn has the tendency to blame external factors when things go wrong. D) Jenn is motivated by extrinsic rewards. E) Conrad Inc. focuses more on hygiene factors than motivating factors.

E) Conrad Inc. focuses more on hygiene factors than motivating factors

According to McClelland, people who have the desire to maintain close, friendly, and personal relationships have a high need for ________. A) affiliation B) power C) achievement D) dominance E) growth

A) affiliation

To maximize satisfaction, people with a high need for achievement are more likely to set goals that are ________. A) challenging and achievable B) risk-laden C) unachievable D) realistic but less challenging E) failure-prone

A) challenging and achievable

In Alderfer's ERG theory, which of the following refers to the need for physical wellbeing? A) relatedness need B) esteem need C) existence need D) growth need E) goal need

C) existence need

The most basic motivation strategy for managers is ________. A) Theory X - Theory Y B) behavior modification C) managerial communication D) non-monetary incentives E) the need for self-actualization

C) managerial communication

In a non-profit public setting of a high school, a principal who strives to outdo her predecessors and become the best principal possible would be satisfying his ________. A) psychological needs B) esteem needs C) social needs D) self-actualization needs E) physiological needs

D) self-actualization needs

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward? A) salary hikes for all the employees B) constructing a new and better work environment C) fulfilling the security needs of an employee D) sense of achievement when attaining an organizational goal E) providing employees with performance incentives

D) sense of achievement when attaining an organizational goal

A well-known brand management company is emphasizing creating a sense of community within their organization via team-based projects and various cultural events to promote a friendly atmosphere. Under the given circumstance, which of the following of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the company emphasizing? A) self-actualization need B) esteem need C) physiological need D) social need E) security need

D) social need